Development of TOF-MS Used as the Detector of HPLC

本文研制的质谱仪是具有电喷雾离子源和射频四极杆接口的高分辨飞行时间质谱仪(ESI-QQQ-TOF-MS)。该仪器的特点如下:采用可三维调节、带有加热雾化气的电喷雾源液质联用接口;采用由三组四极杆组成、可有效调制离子束的离子光学系统;采用正负双脉冲推斥和垂直引入方式;采用经优化设计的二级有网反射器。该仪器分辨本领优于11 000(Full Width at Half Maximum,FWHM),质量测定精度优于10×10-6,最低检测限低于3 fmol/μL。可作为高效液相色谱优良的质谱检测器。Time-of-flight mass spectrometry(TOF-MS) is widely used in protein chemistry and proteomics research due to its high sensitivity,high resolution and high accuracy.Recently two Q-TOF-MS analytical systems are developed.Both systems are equipped with electrospray ionization source which could be directly hyphenated with HPLC as an outstanding detector.The ESI-triple quadrupole-orthogonal acceleration-reflecting-TOF mass spectrometer has some promising features,such as a ESI source with heatable nebulizer settled on a smart triaxiality moving stage,an excellent ion-optics system composed with triple-quadruple,double-pulse acceleration,and a double stage reflector with homemade grids.The Gramicidin-S sample concentration below to 3 fmol/μL can be identified by these instruments under the optimized conditions.The mass range of these instruments is from 50 u to 6 000 u with a general ESI interface to the HPLC.The optimal mass resolution exceeds 11 000(Full Width at Half Maximum,FWHM) and the signal/noise ratio of reserpine(10 pg/μL) is greater than 100.科技部“十五”科学仪器攻关重大项目(2001BA210A01);; 973基金(01CB510202);; 863重大专项基金(02BAC11A11);; 上海市创新团队基金(03DZ14024);; 上海市重大基础研究(04DZ14005);; 国家自然科学基金(20405003);; 863人肝专项基金(2004BA711A18);; 973人肝新技术基金(2004CB520804)支

[[alternative]]Related Factors of Prognosis among Pharmacotherapy Gouty Patients-The Role of Serum Uric Acid Levels, Proteinuria and Metabolic Syndrome

