An Ethical Analysis of Tobacco Control Policy and Its Effect in China -- From the Perspective of Utilitarianism

我国是个吸烟大国，烟草制品的消费数量、我国吸烟人数、被动吸烟人数、吸烟人数增加数量和吸烟造成疾病死亡率均占世界第一位，吸烟给我国社会带来巨大的危害。如不加强控烟力度，吸烟将给社会带来更大的损失。控烟政策是政府为减小吸烟人数以及减少吸烟所带来的危害，而制定的限制烟草行业和控制吸烟的法规政策的总称。20世纪80年代，我国开始制定控烟法规政策，随着加入世界卫生组织的《烟草控制框架公约》，加大了控烟力度。但从目的论的角度来看，我国控烟政策没有实现控烟目标，控烟的效果差。 本文通过研究功利主义和公共政策在本质上的共同点以及功利主义分析公共政策的优势，运用功利主义的理论分析我国控烟政策的效果，以及产生该...Our country is a big smoking country, the consumption of tobacco products, the number of smokers, the number of passive smoking, the number of smoking increase and the deaths caused by smoking are the first in the word. Smoking has great harm to our society. If we do not take stepped-up measures to control, smoking will result greater losses in the future. To reduce the number of smokers and the h...学位：管理学硕士院系专业：公共事务学院公共管理系_行政管理学号：1392007115068

论我国撤并乡镇改革

当前我国某些地区出现乡镇行政区划改革,有一些乡镇改革已经完成,还有些正在酝酿改革。本文主要探讨我国撤并乡镇的原因、撤并乡镇的几种方式以及适合我国乡镇撤并的方式

Object Tracking Algorithm Based on Ranking Support Vector Machine Fused with Multiple Features

针对计算机视觉领域的目标跟踪问题,提出一种基于排序支持向量机的多特征融合目标跟踪算法。利用排序支持向量机学习得到排序函数,提取2种不同的图像特征分别构造分类器,使2个排序支持向量机并行预测,分别计算2个分类器的错误率,从而得到分类器权重完成融合。实验结果表明,与目前主流的跟踪算法相比,该算法的跟踪结果更准确,在复杂视频环境下也能对目标进行稳定跟踪,具有较强的鲁棒性。For the object tracking problems in computer vision,this paper proposes a tracking algorithm based on Ranking Support Vector Machine(RSVM)fused with multiple features.Firstly,RSVM is used to get rank function.Secondly,the RSVMs combined with the two different image features are learnt respectively,then the two RSVMs predict parallel.Finally,the two RSVMs are fused with the weights which are calculated by the error rates of two classifiers,then it constructs a more adaptive RSVM framework fused with multiple features.This algorithm fuses image features effectively,and gets accurate predictions using RSVM.Experimental results demonstrate that it outperforms several stateof-the-arts algorithms.国家部委基金资助项目; 高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金资助项目(20110121110020

Abrupt Motion Tracking Via Saliency-based Wang-Landau Monte Carlo Sampling

突变运动目标的鲁棒跟踪是计算机视觉领域的一个具有挑战性的问题.提出了一种基于视觉显著性的WAng-lAndAu蒙特卡罗采样(WlMC)跟踪算法,用于解决复杂场景下目标发生运动突变的跟踪问题.该算法首先对全局场景进行分块获取子区域,然后使用WlMC方法进行目标状态采样来跟踪发生运动突变的目标.算法将视觉显著性作为先验引入跟踪框架,提出了结合显著性先验的接受函数,通过每个子区域的显著性计算来引导马尔可夫链的构造.和以往方法相比,该算法既保留了WlMC采样方法对全局状态空间的广度覆盖性,又以视觉显著性特性引导采样,避免了全局采样的盲目性,从而提高采样效率.实验结果表明,该算法对发生运动突变的目标进行跟踪,具有良好的鲁棒性.Robust tracking of abrupt motion is a challenge problem in computer vision.In this paper,we proposed a saliency-based Wang-Landau Monte Carlo(WLMC) tracking method for abrupt motion problem in real world scenarios.Firstly,the spatial space is divided into disjoint sub-regions.Secondly,a sub-region is selected randomly by the WLMC sampling method.Visual saliency as prior is introduced into tracking framework where saliency of each sub-region is integrated into Markov Chain Monte Carlo acceptance mechanism to guide effective states sampling.Therefore the method can avoid overall sampling and improve sampling effectiveness.Experimental results demonstrate that our approach samples the states of target efficiently in whole state space and outperforms several state-of-the-arts algorithm.国防基础科研计划项目; 国防科技重点实验室基金项目; 高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20110121110020

