Energy Strategy Adjustment and Policy Choice in China's Low-Carbon Ecnomic Transition

气候变化目前已成为全球最关切的问题，探索低碳经济发展模式成为气候变化背景下人类的共同选择。作为世界碳排放最多和最大的发展中国家，现阶段中国还处于城市化工业化进程中，能源的刚性需求是这个进程中的典型特征。日益严峻的能源和环境约束需要中国必须通过经济转型从而实现低碳发展之路，即既要保证适度的经济增长，又要保持能源资源的可持续利用和减少环境污染。 向低碳经济转型所面临的问题集中反映为能源战略调整问题，中国实现向低碳经济转型首先要求对能源战略做出相应调整。一方面要改变以往简单地将重点放在能源供给满足能源需求的传统模式，通过对能源供给投入或者对节能投入的选择，同时实现能源供给与需求均衡、经济适度增长与...Nowadays, the issue of climate change has been the hot topic in the world; exploring the low-carbon economic development model becomes the common choice of human beings under the background of climate change. As a developing country with most carbon emission in the world, China is in the process of urbanization and industrialization and rigid demand for the energy is a typical character in this pr...学位：经济学博士院系专业：经济学院金融系_能源经济学学号：1562007015369

城市规模、空间集聚与电力强度

中国仍处在快速城市化的过程中,城市人口、工业及其他因素共同决定着不同的城市规模和产业结构,进而影响着一个城市的电力强度水平。本文选取了2003—2013年我国31个省级行政区267个地级市相关数据,通过建立动态面板模型进行回归分析。研究结果表明,城市规模与电力强度之间存在倒U型的非线性关系,即随着城市规模的扩大电力强度出现先上升后下降的现象。为了进一步探索城市规模对电力强度的影响机制,本文引入空间集聚的概念,同时构建了一个用来反映省级行政区内部空间集聚水平的重要指标——空间基尼系数。本文利用相关数据对空间基尼系数进行计算,并将其纳入模型进行回归分析。研究结果发现,空间集聚对电力强度确实具有一定程度的负向影响。本文研究结论从优化电力强度的视角,探讨了城市电力强度最优条件下的合理城市规模,并为我国城市化过程中建设现代化的大型城市提供了实践参考与决策支持。国家自然科学基金面上项目“异质性能效感知与居民能源补贴——结构化模型与实证分析”(批准号:71673230)；国家自然科学基金青年项目“能源价格冲击对宏观经济的影响机制研究——基于开放经济下多部门动态随机一般均衡模型分析”(批准号:71303199)；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(批准号:20720151039,20720151026)的资助

交通基础设施与城市空气污染——来自中国的经验证据

为了探寻现阶段加强交通基础设施能否提升城市空气质量,本文构建理论模型分析了居民效用、交通基础设施与空气污染的相互作用机理,并运用2000—2012年83个城市的面板数据进行实证研究。为控制内生性问题,本文采取反映样本城市地形特征的城市坡度指数作为城市交通基础设施的工具变量,估计了交通基础设施对城市空气质量的影响。研究发现:增加交通基础设施投资能够改善城市空气质量;通过工具变量缓解内生性偏误后,改善作用更加明显,且大于城市机动车保有量增加对空气污染的边际影响;与道路投资相比,道路面积的增长对空气质量的改善效应更好。本文的政策启示是:现阶段城市建设应该注重基础设施建设与生态环境保护并举,通过交通基础设施的供给侧角度,寻找城市空气污染难题的解决思路,实现城市生态文明建设的平衡与充分发展

中国经济变革与能源和环境政策——首届中国能源与环境经济学者论坛综述

中国经济发展进入了新常态阶段,能源与环境在绿色发展议题中的关键作用愈加明显,一系列粗放发展模式下积累的能源与环境问题亟待解决。近几年在国家发展的重大需求引领下,能源与环境经济学科得到了长足发展。为科学解释现阶段中国能源约束与环境污染等现实经济现象,探讨适应中国经济绿色低碳发展的宏观经济政策与产业调整路线,越来越多的专家学者关注并从事中国能源与环境经济的研究工作。在此背景下,2017年5月20—21日,首届中国能源与环境经