[[abstract]]背景：世界各國痛風與高尿酸血症之盛行率皆有上升的趨勢。尿酸值的高低會影響痛風的發作，當腎臟功能不良時，尿酸無法排出體外，只會在體內累積，而代謝症候群與許多疾病的共同存在也增加痛風發病的風險。國內外對於痛風治療預後的研究不多，更無著重於藥物治療後血清尿酸值、蛋白尿及代謝症候群與痛風治療預後之關係的研究。目的：1. 探討痛風患者藥物治療後血清尿酸值、蛋白尿、代謝症候群及其他痛風危險因子與痛風治療預後之關係。2. 探討於血清尿酸值、蛋白尿分組後，代謝症候群與及其他痛風危險因子與痛風發作次數之關係。方法：回溯台北市某地區醫院痛風科門診患者一年內之病歷與醫師問診的資料進行分析，最後有效樣本為1,430人，以線性複迴歸分析一年內痛風發作次數相關危險因子、複邏輯斯迴歸分析痛風石是否生成及痛風石是否改善相關危險因子。結果：在控制其他變項後，年齡、治療後平均血清尿酸值、蛋白尿及抽菸與一年內痛風發作次數有顯著關係。將藥物治療後血清尿酸值與蛋白尿分組後，治療後血清尿酸值 < 7 mg/dL且蛋白尿微量以上的痛風患者中，抽菸量與一年內痛風發作次數有顯著關係；治療後血清尿酸值 ≧ 7 mg/dL且蛋白尿陰性的痛風患者中，年齡及抽菸量與一年內痛風發作次數有顯著關係。在控制其他變項後，治療後平均血清尿酸值 ≧ 7 mg/dL、蛋白尿微量以上較易有痛風石生成，而工作時數 ≦ 8小時者較不易有痛風石生成。結論：痛風患者經藥物治療後，血清尿酸濃度及蛋白尿與痛風治療預後有顯著關係，代謝症候群則與痛風治療預後無顯著關係。痛風患者如能控制血清尿酸濃度並維持良好的腎臟功能，相對會有較好的治療預後。[[abstract]]Background. Both the incidence and the prevalnece of gout appear to be increasing worldwide. Serum uric acid level is associated with gout. Renal insufficiency reduces the excretion of serum uric acid. As patient with metabolic sydrome and comorbidities are at an increased risk of developing gout. To our knowledge, no published studies have examined the relationship between serum uric acid levels, proteinuria, metabolic syndrome, factors of gout and gout prognosis among pharmacotherapy gouty patients.Objective. First, we investigated the association between serum uric acid levels, proteinuria, metabolic syndrome, factors of gout and gout prognosis among pharmacotherapy gouty patients. Second, the association between metabolic syndrome, risk factors of gout and frequency of gout flares under different serum uric acid levels and proteinuria groups, Methood. We reviewed clinical and laboratory data of outpatient gouty patients (1,373 males and 57 females) at certain local hospital in Taipei. Multipal linear regression and logistic regression analysed by risk factors of gout and frequency of gout flares, tophi formaiton and tophous regression. Results. Age, serum uric acid levels, proteinuria and smoking were associated with frequency of gout flares. In patients with serum uric acid < 7 mg/dL and proteinuria as trace or greater, smoking was associated with frequency of gout flares. Besides, in patients with serum uric acid ≧ 7 mg/dL and proteinuria as negative, age and smoking was associated with frequency of gout flares. The miltivariate odds ratio for tophi formaiton in indivisule with serum uric acid ≧ 7 mg/dL compared with those with serum uric acid < 7 mg/dL was 2.72 (95% CI: 1.88, 3.92), with proteinuria as trace or greater compared with those with proteinuria as negative was 1.76 (95% CI: 1.22, 2.55), and with working less and equal 8 hours daily compared with those who had no job was 0.58 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.95).Conclusions. These results showed that serum uric acid leves and proteinuria are significantly associated with prognosis of gout among pharmacotherapy gouty patients, but metabolic syndrome is not

On the Energy Subsidies Reform and Clean Energy Development

能源补贴是使生产者或消费者的能源价格偏离市场价格的政府干预,在发展中国家是一个非常重要的问题。能源补贴通过对能源消费、能源效率以及能源结构影响进而影响社会可持续发展这一根本目标。本文在考虑外部成本的情况下,采用价差法估算了中国2007年的终端能源价格补贴,结果表明:2007年中国的能源补贴占gdP的4.51%。其中对成品油的补贴最多,其次是煤炭和电力。与化石能源过度补贴相反的是,政府对清洁能源发展的现有补贴规模很小,还不能弥补清洁能源完全发电成本。CgE模型结果表明:取消化石能源补贴,能显著减少一次能源消费和二氧化碳排放,但对宏观经济的冲击较大。如果在取消能源补贴的同时,将补贴投入清洁能源部门,对宏观经济将有正面影响,对社会可持续发展意义重大。Energy subsidy is a form of government intervention resulting in a deviation of actual energy price from a specified benchmark price.Energy subsidies have important implications for sustainable development through their effects on energy use,efficiency and the types of fuels that are used.With the consideration of the external cost in the process of energy consumption,this paper applies the price-gap approach to estimate the Chinese energy subsidies in 2007.The results indicate that Chinese energy subsidies are equivalent about 4.51%of GDP in 2007,of which oil produces subsidies were the majority,subsequently was the coal and electricity sector.However,the subsidies to the clean energy are relatively small,which could not support the generation cost.The quantitative analysis of CGE model shows that removing energy subsidies will result in decreasing energy demand and emissions significantly,but will have large negative impacts on macroeconomic variables.If imputing a certain proportion of the subsidy savings to encourage clean energy development,there will be a positive impact on macroeconomy variables and benefit sustainable development.长江学者科研配套经费;国家社科基金重大项目“美、日等西方国家新能源政策跟踪及我国低碳经济研究”(09&ZD050)资

