中国景区经营权流转的法理逻辑与实现模式

景区经营权的有序流转是落实国家自然资源资产管理制度的关键。对景区经营权流转的机制进行深入剖析,基于土地中心主义立场将国有景区经营权的法律属性定位于旅游用地使用权(用益物权),将集体景区经营权的法律属性定位于集体所有土地上的租赁权(合同债权);循着\"二元主义\"财产权体系论证得出两者均需在《物权法》的规制下,依照《合同法》的相关规定在市场中进行交易流转,前者流转模式包括出租、抵押、(物权)转让、出资模式,后者流转模式包括转租、(债权)转让、质押模式,且景区经营权流转符合国家旅游产业政策导向,进而提出了相应的政策创新启示。国家社会科学基金项目“文化演出产业与旅游产业融合战略研究”(编号:15CGL034);;浙江省社会科学界联合会研究课题“浙江文化产业与旅游产业融合的动力、路径与战略研究”(编号:2015N044);;宁波市软科学研究计划项目“宁波文化创意产业集群发展动力、模式、路径与政策研究”(编号:2015A10050

Study of four-node rectangular spring element and its properties

弹簧元法是一种将单元离散为一系列弹簧的数值计算方法。不同的单元具有不同的离散方式,确定相应的离散弹簧的刚度系数表达式是弹簧元法的关键。将四节点矩形单元离散为6个基本弹簧,每个基本弹簧包括法向弹簧和切向弹簧两个派生弹簧,并用泊松弹簧和纯剪弹簧描述单元的泊松效应和剪切效应,用有限元的单元刚度矩阵标定各弹簧的刚度系数,实现了一种四节点矩形弹簧元的构造形式。该单元的同类弹簧具有相同的表达形式。法向与切向弹簧的刚度表达式中分别含有法向和切向弹簧刚度待定系数。通过改变待定系数的值可使该单元分别对应于有限元的常应变、双线性及Wilson非协调单元。将上述弹簧元方法进行理论推导,并应用于基于连续介质的离散单元法(CDEM)的核心计算进行简单算例验证,证明了提出方法的正确性。通过以上研究发现,四节点矩形弹簧元有以下特点:对于相同问题,不同单元有不同的计算精度;对于梁弯曲问题,应用该单元可显著提高离散单元法的求解精度;改变待定系数的值,可得到更高或者更低精度的单元

掺Yb~(3+)双包层光纤激光器的理论及实验研究

文中报告了掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器的理论和实验研究工作。在稳态条件下,基于速率方程推导了掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器在强泵浦条件下的简化型解析解。实验上,利用975 nm大功率半导体激光作为泵浦源,采用单端泵浦技术,获得了88 W波长为1 082.4 nm的连续激光输出,斜效率高达84.4%。实验结果与理论的简化型解析解相比较,两者基本一致

Abundance and production of bacteria and their correlations with environmental factor

