建構個人化中文全真字型

[[abstract]]目前的電腦字型多為統一固定的字型，缺乏個人書寫風格的特性。在本論文中，我們提出一個自動將個人書寫的中文字，透過影像處理技術，將之轉換成全真字型（TrueType font）的方法，使得電腦螢幕顯示或印表機列印時，仍可呈現個人書寫的風格。[[conferencetype]]兩岸[[conferencedate]]20140822~20140824[[booktype]]電子版[[iscallforpapers]]Y[[conferencelocation]]北

Study no the Nutritional Value of theHousefly Larva Fed with Pig Manure

目的 :分析猪粪饲养家蝇 (Muscadomestica)幼虫的营养成分。方法 :引种野生家蝇 ,用猪粪饲养幼虫 ,收获 3期老熟幼虫 ,测定粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸构成及微量元素含量 ,用粮食与农业组织 世界卫生组织 (FAO WHO)提出的参考蛋白模式评价 ,并与麦麸饲养的幼虫及鱼粉比较。结果 :每公斤猪粪平均可产(0 13± 0 0 4)～ (0 2 0± 0 12 )kg鲜蛆 ,鲜蛆烘干比为 1∶0 31± 0 12 ,粗蛋白 42 36 %～ 5 2 33 % ,必须氨基酸含量占总氨基酸的 45 10 % (E % ) ,必须氨基酸与非必需氨基酸总量的比值 (E/N)为 0 82 ,E % /T为 3 0 1,脂肪酸含量为 13 73 %～ 16 83 % ,油酸、亚油酸及亚麻酸等必需脂肪酸分别为 36 99% ,7 6 1%和 0 35 % ,Fe 2 91 5mg/kg ,Cu 87 5 5mg/kg ,Zn 2 46 8mg/kg ,Mn 2 49 45mg/kg ,比麦麸饲养幼虫更接近参考蛋白模式 ,营养价值优于鱼粉。结论 :猪粪饲养的家蝇幼虫比麦麸饲养的幼虫更接近参考蛋白模式 ,营养价值优于鱼粉Objective:To evaluate the nutritional value of the housefly larva (Musca domestica) fed with pig manure. Methods: The composition of the protein, fat, amino acids, and trace elements of the larva was studied according to the protein reference modal of FAO WHO, with controls of fish meal and the larva fed with wheat bran. Results: 1?kg pig manure could produce (0.13±0.04)-(0.20±0.12)kg fresh larva,1kg fresh larva could make (0.31±0.12)?kg larva powder. The crud protein was 42.36%-52.33%, the essential amino acids(E%) account for 45.57%, E/N (nonessential amino acids)0.83, E%/T(T=3)3.04. The fat was 13.73%-16.83%, among which, the oleic acid, linolic acid and linolenic acid(essential fatty acids) were 36.99%,7 61% and 0 35% respectively. Fe was 291 5?mg/kg, Cu 87.55 mg/kg, Zn 246.8 mg/kg, Mn249 45 mg/kg. The nutritional value of the larva fed with pig manure was closer to the reference modal than with wheat bran and better than fish meal. Conclusion: The nutritional value of the larva fed with pig manure was as good as with wheat bran, and pig manure could be used to feed the housefly larva and produce excellent animal protein.厦门市科委基金资助项目 (市长基金

The Effects of Fresh Maggots Replacing Domestically-made Fish Meal as Fodder Content on Egg Production of Hu-Line Brown Laying Hens

