ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE RESISTANCE AND ADAPTATION TO COLD of SOME TIDAL MANGROVE SPECIES IN CHINA

采用电导法定量测定了中国东南沿海红树植物叶片的抗寒力变化。结果表明；（1）海南琼山东寨港主要红树种类冬季抗寒力（半致死温度）介于-2.3~-6.8℃之间，其中红树科植物抗寒力较强，多数种类属于低温敏感性相对较弱的l类型；海桑科和楝科红树种类抗寒力较弱，属于低温敏感性较强的H类型。（2）随纬度升高（个别地点除外），秋茄（kAndElIACAndEl）、桐花树（AEgICErASCOrnICulATuM）和红海榄（rHIzOPHOrSSTylOSA）抗寒力增强，呈现种群分化趋势。（3）同一地点，秋茄和桐花树抗寒力有明显季节变化：夏季最低，秋冬两季高于春季。（4）同一群落内，生长于中潮区滩面的秋茄抗寒力强于高潮区，但桐花树抗寒力在各个滩面相差不大。（5）秋茄和桐花树树冠上不同部位叶片的抗寒力不同，由表及里，由上至下，呈降低趋势。红树叶片抗寒力的种群分化、季节变化和部位差异是其趋异适应的结果，有益于红树植物的生存和繁育。LeaF cold resistance abilities of mangrove species along the eastsouthern coast of China had been measured by conductivity method.The results show:(1)The cold resistance abilities(LT50) of 16 mangrove species at Dongzhai Estuary,Qiongshan.Hainan province were From -23℃ to -68℃.The species From Rhizophoraceae had higher cold resistance abilities than that From Sonneratiaceae and Meliaceae,so most of them could be classiFied into low cold sensitivity type (L type),and the late ones into high cold sensitivity type (H type).(2)As the latitude increased,the cold resistance abilities of Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum also increased,and reFlected the trend of population diFFerentiation(except one location).(3) At the same location,Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum had the lowest cold resistance abilities in summer,and higher cold resistance abilities in autumn and winter than those in spring.(4) Among the same mangrove community,Kandelia candel plants growing in the middle tidal zone had higher cold resistance ability than those in the high tidal zone,but no this diFFerence was Found in Aegiceras corniculatum.(5) Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum leaves had diFFerent cold resistance abilities according to their locations on the community crown.The cold resistance ability of leaves decreased From upper surFace to lower layer,and From surFace to inner part.The population diFFerentiation,season changes,and leaF location variation of mangrove cold resistance abilities were due to the ecological adaptation to various habitats which were beneFicial For the survival and regeneration of mangroves.国家教委博士学科点基

Cold-resistance ability of two mangrove species Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum during their overwintering period.

采用电导法定量测定了福建省九龙江口红树植物秋茄和桐花树抗寒力的越冬变化,探讨了抗寒力与水分、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量及过氧化物酶活性的相关性.结果表明,1988年9月至1989年4月越冬期间,秋茄和桐花树抗寒力随气温下降而增强,分别于1月和12月达到最大,低温处理1H,半致死温度为-9.3℃和-9.0℃;其后,抗寒力随气温回升而迅速下降.冬季秋茄和桐花树抗寒力的提高与束缚水含量增加或自由水含量减少密切相关,并伴随可溶性蛋白质含量的增加和过氧化物酶活性的增强.束缚水与自由水、叶绿素A与b含量的比值变化可以反映红树植物抗寒力变化:两种比值越高,抗寒力越强.In this paper, the leaF cold resistance ability of two mangrove species Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum growing on Jiulongjiang Estuary of Fujian Province was measured by conductivity method, and the relationship of this ability with the contents of leaF water, chlorophyll and soluble protein and the activity of peroxidase during overwintering period was studied.The results show that the cold resistance ability of these two mangrove species From September 1988 to April 1989 is increased with decreasing of air temperature, and reached their maximums in January and December, respectively.Their halF lethal temperature is respectively -9.3 and -9.0℃.AFter winter, the cold resistance ability is decreased dramatically with the rise of air temperature.The increase of the cold resistance ability is related with the increase of bound water or the decrease of Free water content in leaF. Both the soluble protein content and the peroxidase activity have a similar variation trend to the cold resistance ability.The ratio of leaF bound water to Free water and the ratio of leaF chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b may reFlect the cold resistance ability of these two mangrove species: the higher the both are, the stronger the cold resistance ability is.国家教委博士学科点基金资助项目!(9538402