以2014年8月南海北部海水样品为研究对象,利用平板计数法和流式细胞仪计数法对南海北部表层和垂直海域可培养细菌和细菌总数分布状况进行研究,对细菌; 生产力进行测定,并结合环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明:珠江口到南海北部海域,水平方向可培养细菌总数变化范围是3.70*10~2 ~; 1.42*10~3 CFU/mL,细菌总数变化范围是5.12 * 10~5 ~1.61 * 10~6; cells/mL,细菌生产力的变化范围是0.03 ~0.40 mg/m~3/h;垂直方向上可培养细菌变化范围是1.08 *10~3 ~9.00; *10~3 CFU/mL,细菌生产力变化范围是0.01 ~0.08; mg/m~3/h,其中表层海水中的细菌生产力明显高于底层。与环境因子相关性分析表明,水平方向上,影响南海北部表层海水细菌总数和细菌生产力的主要因; 素是温度、盐度、硝酸盐(NO_3-N)、硅酸盐(SiO_3-Si)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2-N)和磷酸盐(PO_4-P)(P<0.05);垂直方向上; ,影响南海北部可培养细菌总数的主要因素是NO_2-N(P<0.05),影响细菌生产力的主要影响因素是温度和盐度(P; <0.05)。可见,南海北部表层海水中细菌总数高于可培养细菌总数2; ~3个数量级,表明该海域表层海水存在大量不可培养细菌;细菌的生命活动在海水表层相较底层更为活跃。Distribution of abundance and production of bacteria and their; correlations with environmental factor were investigated, using plate; count method and flow cytometry, in the surface and vertical waters of; the northern south China sea in August 2014. The cultivable bacterial; abundance ranged from 3.70 * 10~2 CFU/mL to 1.42 * 10~3 CFU/ mL, the; total bacterial abundance ranged from 5.12 * 10~5 cells/mL to 1.61 *; 10~6 cells/mL and the bacterial productions varied from 0.03 mg/m~3/h to; 0.40 mg/m~3/h in horizontal distribution. In vertical distribution, the; cultivable bacterial abundance ranged from 1.08 * 10~3 CFU/mL to 9.00 *; 10~3 CFU/mL and the bacterial productions varied from 0.01 mg/m~3/h to; 0.08 mg/m~3/h, respectively. The correlation analysis results showed; that the environmental factors affecting the abundance of total bacteria; and bacterial productivity included temperature, salinity,; nitrate(NO_3-N),silicate (SiO_3-Si), nitrite (NO_2-N),and phosphate; (PO_4-P) (P<0.05). NO_2-N was the main influencing factor to cultivable; bacteria abundance (P < 0.05), while bacterial productivity was highly; correlated with temperature and salinity in vertical distribution of; northern south China sea (P < 0.05). The total bacterial abundance was 2; ~ 3 orders of magnitude higher than cultivable bacteria, suggesting that; there were many uncultured bacterium in surface water of northern south; China sea and bacterial activities in the surface maybe more active than; in the bottom.全球变化与海气交互作用; 国家重点研发计划全球变化及应对专项; 海洋公益性行业科研专

Diversity of CO_2 fixation gene in the surface waters of northern South China Sea in the Calvin cycle

为揭示南海北部表层海水中参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性及其与环境因子的关系,本研究以卡尔文循环中的关键酶核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubis CO)的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型基因(cbbL、cbbM)作为分子标记,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对海水中的固碳基因多样性进行分析,并结合多元统计分析的方法,探讨了固碳基因多样性与环境因子的关系.结果显示,在南海北部表层海水中,含cbbL基因固碳基因主要归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中,优势亚群分别是γ-变形菌亚门(45.3%)、蓝细菌(30.9%)和β-变形杆菌亚门(23.8%);而含cbbM基因的固碳菌群未检测到;近岸的A9站位与其他站位物种组成有一定的差异,异着色菌属(Allochromatium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫单胞菌属(Thiohalomonas)为其特有菌属.相关性和冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,含cbbL基因的固碳基因丰度与水温、盐度呈显著负相关(p<0.01),与硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐呈显著正相关(p<0.01).To elucidate the diversity of CO_2 fixation and its relationship with environmental factors in surface water of northern South China Sea,the coding gene form I( cbbL) and form II( cbbM)( that encodes Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase( Rubis CO) were chosen as biomarkers in Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle( a common carbon fixation pathway for chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms) to analyze the carbon sequestration gene diversity. The Illumina Miseq sequencing method and multivariate statistical analysis were employed. The cbbM gene was not detected in any of samples,while the cbbL gene was found in all samples. The cbbL-containing genetic communities were dominated by Proteobacteria,Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes,in which γ-Proteobacteria( 45. 3%),Cyanobacteria( 30. 9%),β-Proteobacteria( 23. 8%) were predominant subpopulation. There were differences between the nearshore station of A9 with other stations,in which Allochromatiu,Thiobacillus and Thiohalomonas were unique species in A9 station.Relativity and redundancy analysis suggest that water temperature, salinity, nitrate, nitrite, silicate were highly statistically significant factors.Temperature and salinity were positively( p < 0. 01),while the other three factors negatively influenced CO_2 fixation gene of cbbL gene abundance( p <0. 01).全球变化与海气交互作用专项(No.GASI-03-01-02-05);; 海洋公益性行业科研专项(No.201305030,201405007)~