川渝地区夏季干旱气候特征及成因分析

利用1979—2011年英国东英吉利大学气候研究中心(CRU)整理的地面月降水资料和日本气象厅(JMA)加工的全球高空等压面月平均气象场再分析资料,采用标准化降水指数(SPI),确定了川渝地区典型干旱年,讨论了川渝地区夏季典型干旱的气候特征及其大气环流特征。结果表明:川渝地区夏季典型干旱年具有气温高、降水少的气候特征;东亚中纬度盛行纬向气流,西风锋区偏北,冷空气多偏北东移,川渝地区及其我国北方大部分地区受大陆带状高压控制。500hPa带状高压与100hPa南亚高压中心位置基本一致,且500hPa高压中心与温度场的暖中心相对应,是持续性川渝夏季干旱具有近似正压结构的典型环流特征;同时川渝地区夏季干旱年对流层低层从云贵高原到四川盆地的西南气流明显偏弱,风场距平合成表明,云贵高原到川渝地区为东北距平风,距平风场上华南地区为明显的气旋式环流;川渝地区夏季典型干旱年整层西南气流水汽输送与常年比较明显偏小

4种黄曲霉毒素吸附剂对花生油综合品质的影响Effects of four aflatoxin adsorbents on the comprehensive quality of peanut oil

黄曲霉毒素污染是影响花生油食用安全性的重要因素之一，为了优化黄曲霉毒素的吸附工艺，分别从吸附剂添加量、吸附时间、吸附温度及黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）污染水平等方面研究4种吸附剂（活性白土、膨润土、改性蒙脱土A、改性蒙脱土B）对花生原油中AFB1的吸附效果以及对花生油综合品质的影响。结果表明：添加量为0.1%～1.0%时，4种吸附剂对AFB1的吸附率随添加量增加而提高，达到一定水平后，吸附率维持动态平衡；吸附时间为20～60 min、吸附温度为45～115 ℃时，4种吸附剂对AFB1的吸附率均随着吸附时间的延长和吸附温度的升高而提高；花生原油中AFB1的污染水平对吸附率的影响不明显；花生原油经4种吸附剂处理后，污染物（总砷和铅）未检出，脂肪酸组成（油酸和亚油含量）无明显变化，酸值、过氧化值、维生素E含量、角鲨烯含量以及甾醇含量均变化不大；4种吸附剂对花生油中的风味物质均有吸附，其中活性白土吸附程度最大，仅保留30.6%的风味物质，而改性蒙脱土B对风味物质吸附最少，能够保留89.5%的风味物质。综上，改性蒙脱土B不仅能够高效吸附AFB1，而且对花生油的综合品质影响很小，安全可靠，适宜在油脂行业推广应用。 Aflatoxin is one of the important factors affecting the safety of peanut oil. In order to optimize process of aflatoxin adsorption, the adsorption effect of four adsorbents(activated clay, bentonite, modified montmorillonite A and modified montmorillonite B) on aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in crude peanut oil and the influence on the comprehensive quality of peanut oil were studied from the aspects of adsorbent addition amount, adsorption time, adsorption temperature and AFB1 pollution level, respectively. The results showed that when the adsorbent addition amount was 0.1%-1.0%, the adsorption rates of the four adsorbents for AFB1 increased with the increase of the addition amount and then the adsorption rates maintained the dynamic balance. When the adsorption time ranged from 20 min to 60 min and the adsorption temperature ranged from 45 ℃ to 115 ℃, the adsorption rate of the four adsorbents promoted with the increasing of adsorption time and adsorption temperature. While the pollution level of AFB1 in crude peanut oil had no obvious effect on the adsorption rate. The pollutants (total arsenic and lead) were not detected, and fatty acid composition(oleic acid and linoleic acid content) had no significant change after the crude peanut oil treated with four adsorbents. Moreover, the acid value, peroxide value, vitamin E content, squalene content and sterol content showed little change. All of the four adsorbents adsorbed the flavor substances in the oil, among which the activated clay adsorbed the most and retained only 30.6% of the flavor substances, while the modified montmorillonite B adsorbed the least and retained 89.5% of the flavor substances. In conclusion, the modified montmorillonite B can not only adsorb AFB1 efficiently, but also has little impact on the comprehensive quality of peanut oil, which is safe and reliable, so it is suitable for popularization and application in oil industry