Sapflow characteristics of Kandelia obovata and their controlling factors in Zhangjiang estuary,China

利用Granier热消散式探针法对福建漳江口国家级红树林自然保护区内红树植物秋茄的树干茎流密度(SFD)进行1年(2010年10月至2011年10月)的连续监测.结果表明:季节和树干径级对秋茄树干茎流密度均有显著影响.在夏季,胸径(DBH)为8~10 cm时秋茄树干最外层2 cm处的SFD达到最大,为38.21 g·m~(-2)·s~(-1),这与其他红树物种以及湿地乔木物种的茎流密度相当.不同径级(小、中、大径级分别为2~4、4~8、8~10 cm)秋茄每日整树蒸腾量(即水分日利用量)也呈现明显的季节变化,从冬季到夏季的波动值分别为0.14~0.19、0.94~1.45、1.96~3.43 kg·d~(-1).通过整合各个径级秋茄树的日蒸腾量推算得到秋茄林的日蒸腾量,再全年累加计算得到秋茄林年总蒸腾量为100.38 mm,不到当地年降水量的6%.主要环境因子对秋茄林蒸腾速率(E_s)均有极显著影响(P<0.001),其中,光合有效辐射(PAR)和饱和水汽压差(VPD)是E_s最主要的驱动因子,解释了E_s60%~92%的季节变异,且夏季秋茄E_s对PAR和VPD的依赖性大于冬季.秋茄E_s与环境因子之间存在明显的时滞现象,需要在解释秋茄林E_s季节变异时加以考虑.In this study,the Grainer's thermal dissipation probe method was applied to monitor sap flux density( SFD) of a mangrove species Kandelia obovata over a period of one year( 2010-10—2011-10) in Zhangjiangkou Mangrove National Nature Reserve,Fujian,China. The results showed that both season and diameter class exerted significant effects on the SFD of K. obovata trees. In summer,when the diameter at breast height( DBH) reached 8-10 cm,the highest SFD was found at a depth of 2 cm with a value of 38.21 g·m~(-2)·s-1,which was comparable with those for other mangrove tree species and forested wetland tree species. The mean whole tree transpiration( i. e.daily water use) of all stem size classes demonstrated large changes from winter to summer,increased from 0.14 to 0.19 kg·d~(-1)in small trees( S,DBH = 2-4 cm),from 0.94 to 1.45 kg·d~(-1)in medium trees( M,DBH = 4-8 cm) and from 1.96 to 3.43 kg·d~(-1)in large ones( L,DBH = 8-10 cm). The daily transpiration of K. obovata stand was calculated by summing all size classes,which was then summed up for entire year to estimate annual transpiration of entire K. obovata forest,which was about 100. 38 mm,less than 6% of local annual precipitation. Key environmental factors all had significant effects( all P<0.001) on the stand transpiration rate( E_s) of K. obovata forest,and photosynthetically active radiation( PAR) and vapor pressure deficit( VPD) were themain driving factors,which explained 60%-92% seasonal variation of E_s. The PAR and VPD had larger effects on the E_sin summer than that in winter. In addition,we observed an obvious time lag phenomenon in the relationship between E_sand PAR or VPD,which should be taken into account when explaining seasonal variation of E_sin K. obovata forest.国家自然科学基金项目(30930017);; 国家海洋局海洋公益性行业科研专项(201305021)资助~

EFFECT OF 5℃ NIGHT TEMPERATURE ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE AND TRANSPIRATION RATE OF MANGROVE SEEDLINGS