重庆市主城区长江和嘉陵江水中有机污染物对斑马鱼胚胎仔鱼的毒性研究

目的以重庆市主城区大溪沟(嘉陵江)和寸滩(长江)两个点为代表,研究2004~2005年度重庆市水源水中有机污染物的组成和对斑马鱼胚胎仔鱼的毒性。方法固相萃取法萃取水中有机污染物,GC/MS检测有机污染物的种类;将萃取的有机污染物溶于DMSO中,并用斑马鱼胚胎仔鱼实验研究水中有机污染物对斑马鱼胚胎孵化率和仔鱼畸形率的影响。结果四个水样中均可检出有机污染物,污染物的种类以酞酸酯类和多环芳烃类为主;污染物可导致斑马鱼胚胎孵化率降低及仔鱼畸形率增加,其毒性呈现出时间和剂量依赖性;同一采样点中,枯水期水样毒性大于

Capitalization of Tourism Resources:Evolvement Path,Legal Regulations and Implementation Mechanisms

构建旅游资源资本化机制是健全国家旅游资源资产管理体制和实行旅游资源有偿使用制度的关键所在,但现有研究缺乏对其内涵的廓清、合法性的诠释与机制的分析。有鉴于此,本文对旅游资源资本化的过程进行深入剖析,以其演进路径研究为切入点,发现旅游资源资产化和资本化过程存在空间并存性和时间继起性,其演进过程伴随着产权的廓清与流转及其经济价值的框定与增值。而且,本文循着物权法理逻辑将旅游资源经营权的法律属性定位于旅游用地使用权,论证得出该用益物权能够依法进行市场化流转,符合国家旅游产业政策导向,使得旅游资源资本化具有合法性和合政策性。进而阐明了旅游资源的资产化实现机制包括所有权、用益物权、担保物权的界定及其经营权价值、游憩价值的评估,其资本化实现机制包括经营权的出租、抵押、转让、入股等方式的流转及其资产证券化。在此基础上,本文为政府推进旅游用地分类管理、优化旅游资源经营权的估价机制与交易市场提供了政策创新启示。There are several problems in the traditional management mechanism of tourism resources,including unclear definition of property right,excessive low value evaluations and lagging protecting work of tourism resources.With the comprehensively deepen reform in our country,it seems particularly urgent to reform the existing management mechanism of tourism resources with the asset-like and capitalization mode.It is of great importance to implement the regulations that tourism resources should be paid for use.The study on tourism resources capitalization is an urgent scientific issue with theoretical significance and practical value.However,current studies are lack of analysis about its definition,legitimacy as well as mechanism.Therefore,this paper focuses on legal regulations and implementation mechanism of tourism resources capitalization,and dives deeply into the evolutionary process of tourism resources capitalization.The paper is aimed to clarify the route and mechanism under existing legal framework,and finally draws the following conclusions.First of all,when scarce tourism resources with clear legal property rights have expected benefits,they become tourism resource assets.When the assets increase their values during the market-based circulation,they become tourism resource capital.Tourism resources asset-like and capitalization processes have a characteristic of space compatibility and they appear in sequence,accompanied by the clarity and transition of property rights as well as the evaluation and increment of economic values.What's more,ownership rights of state-owned tourism resources can't be traded as a business,and the franchise right of tourism resources hasn't become a kind of legal rights.However,the owner of tourism resources is able to set up the use right of tourism land whereby his tourism resources are attached.This right is called the franchise right of tourism resources by tourism scholars and it can be transferred in the market.The crucial point of tourism resources asset-like and capitalization is about the franchise rights of tourism resources,instead of ownership rights which are not for sale.And a series of national policies provide clear and feasible guidance for the evolvement from asset-like to capitalization of tourism resources.Thus,tourism resources asset-like and capitalization is consistent with related laws and government policies.Moreover,the essence of tourism resource asset-like is to make sure the rights and interests of tourism resource owners are not harmed,realize the economic values of tourism resources preliminarily,and protect and administrate tourism resources effectively.The first implementation mechanism for tourism resource asset-like is the clear definition of the proper right,usufructuary right and guarantee real right of tourism resources.The second is the quantitative assessment of recreational value and franchise right value of tourism resources.By contrast,the essence of tourism resource capitalization is the market-oriented allocation of franchise rights,with a purpose of increasing the possibility of transition and value-added as well as realizing the economic value of tourism resources completely.The first implementation mechanism for tourism resource capitalization is the circulation of franchise rights of tourism resources by means of leasing,mortgaging,transferring or sharing.The second is the asset securitization of tourism resources.Last but not least,it should be pointed out that some misunderstandings need to be avoided during the process of asset-like and capitalization of tourism resources.Only in this way can we develop new tourism resources on the premise of protection of tourism resources.On the one hand,current asset securitization model of tourism resources only applies to artificial tourism resources,and it's legal to transfer the franchise right of tourism resources with usufructuary right attribute.On the other hand,the franchise right of tourism resources with obligatory right attribute should be combined transfer with the corresponding use right of tourism land in order to avoid loss of state-owned assets.国家社会科学基金青年项目“文化演出产业与旅游产业融合战略研究”(15CGL034);国家社会科学基金青年项目“基于法律关系视角的公共资源类景区出让收益合理共享机制研究”(13CGL080); 宁波市软科学研究计划项目“宁波文化创意产业集群发展动力、模式、路径与政策研究”(2015A10050