目的 :观察猪粪饲养的蝇蛆替代国产鱼粉作饲料对海兰棕壳蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响。方法 :用猪粪饲养蝇蛆 ,收集 3龄鲜蛆直接替代国产鱼粉饲养 4 0周龄海兰棕壳蛋鸡 ,设不同量鲜蛆替代组和鱼粉对照组 ,观察蛋鸡的日平均产蛋率、日平均产蛋量和平均蛋重 ,记录饲料消耗量和蛋鸡死亡数 ,用SPSS统计软件分析结果。结果 :用鲜蛆蛋白半量替代饲养蛋鸡 ,蛋鸡产蛋能力优于常量国产鱼粉蛋白饲养 ,用鲜蛆等量和低于半量鱼粉蛋白量饲养蛋鸡 ,能取得与常量鱼粉蛋白相同的饲养效果。用猪粪饲养的鲜蛆直接饲养蛋鸡不会增加疫病的发生。结论 :鲜蛆饲养海兰棕壳蛋鸡的产蛋性能优于国产鱼粉 ,可不经消毒直接饲养蛋鸡Objective:To observe the effeets of fresh maggots replacing domestically made fish meal as fodder contant on egg production of Hu line brown laying hens.Methods:Replacing domestically made fish meal in diet of 40 week old hens with fresh maggots cultivated in pig manure at different amounts and observations were made on egg production,including the average egg laying rate per day,the average egg production rate per hen on per day, and the average weight of each egg.The data recorded were compared with those of hens reared with regular fish meal and analyzed with SPSS statistically.Results:Using maggot replacement,especially,when half protein amount was replaced,better egg peoduction was obtained,comparing with the regularily reared hens.The usage of maggots that had not been washed or sterilized didn't cause any disease of hens.Conclusion:Rearing Hu line Brown laying hens with maggots cultivated in pig manure could get better results than rearing with domestically made fish meal.These maggots could be used directly without washing or sterilization.国家自然科学基金资助 (39970 0 87) ;; 厦门市科委基金资助 (市长基金 )项