Raman and AFM Characterization of Au and Cu Nanorod and Nanowire Arrays

通过电化学氧化法制备具有不同孔径氧化铝模板 ,利用交流电镀的方法在模板中沉积金属 ,再用酸溶解模板可以得到相应尺度的金属纳米线或纳米棒的阵列 .本文利用原子力显微镜和表面增强拉曼技术分别表征了金和铜两种金属纳米线阵列 .研究结果表明 ,作为探针分子的硫氰(SCN )在金属纳米线上的碳氮三键的振动频率随纳米线直径的增大而蓝移 .这一现象可能是因为尺寸效应对纳米线的费米能级造成影响 ,使不同直径的金属纳米线电子结构存在微小的差别 .Recently metal nanowires (nanorods) have aroused tremendous interest because of their novel properties and potential applications in wide fields [1] . Many two?dimensional nanowire arrays of semiconductors and metals with different diameter and length have been made by using template synthesis method. To characterize the novel optical, electronic and magnetic properties of these materials, UV?Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies are two of the most wildly used methods [2, 3] . Raman spectroscopy has, however, only been applied to the characterizing of semiconductor nanowires and carbon nanotubes [4,5] . Important and meaningful information can be obtained in these cases, as some forbidden Raman modes in the bulk materials become Raman active [4, 5] . Raman spectroscopy is apparently not suitable to study metal nanowires since it can only detect the mechanical vibration bands located in the extremely low frequency region. Consequently, an alternative way has to be established to study the metal nano?wires (?rods) with Raman spectroscopy. In the present work, we have taken the probe molecule strategy and used surface?enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to characterize metal nanorods (nanowires). It is well known that for a molecule which interacts strongly with a surface, its vibrational band frequency and shape are very sensitive to the electronic property, the chemical environment and the morphology of the surface. Hence Raman spectroscopy has long been used to analyze the atomic structures and the electronic properties of the surface indirectly through assessing carefully the spectral changes of the adsorbate known as a probe molecule. On that account, it is of great interest to diagnose the electronic structures of the metal nanorods with the vibrational spectrum of a probe molecule. We have examined the changes in the electronic properties of the nanorods through analyzing the spectral changes of the probe molecule. For this purpose a typical SERS molecule of SCN - was employed. The nanorod arrays of Au and Cu with different diameter from about 15 nm to 130 nm were fabricated electrochemically by means of the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. To partially expose metal nanowires with various lengths, the AAO template was chemically etched off to a certain extent by an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid or sodium hydroxide as shown in Fig. 1. After the template was etched off, the nanowires can be characterized by TEM, see Fig. 2. The tapping mode AFM image was obtained on a scanning probe microscope (Nanoscope IIIa). SERS measurements were performed on a confocal microprobe Raman system (LabRam I).作者联系地址：厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室!化学系福建厦门361005,厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室!化学系福建厦门361005,南京师范大学化学系!江苏南京,210097,厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室!化学系福建厦门361005,厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室!Author's Address: State Key Lab.for Phys.Chem.of Solid Surf.,Xiamen Univ.,Xiamen 361005, China; 1 Dept. of Chem., Nanjing Norm

A Counter-argument Against the Dogmatic Macro-economics——An Analysis about the Behavior of Real Interest Rate and Long Term-Structure