四节点矩形弹簧元及其特性研究

弹簧元法是一种将单元离散为一系列弹簧的数值计算方法。不同的单元具有不同的离散方式,确定相应的离散弹簧的刚度系数表达式是弹簧元法的关键。将四节点矩形单元离散为6个基本弹簧,每个基本弹簧包括法向弹簧和切向弹簧两个派生弹簧,并用泊松弹簧和纯剪弹簧描述单元的泊松效应和剪切效应,用有限元的单元刚度矩阵标定各弹簧的刚度系数,实现了一种四节点矩形弹簧元的构造形式。该单元的同类弹簧具有相同的表达形式。法向与切向弹簧的刚度表达式中分别含有法向和切向弹簧刚度待定系数。通过改变待定系数的值可使该单元分别对应于有限元的常应变、双线性及Wilson非协调单元。将上述弹簧元方法进行理论推导,并应用于基于连续介质的离散单元法(CDEM)的核心计算进行简单算例验证,证明了提出方法的正确性。通过以上研究发现,四节点矩形弹簧元有以下特点:对于相同问题,不同单元有不同的计算精度;对于梁弯曲问题,应用该单元可显著提高离散单元法的求解精度;改变待定系数的值,可得到更高或者更低精度的单元

北部黑土区旱年大豆适宜施肥量的研究

试验采用氮磷钾的不同组合,对氮磷钾施用量的配比与北部黑土区旱年大豆产量间的关系及对肥料利用率和经济效益的影响进行了研究。施肥与产量的分析结果表明,当满足磷钾肥施用量时,以氮肥施用纯量为75 kg/hm2的处理产量最高;当满足氮钾肥施用量时,以磷肥施用纯量为90 kg/hm2的处理产量最高;当满足氮磷肥施用量时,以钾肥施用纯量48 kg/hm2的处理产量最高。对施肥量与产量的关系进行回归分析,得出最高大豆产量所需的施肥量为:N 78.3 kg/hm2、P2O583.3 kg/hm2。通过肥料利用率和经济效益的计算,得出经济效益最高的处理对应的施肥量为:N 75 kg/hm2、P2O590 kg/hm2、K2O 48 kg/hm2,相对最佳经济施肥量为:N 45 kg/hm2、P2O560 kg/hm2、K2O 48 kg/hm2。最终根据当地的气候因素,将北部黑土区大豆最佳施肥量定为:N 60 kg/hm2、P2O575 kg/hm2、K2O 48 kg/hm2,最佳施肥配比为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.25∶1.56∶1