[[alternative]]根據多重參考值模型之即時動態背景切割

博士[[abstract]]在此論文中，對於參考背景的建立與維持提出了可靠且更準確的方法。背景的切割對於影像監視系統與相關的應用是很重要的，因為要辨識出目標﹙前景﹚之前，必須先知道在場景中哪些是前景而哪些是屬於背景。因此第一個步驟是替被偵測的場景建立一個參考背景模型，如此才能根據此參考背景擷取出前景。 在現有的文獻中，在參考背景中的每一個像素都只有一個真實背景的參考值，而在此論文中所提出的multiple reference value background model (MRV background model)中的每一個像素卻有多個參考值，因此即使是再複雜或是紊亂的場景也能被正確地建立參考背景。 背景切割中的另一個重要的步驟是背景的更新。因為被偵測的環境會一直在改變，例如移動的雲的影子或建築物的影子。因此參考背景也必須被修改以反映這些變化。否則，錯誤的前景就會因此產生。然而，這些會影響場景的因素卻很少被討論。在此論文中，全域更新與區域更新兩種策略一起被用來處理背景的更新；分別負責全部與部分的參考背景修改。因此MRV背景參考模型比其他的背景模型能正常運作更長的時間。此外，影響正確前景切割的因素也被詳細地探討。 從實驗得知，MRV背景參考模型比其他的背景模型能得到更精確的參考背景與更詳細的前景細節。除此之外，由於可靠的背景更新策略，使得系統不僅能在白天與晚上正常運作，對於攝影鏡頭與場景中背景物體的晃動也有很好的抑制能力。[[abstract]]In this thesis, we proposed a reliable and precise method for building and maintaining the reference background of a detected environment. Background segmentation (sub-traction) plays an important role in video surveillance systems and related applications. In order to extract the specific targets, applications must recognize what are objects (foreground) and what are not. Therefore, the fist step in such systems is usually to build a reference background model for the detected scene, and then the foreground can be extracted by comparing with the reference background model. In the existing literature, each pixel of a reference background model has only one reference value to the real background of the detected scene. However, each pixel in the proposed multiple reference value (MRV) background model may have multiple reference values. Thus, even in complex or disorder scenes, reference backgrounds can also be correctly built. Updating reference background is another important step for background segmen-tation. Because the detected scene will be changed, such as moving shadows of clouds or buildings, the reference background model must be modified to reflect these varia-tions. Otherwise, such applications will result in erroneous foreground segmentations. However, the situations of causing erroneous foreground segmentations are seldom discussed. In this thesis, a global update and a local update methods are employed as the strategies for a reference background update; they control the entire and partial modi-fication of a reference background model, respectively. Therefore, the reference back-ground model can be used more robust than other proposed models for a long period of surveillance. In addition, the situations of causing erroneous foreground segmentations are also discussed in details. By experimental results, the proposed method can obtain a more precise reference background model and preserves more details of a segmented foreground. Moreover, because of the reliable update strategies, the system can operate normally at daytime and nighttime. In addition, the system also can resist camera and object shaking.[[tableofcontents]]List of Figures III List of Tables V Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Overview 2 1.3 Organization of the thesis 3 Chapter 2 Literature Reviews 5 2.1 Background Segmentation 5 2.2 Reference Background Models 6 2.2.1 Pure Background Model 8 2.2.2 Average Background Model 9 2.2.3 Gaussian Background Model 9 2.2.4 Mixture Gaussian Background Model 12 2.2.5 Histogram Background Model 15 2.2.6 Other Approaches 17 2.3 Update Strategies 19 2.4 Situation for Erroneous Segmentation 21 2.5 Emphases of Background Segmentation 23 Chapter 3 Preliminaries 26 3.1 Color Model 26 3.1.1 RGB Color Model 27 3.1.2 HSI Color Mode 28 3.2 Image Segmentation 29 3.3 Connected Component 31 3.4 Morphology 32 3.5 Sorting 34 Chapter 4 Background Segmentation 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Building a Reference Background 38 4.2.1 Sampling 38 4.2.2 Choosing Candidates 41 4.2.3 Deciding a Reference Background 43 4.2.4 Convergence and Non-convergence 44 