Effectiveness of mindfulness training on negative emotions and academic performance in junior one students

目的:考察正念训练改善初一学生负性情绪和提升学业成绩的效果。方法:选取北京市某中学初一年级学生192人,将其分成正念训练增强组(n=34)、正念训练组(n=62)和非正念训练组(n=96)3组,正念训练增强组和正念训练组运用五段正念录音周一至周五每日中午练习,循环8周。另外,正念训练增强组每周增加2次课前训练,完成家庭自主练习任务。在此期间非正念训练组不做任何训练。采用抑郁-焦虑-压力自评量表简版(DASS-21)、教师自编学业试卷于基线(T1)、8周干预后(T2)施测,考察负性情绪水平及学业成绩。结果:重复测量方差分析结果显示,DASS-21总分及各因子分(抑郁分量表除外)的分组主效应均有统计学意义,T2正念训练增强组DASS-21总分和焦虑得分低于正念训练组(P<0.05或P<0.01)和非正念训练组(均P<0.01),压力得分低于非正念训练组(P<0.01)。学业成绩总分的交互作用有统计学意义,正念训练组T2的成绩高于T1 (P<0.01)。结论:高强度正念训练有助于改善初一学生负性情绪;正念训练对学业成绩也产生了积极的促进作用

宁夏固原云雾山草原自然保护区生态建设的研究

十年来，根据保护区的特点，已摸索出一整套保护区建设的途径与技术；在总体规划经营上，建立了比较严密的保护管理体系,核心区已建成较合理的草原自然生态系统，试验区的植被基本得到恢复；在综考的基础上，科研以旱地建设为目标，摸索出了半干旱黄土丘陵区草场恢复改良的途径与技术,先后引进筛选优良牧草20种,其中沙打旺。红豆草等8种已得到大面积推广种植,并在野生沙打旺特性及引种驯化方面的研究取得了突破性进展

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同种类植物叶面滞尘粒度特征/The Foliar Dust Grain Size Characteristics of Different Plant Species in the Central Taklimakan Desert[J]

为了揭示不同种类植物叶面滞尘粒度特征,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中沙漠植物园内10种阔叶植物的叶面滞尘和同一环境中集尘缸降尘进行取样,利用沉积物的粒度分析方法,研究了不同种植物叶面滞尘的粒度特征.结果表明:(1)植物叶面滞尘平均粒径为16～61 μm,以粉沙和极细沙为主,粉沙(65.85％)和黏土(7.77％)含量大于集尘缸降尘中的相应含量(32.01％,3.19％);植物叶面滞尘分选性较差,分选系数为1.42～1.74;偏度属于近对称、正偏或极正偏;峰态中等偏窄,峰度值集中在1.019～1.375.与集尘缸降尘相比,植物叶面滞尘颗粒偏细,分选性偏差,整体正偏程度偏小,峰态偏宽.(2)10种植物叶面滞尘粒度也存在差异,平均粒径排序为灰杨＜银沙槐＜沙枣＜小叶白蜡＜沙冬青＜枸杞＜沙打旺＜铃铛刺＜胀果甘草＜白刺,表明植物叶面对大气降尘的滞留和吸附具有很强的选择性,而这种选择性是植物叶面特性(是否有绒毛或褶皱等)、植物生活型(乔木、灌木、草本)以及与之相应的风沙流颗粒分布、近地表小气候特征等因素综合作用的表现.(3)粒度参数相关散点图表明10种植物叶面滞尘、集尘缸降尘沉积环境不同,而平均粒径与分选性对沉积环境变化响应最为敏感