5℃夜间低温处理温室栽培红海榄 (Rhizophorastylosa)和银叶树 (Heritieralittoralis)幼苗 ,白天 2 0℃室温分别恢复 1h和 4h ,测定功能叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量。结果表明 :夜间低温明显降低红海榄和银叶树的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率 ,促进胞间CO2 浓度增加 ,而叶绿素含量变化不大。白天定温恢复时间增长 ,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率回升 ,胞间CO2 浓度下降 ,红树幼苗对低温有一定的适应能力。低温处理 2d ,红海榄叶净光合速率的抑制程度大于 1d处理 ,而银叶树叶净光合速率的抑制程度则有所减轻。两种红树叶气孔导度与净光合速率和蒸腾速率均呈线性关系 ,气孔导度是控制叶片光合成和蒸腾水分丢失动态平衡的主要因素。With 5℃ Night temperature treatments for 13h each day,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomata conductance(Cs),inter-cellularCO_2 concentration(Ci),transpiration rate(Tr),water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll content(Ch1) of one year Rhizophora stylosa and Heritiera littoralis seedings Leaves were measured after 1h and 4h recovery at greenhouse temperature.The results showed that Pn,Cs,Tr and WUE of Rhizophora stylosa and Heritera littoralis seedings leaves were significantly inhibited by low night temperature treatments but Ci were raised and Ch1. had litter changes. Pn?Cs and Tr of two mangrove species would rise as recovering times increased, which indicated that both Rhizophora stylosa and Heritiere littoralis seedling had some adaptation to low night temperature,when low night temperature treatment days increased ,Pn and Tr of Rhizophora stylosa were more inhibited than Heritiera littoralis. A linear relationship existed between Pn and Cs and between Tr and Cs,respectively,which showed that carbon gain by photosynthesis and water loss by transpiration were inhibited at the same time.It is suggested that Cs was the main factor to control dynamic balance between carbon gain process and water loss process

红树林的光合作用

红树林的光合作用杨盛昌林鹏中须贺常雄（厦门大学生物系，厦门361005）（琉球大学农学部，日本冲绳903-01）PHOTOSynTHESISOfMAngrOVESyAngSHEng-CHAnglInPEng（bIOlOgydEOArTnEnT，XI..

Electroless copper plating on ceramics

为提高化学镀铜液的稳定性 ,在化学镀铜液中加入亚铁氰化钾和a ,a’ -联吡啶作为添加剂。研究了温度与陶瓷基体上化学镀铜沉积速度的关系 ,计算出铜沉积的活化能。当镀液中含有亚铁氰化钾或a ,a’ -联吡啶时 ,铜沉积活化能提高 ,铜沉积速率降低 ,镀铜层外观及镀液稳定性均得到改善。此外 ,镀液中同时含有亚铁氰化钾和a ,a’ -联吡啶时 ,镀液、镀层性能得到进一步提高。Potassium ferrocyanide and a,a'-dipyridine were added in electroless copper plating bath to improve the bath stability. Relationship between temperature and copper deposition rate on ceramics was studied, and the activated energy of copper deposition was calculated With the addition of potassium ferrocyanide and a, a'-dipyridine, the activated energy of copper deposition increased and copper deposition rate decreased, electroless copper plating is improved in deposit appearance and bath stability. Furthermore, better results can be obtained provided that potassium ferrocyanide and a,a'-dipyridine are used in combination

Studies on chemical constituents in ethanolic extract from Acanthus ilicifolius as a pharmaceutic mangrove