玉米秸秆快速热解

在不同传热状态下进行了玉米秸秆粉料的热解气化实验，探索了玉米秸秆快速热解制生物油的工艺条件。结果表明：在４８０℃左右的温度下，实收４５％左右的液体产品。采用改进的固体热载体循环流化技术，秸秆粉料也能实现连续高温热解，不用富氧和蒸汽作流化剂，在７００℃以上获得了热值大于１１ＭＪ／Ｎｍ＾３的生物煤气

玉米秸秆快速热解

在不同传热状态下进行了玉米秸秆粉料的热解气化实验，探索了玉米秸秆快速热解制生物油的工艺条件. 结果表明：在480℃左右的温度下，实收45%左右的液体产品. 采用改进的固体热载体循环流化技术，秸秆粉料也能实现连续高温热解，不用富氧和蒸汽作流化剂，在700℃以上获得了热值大于11 MJ/Nm3的生物煤气

空间搭载水稻种子后代基因组多态性及其与空间重离子辐射关系的探讨

神舟三号飞船搭载带核径迹辐射探测器的水稻种子装置,回收后应用随机扩增多态性DNA(randomamplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)技术,分析了201粒升空种子长出植株的基因组多态性。在检测的189个基因座位范围内,30.2%的植株中发现与地面对照不同的扩增带,单株的多态性座位数为1￣25。特异扩增带的测序及单核苷酸多态性(single-nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)分析进一步证明了空间搭载水稻种子确实可导致当代植株基因组发生变异。同一技术分析个别种子连续世代的基因组多态性,结果显示,当代的部分多态性可遗传至后代。7粒受空间高原子序数、高能粒子轰击的种子,在当代植株均显示不同程度的基因组多态性,从胚受粒子击中的3粒种子后代中,筛选出农艺性状明显变异的突变株系,初步暗示了空间高能重离子辐射对诱导基因组的多态性,乃至遗传性表型变异的有效性

新型三重屏蔽辐照器剂量学性能的蒙特卡罗模拟计算和分析

大部分用于辐射剂量学研究的辐照器都安装比活度较高的放射源，这类放射源只能采用合规的容器运输以完成现场装源。为了使国产辐照器能够更好地符合国内外放射源的运输及安装要求，研制了一种新型三重屏蔽辐照器，用于进行现场装源及开展后续工作。首先基于对辐照器的精确构建，开展了系统的模拟计算，分析了辐照器对射束的控制特性。然后结合模拟计算和分析，研究了开展辐射剂量学相关研究所关心的辐射场性能。本工作研制的新型三重屏蔽辐照器适用于现场装源，散射腔能够将射束中的散射成分减少25%。辐照器的三重屏蔽结构能够将常规工作区域的射线强度衰减约7个数量级，据此为辐照器的关键部件安装方案的优化提出了建议。准直器组对辐射野平面内能谱的影响约为0.2%。利用辐照器构建的辐射场计算了三种典型电离室的60Co γ空气比释动能绝对测量相关的壁修正因子，与早期发表的结果偏差小于0.2%。在现行要求下，该辐照器可作为支撑辐射剂量学相关工作的一个备选方案，其紧凑的结构可以扩展剂量率的动态范围，从而在相对较长周期提供服务

一株来自云南腾冲热泉的氨氧化古菌的富集培养[C]

氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)在生态系统的物质和能量循环中占据了重要地位.纯系AOA菌株的分离培养一直都是难点,到目前为止AOA的富集培养物屈指可数,所以突破这个难点对于研究AOA的生理代谢机制至关重要.本实验根据腾冲热泉的水化学参数特征设计出适合腾冲样点的氨氧化古菌的富集培养基,并采用梯度稀释和添加抗生素的方法获得了可持续传代培养的氨氧化古菌富集培养物,编号为YIM 77749.并对YIM 77749的的形态特征进行了分析