4-3. Non-convergence Processing 45 4.3.1 Re-sampling 46 4.3.2 Parameters Adjusting 47 4.3.3 Oscillation Problem 49 4.4 Transferring Background and Foreground Segmentation 53 Chapter 5 Background Update 58 5.1 Introduction 58 5.2 Occasions of Update 59 5.2.1 Un-update Situations 59 5.2.2 Priority of Update 61 5.3 Global Update 62 5.4 Local Update 64 5.5 Dealing with Situations of Causing Erroneous Segmentation 68 5.5.1 Many Objects Passing 69 5.5.2 Big Objects Passing 71 5.5.3 Jam of Objects 73 5.5.4 Stopping / Leaving Objects 74 5.5.5 Slowly Moving Objects 79 5.5.6 Illumination Variations 81 Chapter 6 Experimental Results 83 6.1 Test Environment 83 6.2 Results 85 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Works 92 7.1 Conclusions 92 7.2 Future Works 92 Reference 95 List of Figures 1.1 Foreground segmentation 2 2.1 Flow chart of building of reference background model 5 2.2 Foreground segmentation by a pure reference background 7 2.3 Build a reference background dynamically 8 2.4 A case of the pure background model 8 2.5 The different intensity distributions 10 2.6 Foreground segmentation results by a Gaussian background model 12 2.7 A mixture Gaussian distribution approximation of intensity distribution 12 2.8 Foreground segmentation results by a mixture Gaussian background model 14 2.9 Intensity diagram 15 2.10 A case of modified histogram 16 2.11 Object contours extraction by thermal image 19 2.12 Pixel states migration 21 2.13 Discrimination between background and shadow on the RGB color model 23 3.1 RGB color model 27 3.2 HSI color model 28 3.3 Image segmentation 30 3.4 Connected components 32 3.5 N-connected 32 3.6 Opening operation 33 4.1 Flow chart of complete reference background segmentation 37 4.2 Flow char of building reference background 38 4.3 Flow chart of sampling 39 4.4 The recorded colors of pixel and each color’s count 42 4.5 Flow chart of non-convergence process 45 4.6 The homogeneous situation 49 4.7 Oscillation phenomenon 51 4.8 The part of number of recorded colors 52 4.9 The part of reference number 52 4.10 Three results of foreground segmentation of different video clips 54 4.11 Sketch of transferring a reference background 55 4.12 Three results of noise removal from three different video clips 56 4.13 Three results of opening 57 5.1 The erroneous foreground segmentation 59 5.2 The erroneous update occasion 60 5.3 The erroneous foreground segmentation by un-fixed exposure 60 5.4 Flow chart of global update 63 5.5 The foreground segmentation by unstable background model 65 5.6 The erroneous foreground segmentation by slowly moving object 65 5.7 Erroneous foreground segmentation of stop objects 66 5.8 Erosion situation of foreground 67 5.9 Flow chart of local update 68 5.10 The comparison of histograms 71 5.11 The changing of intensity histogram of big object passing 72 5.12 Un-sufficient exposure case 73 5.13 Erroneous foreground segmentation causes by static object 75 5.14 Erroneous foreground segmentation causes by leaving object 77 5.15 The static mask table 78 5.16 Flow chart of background update uses static pixel 78 5.17 Erosion of slowly moving object 79 5.18 The case of normal moving object 80 5.19 Results of dealing with slowly moving objects 80 5.20 The case of static type of illumination change 81 6.1 Complete process of building background 87 6.2 The results of objects stop and leave 87 6.3 Result of dealing with objects stop and leave 88 6.4 Result of dealing with continuous big objects passing 89 6.5 Comparisons of foreground’s completeness and noise suppression 90 6.6 Result of foreground segmentation at night 91 List of Tables 2.1 Classification table of different background models 7 2.2 Comparison table of literatures 24 5.1 Update situations 62 6.1 Descriptions of test videos 84[[note]]學號: 890190035, 學年度: 9

