Physiological Responses of Diatoms to Ocean Acidification and Ultraviolet Radiation

大气CO2浓度升高引起的海洋酸化，经大量研究表明，会减少海洋钙化植物与动物的钙化量；然而，非钙化浮游植物如何响应海洋酸化的问题，尚未见报道。海水pCO2的升高尽管会增加浮游植物光合作用的底物浓度，但酸化引起的海水化学变化会对浮游植物产生胁迫。与此同时，阳光UV辐射也会对浮游植物产生胁迫。酸化与UV对浮游植物的影响，是叠加、拮抗还是无耦合效应？这是迄今尚未得到充分认识的科学问题。硅藻在海洋CO2生物泵中起着重要的作用，其生理学过程如何响应酸化及UV的问题，亟需探讨。本文通过CO2加富调控海水碳酸盐系统，模拟本世纪末海洋酸化状态（pCO2:800-1000ppmv，pH:7.80-7.90），对两...The CO2-driven ocean acidification (OA) has been shown to reduce the calcification of marine calcifiers. However, little knowledge has been documented on non-calcifying organisms. Though elevated pCO2 in seawater provides more substrate for photosynthetic carbon fixation, changes of the seawater carbonate system induced by OA could stress the cells. On the other hand, solar UV radiation would affe...学位：理学博士院系专业：海洋与环境学院环境科学与工程系_环境科学学号：2262007015393

象山港潮间带底栖硅藻的分布及其与环境关系探讨

于2005年5月和11月对浙江省象山港潮间带底栖硅藻进行采样调查,分析了底栖硅藻的种类组成、丰度、优势种、多样性及群落结构的季节变化和平面分布特征.并讨论了底栖硅藻与水温、营养盐、潮汐等环境因子之间的关系.共鉴定硅藻33属124种.硅藻数量分布随季节变化明显,春季细胞丰度高于秋季.主要优势种为柱状小环藻(Cyclotella stylorum),春、秋季平均占总细胞数的25.8%.种类的季节变化反应硅藻对水温的适应性,潮汐、盐度、pH值对底栖硅藻组成影响并不明显.秋季营养元素含量升高,多样性指数降低

HF Radar detected water wave velocity over the Northern Jiangsu Shoal

应用雷达波dOPPlEr正频移与负频移信号联解波速和径向流速方法,在2011年7月苏北浅滩高频地波雷达观测试验中实现潮间浅滩海面波浪传播速度的观测.基于频移与波速两级数据质量控制后统计的苏北浅滩平均波速平面分布图,可分辨出与潮间浅滩、水下岸坡和潮汐水道等浅滩地貌单元相关的波速分区格局.同步检验表明:雷达观测波速与现场观测水深的关系统计意义上遵循微幅波理论,径向流速较大条件下的波速观测质量较好,复杂地形所致双向波速不等现象导致波速观测质量降低,高频地波雷达是潮间浅滩动态遥感监测的潜在工具.High-frequency(HF) radar systems can provide wave velocity and radial current by identifying and tracking frequency shifts in the peaks of the Doppler spectra of the ocean backscatter corresponding to the advection of the Bragg wave.Data used in this study was collected by HF radar experiment for the Northern Jiangsu Shoal in July 2011.A distribution of monthly average wave velocity was generated with data that is quality controlled particularly.The intertidal flat, offshore shoal and tidal channel, associated with low speed area, high speed area and high speed belt respectively, could be distinguished by the HF radar mapped wave velocity distribution.After compared with datasets of field measurement and calculate results, it is revealed that(1) the relationship between water depth and monthly average wave velocity fits the theory of Airy Wave,(2) large radial currents may rise measurement accuracy of wave velocity, and 3) mismatch of approaching and leaving wave velocity related to complex topography may reduce measurement accuracy.海洋公益性行业科研专项经费(201005012;201005006); 国家自然科学基金(40876031); 国家高技术研究发展计划(2012AA091701); 江苏省科技计划项目基础研究计划(SBK201150144)资

Diatom assemblages in surface sediments from the South China Sea as environmental indicators

We studied diatom distribution from 62 samples from the uppermost 1 cm of sediment in the South China Sea (SCS), using grabs or box corers in three cruises between 2001-2007. Fifty six genera, 256 species and their varieties were identified. Dominating species included Coscinodiscus africanus, Coscinodiscus nodulifer, Cyclotella stylorum, Hemidiscus cuneiformis, Melosira sulcata, Nitzschia marina, Roperia tesselata, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Thalassiosira excentrica, and Thalassiothrix longissima. Most surface sediments in the SCS were rich in diatoms, except for a few coarse samples. Average diatom abundance in the study area was 104 607 valve/g. In terms of the abundance, ecology, and spatial distribution, seven diatom zones (Zones 1-7) were recognized. Zone 1 (northern continental shelf) is affected by warm currents, SCS northern branch of the Kuroshio, and northern coastal currents; Zone 2 (northwestern continental shelf) is affected by intense coastal currents; Zone 3 (Xisha Islands sea area) is a bat..