目的探讨老鼠簕的化学成分。方法将老鼠簕全株粉碎后,用95%乙醇浸提3次,合并浓缩,浸膏的石油醚部位经反复硅胶柱层析分离,结合波谱学数据鉴定化合物结构。结果从石油醚部位分离得到8个化合物,分别为β-谷甾醇(Ⅰ)、豆甾醇(Ⅱ)、正十六烷酸(Ⅲ)、正二十八烷酸(Ⅳ)、4,22-二烯-3-酮豆甾烷(stig-masta-4,22-dien-3-one)(Ⅴ)、4-烯-3-酮豆甾烷(stigmast-4-en-3-one)(Ⅵ)、5,22-二烯-7-酮-3β-羟基豆甾烷(3β-hydroxystigmasta-5,22-dien-7-one)(Ⅶ)、2-唑啉酮(2-benzoxazolinone)(Ⅷ)。结论其中Ⅴ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ为首次从该植物中分离得到。Objective To study the chemical constituents of Acanthus ilicifolius.Methods The air-dried and powdered plant material was extracted with 95% ethanol.Silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromotography were used in the isolation from the ethanol extracts of the whole plant,the compounds were determined on the basis of various modern spectroscopic analyses and physical constants.Results Eight compounds were isolated from the petroleum ether soluble portion,identified as β-sitosterol(Ⅰ),stigmasterol(Ⅱ),n-hexadecane acid(Ⅲ),n-octacosanic acid(Ⅳ),stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one(Ⅴ),stigmasta-4-en-3-one(Ⅵ),3β-hydroxystigmasta-5,22-dien-7-one(Ⅶ) and 2-benzoxazolinone(Ⅷ).Conclusion CompoundⅤ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ were obtained from the genus for the first time.国家自然科学基金(30671646);; 福建省科技计划资助项目(2003Y036

福建武夷山黄山松群落的钾、钠累积与循环

本文主要讨论武夷山黄山松群落的钾、钠累积和循环。测定结果表明:(1)群落现存量中钾、钠的库量分别为35.876g/m~2和2.637g/m~2,其中地上部分为19.944g/m~2(占总库量的55.59％)和1.817g/m~2(占68.90％);地下部分别为15.932g/m~2(占44.41％)和0.820g/m~2(占31.10％);(2)在钾、钠的生物循环中,年吸收量分别为2.230g/m~2·a和0.136g/m~2·a;年存留量分别为2.230g/m~2·a和0.036g/m~2·a;(3)钾的周转期55年,钠的周转期75年,钾的周转比钠快;(4)钾的富集率为1.160,说明该群落中林木仍在对钾吸收累积;而钠的富集率为0.929,说明了在该群落中林木对钠不再累积

Comparative studies on carbon storage and litterfall dynamics between secondary and primary mangrove communities in Zhanjiang,Guangdong Provinces,China

通过群落调查、异速生长法计算以及样品测定,分别对2010~2011年期间广东湛江高桥红树林生态系统中次生桐花树和原生木榄群落的植物和土壤储量进行了计算,并利用掉落物收集筐对掉落物动态进行了比较研究。研究结果表明,高桥桐花树与木榄群落的植物碳库(以C计,下同)分别为(51.16±12.06)x106g/HM2和(38.52±6.94)x106g/HM2,地上部分明显高于地下部分;土壤碳库分别为(111.86±7.96)x106g/HM2和(106.13±11.12)x106g/HM2,明显高于植物碳库;次生与原生红树林群落的总碳库没有差异(P>0.05)。桐花树和木榄群落的年均掉落物产量分别为556.00 g/M2和971.13 g/M2,均以凋落叶居多,但原生木榄群落的掉落物产量明显高于次生桐花树群落(P 0.05).The mean annual litterfall production for the B.gymnorrhiza community was 971.13 g DW / m2,significantly higher than that of the A.corniculatum community( 556.00 g / m2,P < 0.001).In conclusion,the carbon pools in the secondary A.corniculatum community were comparable with those for the primary B.gymnorrhiza community,but much lower than those for the primary mangrove communities in the tropical regions.国家自然科学基金重点项目(30930017); 国家海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(200905009;201305021

福建省和溪南亚热带雨林下木层植物的滴水叶尖和滴水大小

研究福建省南靖县和溪南亚热带雨林下木层植物滴水叶尖的发育情况以及滴水大小．该森林滴水叶尖发育程度中等，离叶尖端３ｍｍ处的叶宽平均为２．３７ｍｍ，粗叶木的最小，为０．９５ｍｍ，瓜馥木的最大，为４．９５ｍｍ．水滴大小平均为０．０４４ｇ，日本五月茶的最小，平均为０．０２３ｇ，瓜馥木的最大，平均为０．０７８ｇ．水滴大小与滴水叶尖宽度存在极显著的正相关（ｐ＜０．００１），滴水叶尖越发达，下落的水滴越小．滴水叶尖的作用首先是迅速、有效地排除叶面上的积水，此外可能与对土壤类型的适应有一定的关系