Crimes of Misconductin Office in financial Industry and Preventive Countermeasures

随着我国社会主义市场经济的确立和发展 ,经济活动日趋活跃 ,金融业在国民经济中的核心地位日益突出 ,但金融机构及其职员贪污受贿、虚假理赔、违法贷款等背职犯罪活动越来越严重 ,制约了社会主义市场经济的发展 ,因此探讨诱发背职犯罪的原因并对此加以防治对促进我国金融业及市场经济的发展尤为重要With the development of socialist market econo my,finance becomes the leading in dustry in national economy.Never the lessall kinds of misconductsin office suchascorruption,bribery,false compensation and unlawful loans,are becoming so serious that they have hindered the development of socialism market economy. Thus it is important for China’s financial industry to probe into the reasons of misconducts and find the measures of prevention

Housing Vacancy Rate in Taiwan

　　根據1990年住宅普查結果顯示，臺灣的住宅自有率為78.44%，空屋率為13.29%。此結果相較於1980年住宅普查的自有率79.11%與空屋率13.09%，發現十年來此兩住宅現象變化不大，其中臺灣的空屋現象與歐美國家一般正常3~5%的空屋水準比較，明顯偏高。然而臺灣長期面對如此高的空屋率，其背後的涵意、原因與影響為何？是否隱含臺灣住宅投資的偏高資本利得預期與偏低的持有成本及租金等現象？值得研究。尤其臺灣近年來的偏高房價並未因為高空屋率而有明顯的下降情形，此又代表何種意義？更重要的是：政府面對如此高的空屋現象，應有何住宅政策以為因應？　　本研究首先透過兩次住宅普查與臺灣電力公司表燈用電不足底度資料澄清臺灣地區各縣市空屋狀況。發現臺灣地區歷年空屋率均相當高，而至1993年底空屋數量持續增加達到歷年最高記錄：約76萬戶空屋，空屋率約為14%，此現象預期對未來房地產市場不景氣有嚴重深遠影響。本文其次利用計量經濟模型分析：一、影響臺灣空屋率的主要原因，藉此解釋臺灣各地區不同的空屋狀況；二、空屋率與價格間之相互關係，並計算臺灣地區各縣市歷年自然空屋率，以此探討現行空屋率是否合理；三、利用信義房屋公司之仲介資料，分析在市場上空屋所有權人之屬性及住宅屬性對住宅成為空屋機率之影響。最後，針對過去空屋現況與上述研究，研擬提高空屋利用之策略，並建議政府檢討國宅政策，有效利用空屋，從根本上解決日益嚴重之住宅問題。　　According to 1990 Taiwan's housing census, the homeowner occupancy rate was 78.44% and the vacancy rate was 13.29%. The result compared with homeowner occupancy rate 79.11% and vacancy rate 13.09% of 1980 census, it was not much different during the past 10 years. Comparing with the reasonable vacancy rate, 4-5% in the most western countries, the-vacancy rate in Taiwan was very high obviously. What are the implication, reasons, and impacts of high vacancy rate? Does it imply the expectation of high capital gain of housing investment as well as the low holding costs and rents in Taiwan? The most critical issue is what kind of housing policy should be proposed to solve the problems of high housing vacancy.　　This thesis used housing census data and under minimum use of electricity data of Taiwan Power Company to clarify the phenomenon of housing vacancy in Taiwan during every past year. ffe found that housing vacancy rate was always high, 14.58% in average (1.2% in standard deviation) during 1980-1992. Up to the end of 1993, the stock of vacant house was about 760,000 units and the vacancy rate was about 14%. ffe then established econometric model to analyze the following topics:　　(1) the reasons of high vacancy rate in Taiwan;　　(2)the relationship between vacancy rate and housing price, and then to caculate the natural vacancy rate of each city in Taiwan;　　(3)the possibility of a housing unit to be vacant was effected by characteristics of housing itself and its homeowner.　　Finally, we suggest some housing strategies and policies to solve the high vacancy issue to the government