First record of genera Rutilaria and Trigonium(Bacillariophyta) and 11 diatom taxa(species and varieties) in South China Sea

Diatom taxa in samples collected from the uppermost 1-cm sediment of the South China Sea(SCS) during cruises in 2000,2001,and 2007 were investigated.Among them,two genera,Rutilaria and Trigonium,and 11 marine taxa(species and varieties) were described for the first time in China.The 11 taxa,Rutilaria radiata,Asterolampra grevillei,Biddulphia turrigera,Cocconeis cyclophora var.decora,Cocconeis ocellata,Dictyoneis marginata,Entogonia davyana,Tryblionella campechiana,Plagiogramma kinkeri,Plagiogramma nankoorense and Trigonium cf.contumax,were mainly extant species,although Rutilaria radiata and Entogonia davyana are fossils.Available data show that these species are mainly present in the eastern and western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.A large number of taxa newly recorded in this study were previously reported in the Philippines.The presence of these taxa in both locations is likely a result of seawater exchange in the SCS through the Bashi Channel.Taxonomic descriptions,habitats,and distributions of each..

Diatom diet selectivity by early post-larval abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta under hatchery conditions

Benthic diatoms constitute the primary diet of abalone during their early stages of development.To evaluate the dietary preferences of early post-larval abalone,Haliotis diversicolor supertexta,we analyzed the gut contents of post-larvae that settled on diatom films.We compared the abundance and species diversity of diatom assemblages in the gut to those of the epiphytic diatom assemblages on the attachment films,and identified 40 benthic diatom species in the gut contents of post-larvae 12 to 24 d after settlement.The most abundant taxa in the gut contents were Navicula spp.,Amphora copulate,and Amphora coffeaeformis.Navicula spp.accounted for 64.0% of the cell density.In the attachment films,we identified 110 diatom species belonging to 38 genera.Pennate diatoms were the dominant members including the species Amphiprora alata,Cocconeis placentula var.euglypta,Cylindrotheca closterium,Navicula sp.2,and A.coffeaeformis.Nano-diatoms(<20 μm in length) accounted for a considerable proportion of the total species..

Direct generation of intense extreme ultraviolet supercontinuum with 35 fs, 11 mJ pulses from a femtosecond laser amplifier

We report on the generation of intense extreme ultraviolet (EUV) supercontinuum with photon energies spanning from 35 eV to 50 eV (i. e., supporting an isolated attosecond pulse with a duration of ~271 as) by loosely focusing 35 fs, 11 mJ pulses from a femtosecond laser amplifier into a 10-mm long gas cell filled with krypton gas. The dramatic change of spectral and temporal properties of the driver pulses after passing through the gas cell indicates that propagation effects play a significant role in promoting the generation of the EUV supercontinuum.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

The effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms and ecosystem

海洋酸化是CO2排放引起的另一重大环境问题.工业革命以来,海洋吸收了人类排放CO2总量的三分之一.目前,海洋每年吸收的量约为人类排放量的四分之一(即约每小时吸收100万吨以上的CO2),对缓解全球变暖起着重要的作用.然而,随着海洋吸收CO2量的增加,表层海水的碱性下降,引起海洋酸化.海洋酸化会引起海洋系统内一系列化学变化,从而影响到大多数海洋生物的生理、生长、繁殖、代谢与生存,可能最终导致海洋生态系统发生不可逆转的变化,影响海洋生态系统的平衡及对人类的服务功能.地球历史上曾多次发生过海洋酸化事件,伴随着生物种类的灭绝,其内在联系虽然不甚明确,却也可能暗示未来海洋酸化可能对海洋生态系统产生重大的影响.Ocean acidification is known as another global change problem caused by increasing atmospheric CO2.Since the industrial revolution, the oceans have absorbed more than one third of the anthropogenic CO2 released to the atmosphere, currently, at a rate of over 1 million tons per hour, totaling to about one quarter of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions annually.Uptake of CO2 by the ocean has played an important role in stabilizing climate by mitigating global warming.However, rising ocean carbon levels caused by the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 (acidic gas) leads to increased ocean acidity (reduced pH) and related changes in ocean carbonate chemistry, or "ocean acidification".Recent research has shown that ocean acidification affects the physiology, growth, survival, and reproduction of many, if not most marine organisms.Ultimately, future ocean acidification may lead to significant changes in many marine ecosystems, with consequential impact on ecosystem services to societies.Several ocean acidification events are known to have occurred during Earth’s history, each coinciding with high rates of species’ extinctions.Although the mechanisms involved in past massive species extinction associated with ocean acidification events, they certainly hint potential disastrous impacts on ecosystem functions in short future.中国科学院“百人计划”(2006-067); 国家自然科学基金(40872168)资

