Abolishing the Exemption of Liability for Fault in Ship Management in the Nautical Fault Exemption System

梁永刚，大连海事大学研宄生院2005级海商法硕士研宄生。 李忠胜，威海市威东航运公司运航部经理。【中文摘要】航海过失免责一般表述为：船长、船员、引航员或承运人的受雇人 在驾驶船舶或管理船舶中的行为、疏忽或不履行职责所造成的货物灭失或损坏， 免除承运人的赔偿责任。迄今为止，航海过失免责一直是承运人可援用的最重要 的免责条款，航海过失免责制度的存废也一直是各国和国际海上货物运输立法关 注的焦点之一。本文通过分析航海过失免责的内涵，探悉航海过失免责产生和发 展的社会经济根源，考察当今船货双方利益和风险的分担情况，综合考虑相关因 素，得出对航海过失免责制度进行合理性变革的结论。 【Abstract】The nautical fault exemption generally refers to the carrier,s exemption from liability for the loss or damage of goods arising or resulting from the act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or management of the ship. To date, the nautical fault exemption has always been the most important exemption clause for carriers, and countries and legislation on international maritime cargo transport have paid much attention to the question of whether the nautical fault exemption system should continue to exist or be abolished. This paper analyzes the meaning of the nautical fault exemption, explores the socioeconomic roots of its emergence and development, and examines the current allocation of interests and risks between the ship owner and the cargo owner. After taking the relevant factors into account, the paper concludes that the nautical fault exemption system should undergo certain reforms

Mutagenic EFFects of Nd +3 :YAG Laser on Aspergillus Niger

本文采用nd＋3：yAg激光辐照柠檬酸生产菌黑曲霉孢子，辐照后进行培养和发酵试验、分析测定不同辐照时间黑曲霉孢子的存活率、黑曲霉菌丝体生长繁殖及代谢产酸的速度、主要代谢产物柠檬酸的产量及淀粉糖化酶活力等的变化。实验结果表明，nd＋3：yAg激光辐照后各实验组发生了不同程度的变化，说明该激光能诱发黑曲霉细胞的遗传变异，可用于诱变选育柠檬酸生产的优良高产菌株In this paper, a Nd +3 :YAG laser was used to irradiate spores of the Aspergillus niger, a citric acid-producing strain.The spores irradiated were then cultured and Fermentated.Variations in a survival rates of the spores, rates of growth, propagation, and the metabolic production acid of the hyphae, yield of the main metabolite citric acid and vitality of the saccharidase, etc .were determined and analysed.The experimental results show that the various experimental groups, irradiated by the Nd:YAG laser, had changes in diFFerent degrees.This indicates that the laser can induce Aspergillus niger cells to mutate and may possibly be applied to selectively breed new good quality strains with high yield For production of the citric acid

集美大学2002级福建籍新生肝炎感染现状

目的　了解集美大学 2 0 0 2级福建籍新生甲、乙、戊 3型肝炎感染情况。方法　采用血清流行病学调查方法。结果　学生中抗HAV -IgG ,HBsAg和抗HEV -IgG阳性率分别为 77.0 8% ,1 5 .2 3 % ,1 7.1 5 % ,地区差异明显 ;HAV ,HEV无性别差异 ,而HBV以男性为高 ;农村HAV和HBV感染率均高于城镇 ,而HEV感染率无城乡差别。结论　应该加强对本地区大学生的甲、乙肝预防 ,急需研究出一种有效的戊肝疫

Screening of adjuvant enhancing cellular immune response induced by ESAT6-CFP10 fusion protein in mice

通讯作者：叶祥忠，E-mail：[email protected][中文文摘] 目的 筛选能增强特异性抗原早期分泌抗原靶6蛋白(Early secretory antigenic target6,ESAT6)-培养滤出液蛋白-10(Culture filtrate protein10,CFP-10)融合蛋白(E1C0)诱导小鼠细胞免疫应答的佐剂,建立基于细胞免疫应答的小鼠模型,以评价基于体外干扰素γ释放分析(IFNγrelease assay,IGRA)结核诊断方法中特异性刺激抗原E1C0的活性。方法 建立小鼠IFNγ双抗体夹心SABC-ELISA检测系统,并验证系统的线性、灵敏度、重复性和特异性。将BALB/c小鼠随机分为7组:E1C0+单磷酸类脂A(Monophosphoryl lipid A,MPL)+双十八烷基二甲基溴化铵(Dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide,DDA)组、E1C0+DDA组、E1C0+MPL组、E1C0+弗氏不完全佐剂(IFA)组、E1C0组、生理盐水组和MPL+DDA联合组,每组6只,经小鼠后肢内侧皮下免疫3次,间隔2周,免疫剂量为:E1C0100滋g/只,MPL25μg/只,DDA250μg/只,IFA100滋l/只。末次免疫4周后处死小鼠,无菌取脾,分离脾淋巴细胞,加入E1C0进行培养,MTT法检测特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应,ELISA法检测培养上清中IFNγ水平。采用筛选出的最佳佐剂与抗原组合免疫3批BALB/c小鼠,进行IFNγ诱生测定。结果 检测系统的线性范围为:40～2560pg/ml(R>0.98);灵敏度为40pg/ml;变异系数(CV)0.05)。结论 E1C0与MPL和DDA联合免疫所诱导的小鼠Th1型细胞免疫应答最强,成功建立了用于评价刺激抗原E1C0活性的小鼠模型。[英文文摘]Objective To screen the adjuvant enhancing the cellular immune response induced by early secretory antigenic target 6（ESAT6）-culture filtrate protein-10（CFP10）in mice, and establish an animal model based on cellular immunγe response for evaluation of activity of specific stimulating antigen E1C0 in IFNγ release assay（IGRA）for diagnosis of tuberculosis（TB）. Methods mDouble antibody sandwich SABC-ELISA system for mouse IFNγ was developed and verified for linearity, sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups, 6 for each, and immunized s.c. with E1C0 + monophosphoryl lipid A（MPL）+ dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide（DDA）, E1C0 + DDA, E1C0 + MPL, E1C0 + IFA, E1C0, physiological saline and MPL + DDA for 3 times, respectively, each at an interval of 2 weeks. The dosages of E1C0, MPL, DDA and IFA for immunization were 100 μg, 25μg, 250μg and 100 μl, respectively. The mice were killed 4 weeks after the last immunization, and their spleens were collected aseptically, from which splenic lymphocytes were isolated, cultured with E1C0, then determined for proliferation level by MTT method, and for IFNlevel in culture supernatant by ELISA. Three batches of BALB/c mice were immunized with the screened adjuvant combined with antigen, and determined for IFNγ induced. Results The linear range, sensitivity and CV value of developed SABC-ELISA system were 40 ~ 2 560 pg / ml（R > 0. 98）, 40 μg/ml and less than 15%respectively, by which all the detection results of IFN酌in rat, guinea pig and rabbit sera were negative. The stimulating indexox（SIs） of specific lymphocyte proliferation in E1C0 + MPL + DDA, E1C0 + IFA and E1C0 + DDA groups were significantly higher than those in physiological saline group （P < 0. 01）. The IFN酌level secreted by lymphocytes in E1C0 + MPL + DDA group after stimulation with E1C0 in vitro was significantly higher than those in other groups （P < 0. 001）. No significant differences were observed in IFNγ levels induced in 3 batches of mice in E1C0 + MPL + DDA group（P > 0. 05）. Conclusion The immunization with E1C0 in a combination with MPL and DDA elicited a strong Th1 cellular immune response in mice. Mouse model for evaluation of activity of E1C0 antigen was successfully established