Housing Vacancy Rate in Taiwan

　　根據1990年住宅普查結果顯示，臺灣的住宅自有率為78.44%，空屋率為13.29%。此結果相較於1980年住宅普查的自有率79.11%與空屋率13.09%，發現十年來此兩住宅現象變化不大，其中臺灣的空屋現象與歐美國家一般正常3~5%的空屋水準比較，明顯偏高。然而臺灣長期面對如此高的空屋率，其背後的涵意、原因與影響為何？是否隱含臺灣住宅投資的偏高資本利得預期與偏低的持有成本及租金等現象？值得研究。尤其臺灣近年來的偏高房價並未因為高空屋率而有明顯的下降情形，此又代表何種意義？更重要的是：政府面對如此高的空屋現象，應有何住宅政策以為因應？　　本研究首先透過兩次住宅普查與臺灣電力公司表燈用電不足底度資料澄清臺灣地區各縣市空屋狀況。發現臺灣地區歷年空屋率均相當高，而至1993年底空屋數量持續增加達到歷年最高記錄：約76萬戶空屋，空屋率約為14%，此現象預期對未來房地產市場不景氣有嚴重深遠影響。本文其次利用計量經濟模型分析：一、影響臺灣空屋率的主要原因，藉此解釋臺灣各地區不同的空屋狀況；二、空屋率與價格間之相互關係，並計算臺灣地區各縣市歷年自然空屋率，以此探討現行空屋率是否合理；三、利用信義房屋公司之仲介資料，分析在市場上空屋所有權人之屬性及住宅屬性對住宅成為空屋機率之影響。最後，針對過去空屋現況與上述研究，研擬提高空屋利用之策略，並建議政府檢討國宅政策，有效利用空屋，從根本上解決日益嚴重之住宅問題。　　According to 1990 Taiwan's housing census, the homeowner occupancy rate was 78.44% and the vacancy rate was 13.29%. The result compared with homeowner occupancy rate 79.11% and vacancy rate 13.09% of 1980 census, it was not much different during the past 10 years. Comparing with the reasonable vacancy rate, 4-5% in the most western countries, the-vacancy rate in Taiwan was very high obviously. What are the implication, reasons, and impacts of high vacancy rate? Does it imply the expectation of high capital gain of housing investment as well as the low holding costs and rents in Taiwan? The most critical issue is what kind of housing policy should be proposed to solve the problems of high housing vacancy.　　This thesis used housing census data and under minimum use of electricity data of Taiwan Power Company to clarify the phenomenon of housing vacancy in Taiwan during every past year. ffe found that housing vacancy rate was always high, 14.58% in average (1.2% in standard deviation) during 1980-1992. Up to the end of 1993, the stock of vacant house was about 760,000 units and the vacancy rate was about 14%. ffe then established econometric model to analyze the following topics:　　(1) the reasons of high vacancy rate in Taiwan;　　(2)the relationship between vacancy rate and housing price, and then to caculate the natural vacancy rate of each city in Taiwan;　　(3)the possibility of a housing unit to be vacant was effected by characteristics of housing itself and its homeowner.　　Finally, we suggest some housing strategies and policies to solve the high vacancy issue to the government