Study on the variation of the iodine nutrition status among children aged 8 to 10 and pregnant women in Xiamen city after the implement of new standard of iodized salt supply

目的研究新标碘盐供应前后厦门市沿海8-10岁儿童和孕妇的碘营养变化情况,为下一步碘缺乏病防控策略调整提供实证依据。方法在新标碘盐供应前及食用新标碘盐后的第3、6、9个月调查厦门市翔安区8-10岁学生和孕妇的尿碘、尿比重、碘盐覆盖率、碘盐合格率、合格碘盐食用率和居民日人均食盐摄入量。结果自来水水碘含量为4.2μg/l,基线调查、第二、三次评估日人均食盐摄入量均数分别为5.7、6.9、6.9 g;基线调查、第一、第二、三次评估,8-10岁学生碘盐合格率和合格碘盐食用率都分别为97.1、93.1、98.0和98.0,盐碘中位数分别为28.7、24.7、24.0、25.3 Mg/kg,尿碘中位数分别为132.0、177.7、181.7和134.5μg/l,尿比重均值分别为1.0157、1.0196、1.0213和1.0184;孕妇碘盐合格率分别为97.8%、84.6%、84.4%和90.2%,盐碘中位数分别为27.8、25.7、24.3和23.7Mg/kg,尿碘中位数分别为103.8、128.5、138.9和100.2μg/l,尿比重均值分别为1.0123、1.0153、1.0180和1.0143;尿碘与采样季节、气候及尿比重有关,尿碘值与尿比重呈正相关关系。结论新标碘盐实施前后,8-10岁儿童碘营养总体处于适宜水平,但孕妇碘营养均不足,要采取措施加强孕妇碘营养,保障人群健康素质。Objective To investigate the variation of iodine nutrition among children aged 8 to 10 and pregnant women after the implement of new standard of iodized salt supply, and to provide evidence for the further adjustment of control strategy against iodine deficiency disease.Method Survey has been performed to acquire the urinary iodine, specific gravity, iodized salt coverage rate, iodized salt qualification rate, qualified iodized salt consumption rate and average daily salt intake among children aged 8 to10 and pregnant women in Xiamen city.It has been conducted for 3 times repeatedly with a regular interval of 3 months after the implement of new standard.Results The tap water iodine content was 4.2 μg / L.The average daily salt intake of baseline survey, second and third assessment was 5.7, 6.9 and 6.9 g respectively.The iodized salt coverage rates among children aged 8 to10 and pregnant women were all reached 100% in 4 assessments.Among children aged 8 to 10, iodized salt qualification rate and qualified iodized salt consumption rate for 4 assessments were 97.1, 93.1, 98.0 and 98.0 respectively.Median of iodine salt samples was 28.7, 24.7, 24.0 and 25.3 mg / kg, respectively.The median of urinary iodine was 132.0,1 77.7, 181.7 and134.5 μg / L,respectively.The mean of specific gravity was 1.0184, 1.0157, 1.0196 and 1.0213, respectively.Among the pregnant women, the iodized salt qualification rate and qualified iodized salt consumption rate of pregnant women were 97.8, 84.6, 84.4 and 90.2%, respectively.Median of iodine salt samples was 27.8, 25.7, 24.3 and 23.7 mg / kg, respectively.Median of urinary iodine was 103.8, 128.5, 138.9 and 100.2 μg / L,respectively.Mean of specific gravity was 1.0123,1.0153,1.0180 and 1.0143, respectively.Urinary iodine was correlated with season of sampling, climate and specific gravity, and urinary iodine was positively correlated with specific gravity.Conclusion The iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 was remained in adequate level regardless of the implement of new standard of iodized salt.However, the results suggested that the corresponding indicator among pregnant women was in a relatively low level.Proper countermeasure should be taken to enhance the iodine su-pply among them and to further secure the quality of general population

貌合神离：中英文同款广告的符号和眼动分析

通过一系列中英文同款广告，该研究结合符号和眼动技术，指出相似的表象之下，微妙的细节调整如何折射出中西方读者对媒介内容叙述方式的不同偏好，以及处理群己关系的不同价值取向，从而呈现出“貌合神离”的警民、亲子、师生、夫妻、男女等社会关系。本文系国家自然科学基金项目“东西方不同文化思维方式对广告说服的影响：一个自下而上的脉络建构与验证”（项目编号：71372076）的阶段性研究成果