根据名义利率变动及其对投资与经济增长的影响区分出"狭义流动性陷阱"和"广义流动性陷阱",我国1997年底出现通货紧缩以后不存在两种意义的"流动性陷阱"。将微观金融市场的利率期限结构方法引入中国长期经济波动和宏观分析,会发现经济周期上行和向下转折之后相关变量间分别存在通货膨胀率>名义利率>实际利率和通货膨胀率nominal interest rate>actual interest rate and rate of inflation>nominal interest rate>actual interest rate,the reason of which lies in the adjustment of nominal interest rate falling behind the wave of inflation rate both in time and in scale.Financing policies like repeatedly reducing interest rate play an active role in investment,production and employment,let alone their extended functions,including increase of industrial profit,decrease of the cost of state debts,change of the anticipation of the economic subject,reduction of the pressure upon interest rate multiplication and increase of importation.The claim "the monetary policy makes no effect in time of economic depression" contributed by the macro-economics textbook is "a total dogmastic view of macro-economics" resulting from a misunderstanding of Cairns and should be adondaned.教育部哲学社会科学课题(06JA790068);; 陕西省哲学社会科学规划课题(06D005Z

Power Industry Location Optimization and Integrative Energy Transportation System

能源运输体系是目前中国经济体系中的一个薄弱环节。中国传统的能源运输体系包括铁路、公路和海运,已经不能满足日益增长的能源运输要求。构建包含输电网络在内的现代能源综合运输体系成为当务之急。中国地域辽阔,能源资源与需求逆向分布,能源综合运输体系除了承担基本能源输送功能之外,还可肩负能源和环境资源优化配置的功能。本文分析能源运输系统现状后发现,目前以铁路为主、以运煤为主的能源运输系统并非最优。通过构建模糊多目标多指数运输模型,综合考虑能源外部成本以及时间成本、损耗和投资等各个因素,本文得出最优的能源运输体系。实现这一最优体系,需要改变现有电力就地平衡的布局原则,提高区域间输电比例和输电效率。The current system of energy transportation is a fragility part for the China's economic development.Traditional energy transportation system including railway,highway and water transportation can not satisfy increasing energy transportation requirement.It is an urgent matter to construct a modern energy transportation system that integrates electricity transmission.China is a large country and its energy resource distribution is very uneven.In addition to performing basic function of energy transportation,the proposed modern integrative energy transportation system will play an important role in optimal allocation of energy and environmental resources.By analyzing the problems of current energy transportation in China,we found that the current transportation system,which mostly relies on railway coal transportation,is not the best choice.In this study,applying a fuzzy multi-objective and multi-index transportation model,we propose an energy transportation system to optimize time cost,system loss and investment requirement.The proposed integrative energy transportation system will require changes of present power plant location principle that balances power demand and supply at local level.The new integrative energy transportation system will result in increasing the share and efficiency of power transmission between regions.长江学者科研配套经费和国家社科基金(08BJL050)的支

Integrative Energy Transportation System and Its Macro-economic Impact in China

能源运输已成为中国经济中一个脆弱的环节,构建现代综合能源运输体系成为当务之急。所谓的现代综合能源运输体系即在基本输送功能之外还要肩负能源、环境资源优化配置的职能。本文通过构建多指数运输模型,得出一定电力传输比例下最合理的能源输送体系。该体系的实现需要改变现有电力布局原则,提高区域间输电比例。之后通过CgE模型进行模拟,发现提高输电比例可以促进经济发展,降低能源强度和排放,从而有助于节能减排目标的实现。Energy transport has become a weak link in China's economy,it's a matter of great urgency to build an advanced and integrative energy transportation system which implies optimizing energy and environment resource, in addition to its basic function of energy transportation.By building a multiple index transport model, we can get a transportation system under a fixed proportion of power transportation.The system requires some changes of exiting principles of electricity allocation,and increases the proportion of power transmission between different regions.With simulations of a CGE model,we conclude that increasing the proportion of power transmission is beneficial to economic growth,reduction of energy intensity and emission,and therefore supporting realization of the targets of energy conservation and emission reduction.长江学者科研配套经费的支

The Strategic Adjustment of China's Energy Use Structure in the Context of Energy-Saving and Carbon Emission-Reducing Initiatives