Real Estate Cycles in Taiwan -- The Influence of Construction Lags, Preannouance Effect, and Macroeconomic Variables

本研究主要依據國內房地產市場的特性，以生產時間落差、預期景氣與宣告效果、以及總體經濟等三個項目為主軸，針對房地產市場的景氣現象進行探討。首先，由生產階段的生產時間落差為出發點，探討房地產景氣與政府政策衝擊對生產時間落差的影響。再來，探討房地產次市場間的互動關係，瞭解預期景氣與宣告效果對不同房地產次市場景氣的影響。最後，探討總體經濟對房地產景氣的影響。在上述理念體系下，本研究進行各項理論的推演與實證分析，所得結論說明如下：一、房地產景氣對生產時間影響部份本文以建照面積與使照面積數量之波動關係，分析房地產景氣對生產時間落差之影響，結果發現使照面積與建照面積間存在穩定的長期關係，但建照可能因景氣不佳而取消，此使得長期建照面積大於使照面積，且建商會視房地產景氣的變動而調整興建速度。當房地產市場景氣時，興建速度較快，不景氣時興建速度較慢，使得生產時間落差會因房地產景氣變動而有所不同。另外，建照面積與使照面積間的關係亦會因政府相關政策的改變而產生衝擊，進而改變生產時間落差的長短。由此觀之，國內房地產市場應較無預售制度的國家有較佳的市場調整機制，不過國內房地產景氣的波動卻依然劇烈，其原因可能在於政府決策與執行有相當長的時間落差，往往造成介入市場的時機不恰當，使得政府政策不但未能發揮反景氣循環的功能，反而成為助漲、助跌的促媒。另外，建築投資業缺乏健全管理亦是可能的原因之一，造成市場良莠不齊，在未經協調而彼此競爭下，往往錯誤評估個別預期銷售額而惡性競爭所造成。二、預期景氣與宣告效果對房地產景氣影響部份透過不同次市場的連結，本文發現當政府政策提前宣告時，將會有明顯的宣告效果產生，使得建商雖面對節節高昇的空屋率，依然大量搶建，但建照面積的增加則會促使房價與租金下跌。當前房地產市場的長期不景氣，政府未充分掌握房地產市場的景氣波動，並審慎評估政策的可能衝擊可說是問題的關鍵。此也意味，若政府日後真有必要再對房地產市場實施類似管制措施時，實應於事前進行謹慎的評估，並慎選實施的時機。其次，市場參與者的預期在市場運作過程中扮演相當重要的角色，對於不同次市場景氣之影響亦不相同，當預期資本利得愈高時，會使房價上漲，但租金卻會減少，因為屋主願意以相對較低的租金將房屋出租，並由長期的資本利得中獲得補償，此可解釋為何國內長期租金與房價比長期偏低的現象。不過，近年來房地產市場面臨相當長時間的不景氣，加以921大地震對於國人傳統「有土斯有財」的理財觀念應有相當程度的衝擊，在預期資本利得相當微薄、甚至為負的情況下，未來租金可能回到較合理的水準。三、總體經濟度房地產景氣之影響部份本文檢視總體經濟變數對不同地區房地產景氣的影響，發現不論台北市或台北縣的預售屋房價與貨幣供給、空屋數、建照面積等變數均具有長期均衡關係存在，表示房地產景氣會因總體經濟變數與房地產市場本身供需變化而調整，但在考量結構變遷下，預售屋房價與建照面積間之關係已有所改變，意味未來在分析兩者間之關係時必須更加慎重。其次，空屋數對於預售屋房價的影響彈性相對大於貨幣供給以及建照面積的影響，且相關變數對於台北市預售屋房價的影響相對大於台北縣，但台北縣預售屋房價消弭均衡誤差的速度較台北市為快，此乃因台北市住宅供給與需求彈性相對較小，當其他影響變數發生變動時，其預售屋房價受到的影響相對較大，故一旦偏離均衡時，必須花費較長的時間來調整。此結果亦顯示，要解決房地產市場長期的不景氣，從消化空餘屋著手最為有效。另外，不論台北市或台北縣預售屋房價與其他變數間的短期領先或落後關係並不明顯，此可能是因房地產市場自1986-1990年這一波房地產景氣後，已產生結構性變遷所造成。This dissertation consisted of three relative essays about real estate cycles. The first paper explores the influence of the real estate cycles on construction lags by analyzing the fluctuations of total floor areas of building permits and usage permits as a reflection of construction lags. Results support that a long-run equilibrium is existing between them; however, building permits may be dropped during a downswing market. In addition, the duration of construction lags is affected by changes in the real estate cycles and by the impacts of policies.　During a time of strong market, the duration of construction lags is cut shorter and is extended when the market is depressed.The second paper presents a simultaneous equation to examine how expectation of market participants and preannouncement of zoning control influence real estate cycles through three housing submarkets: rental market, sales market, and new construction market. One interesting finding is that, before the government announced a change in its zoning policy, builders constructed at maximum capacity despite fact that the real estate market was already depressed. Such construction only worsens the real estate market condition and extends the duration of depressed period. Another interesting finding is that the expected real estate cycles have different effects on rent and housing price. Although high capital gain expectations drive up the housing price, rent continues to decrease. A high vacancy rate, although decreasing the housing price, has little influence on construction starts.The last paper examines the long-term relationships between real estate cycles and macroeconomic variables by using cointegration test and error correction model. I found that both housing price of Taipei City and Taipei County do have long-term relationships with money supply, vacant houses, and new construction, but when considering market structure change, the relationship between housing price and new construction will change. I also found that the vacant houses have more influence on housing price than that of money supply and new construction, and the influences of these three variables on housing price are more sensitive in Taipei City than Taipei County. These results reflect the market structure of Taipei City and Taipei County is different, and the importance to solve vacant houses problem. Another surprise finding is that short-term lead or lag relationships among these variables are not significant. One possible reason is the structure change of real estate market after 1990

液态金属镓微重力下的融化传热特性

相变蓄热适用于周期性热流作用下航天器内部工作单元的温度控制,但是需解决微重力环境下相变材料融化速率低的问题.鉴于液态金属高导热系数和高单位体积潜热的特点,在微重力下将液态金属作为相变材料有望提高融化速率.通过对微重力下液态金属镓融化过程的相界面演化、流线和温度分布特征进行数值研究,分析了腔体尺寸和过热度对融化过程的影响.结果表明:微重力下镓的融化过程中,热传导起主导作用;镓的融化时间比冰和正十八烷分别减少了88.3%和96.4%,储热量分别为冰和正十八烷的1.2倍和2.2倍;融化时间随过热度增加而减小,随腔体半径增大而增大.此外推导出了液相分数随无量纲时间变化的关系