经济发展和能源需求的阶段性特征、节能减排的基本国策以及气候变暖和温室气体减排的制约,都要求中国能源战略,尤其是能源结构战略,进行相应调整。以往中国的能源战略规划主要是从能源储备和能源生产,即能源供给侧来考虑满足能源需求问题。为了应对气候变化,中国能源结构战略亟待调整。要从供给和需求双侧管理来考虑满足能源需求问题,要将二氧化碳排放作为满足能源需求的一个约束。建立优化模型,得到反映节能和排放约束下的最优能源结构,进而通过可计算一般均衡模型,评估能源结构变化导致的能源成本增加对宏观经济的影响,结果表明:政府的可再生能源规划对二氧化碳减排具有重要的正面影响,但二氧化碳排放约束改变能源结构导致的能源成本增加,对宏观经济具有一定的负面影响。因为中国许多重要行业对煤炭和火电的依赖程度依然很高,所以,现阶段通过改变能源结构减排的空间不大,应该重视其他方面的节能减排努力。China's economic development and energy demand specific to a particular period and the formulation of state policy on energy-saving and carbon-emission reduction as well as the hard fact of global warming all necessitate the readjustment of China's energy use strategy.The previous energy strategy focused primarily on energy reserves and production; the centerpiece of this strategy was to ensure China's energy security.In response to global climate change,the adjustment of China's energy strategy has become imperative.On the one hand,the government needs to engage in serious study of energy supply and demand to ensure China's energy security.On the other hand,it needs to limit the production of carbon dioxide and make this a criterion for measuring energy security.For this reason,it is imperative for China to set up an optimized energy use model and make it an effective tool for designing an optimal energy use structure and measuring energy use costs and the impact on macroeconomic performance associated with the adjustment of energy use structure.Our research found that the government's strategy on renewable energy has produced a positive impact on CO2 emissions.However,due to the limit on CO2 emissions in industry,costs based on the new energy use structure may skyrocket,negatively affecting macroeconomic performance.This is because many industries in China still rely heavily on coal for energy.From this perspective,the extent of realization of CO2-emission reductions should be quite limited.Instead,the government should redirect its forces to realizing CO2-emissions reductions in other aspects of economic life.国家发展和改革委员会规划司“十二五能源发展战略研究”课题成

On the Energy Subsidies Reform and Clean Energy Development

能源补贴是使生产者或消费者的能源价格偏离市场价格的政府干预,在发展中国家是一个非常重要的问题。能源补贴通过对能源消费、能源效率以及能源结构影响进而影响社会可持续发展这一根本目标。本文在考虑外部成本的情况下,采用价差法估算了中国2007年的终端能源价格补贴,结果表明:2007年中国的能源补贴占gdP的4.51%。其中对成品油的补贴最多,其次是煤炭和电力。与化石能源过度补贴相反的是,政府对清洁能源发展的现有补贴规模很小,还不能弥补清洁能源完全发电成本。CgE模型结果表明:取消化石能源补贴,能显著减少一次能源消费和二氧化碳排放,但对宏观经济的冲击较大。如果在取消能源补贴的同时,将补贴投入清洁能源部门,对宏观经济将有正面影响,对社会可持续发展意义重大。Energy subsidy is a form of government intervention resulting in a deviation of actual energy price from a specified benchmark price.Energy subsidies have important implications for sustainable development through their effects on energy use,efficiency and the types of fuels that are used.With the consideration of the external cost in the process of energy consumption,this paper applies the price-gap approach to estimate the Chinese energy subsidies in 2007.The results indicate that Chinese energy subsidies are equivalent about 4.51%of GDP in 2007,of which oil produces subsidies were the majority,subsequently was the coal and electricity sector.However,the subsidies to the clean energy are relatively small,which could not support the generation cost.The quantitative analysis of CGE model shows that removing energy subsidies will result in decreasing energy demand and emissions significantly,but will have large negative impacts on macroeconomic variables.If imputing a certain proportion of the subsidy savings to encourage clean energy development,there will be a positive impact on macroeconomy variables and benefit sustainable development.长江学者科研配套经费;国家社科基金重大项目“美、日等西方国家新能源政策跟踪及我国低碳经济研究”(09&ZD050)资