国际跨国专利所有网络结构及演化规律研究

【目的/意义】探究国际跨国专利所有活动的网络结构及演化规律。【方法/过程】文章选取1981-2015年间30个国PCT申请中的跨国专利所有数据为分析对象,利用复杂网络分析方法从整体网络宏观角度和节点中心性微观角度分析网络结构及重点国家网络地位的演化特征。【结果/结论】国际跨国专利所有活动愈加广泛和深化,网络具有明显的&quot;小世界&quot;和&quot;核心-边缘&quot;结构特征;美国、英国、德国等发达国家占据网络核心位置,跨国专利所有能力强;中国、印度、巴西等发展中国家处于网络边缘位置,跨国专利被控制程度高。中国的网络地位近期得以快速提升,但跨国专利所有能力亟待进一步提高。美国优势地位明显,扮演绝大多数国家的最大专利所有国和最大专利被所有国双重角色。&nbsp;</p

中国法学会宪法学研究会2007年年会综述

中国法学会宪法学研究会2007年年会于10月19日至22日在厦门大学召开,来自全国各地的学者及实务界代表约300人参加了此次研讨。会议主题是“社会转型时期的宪法课题”。在主题的框架内,与会代表围绕宪法文本的变迁、宪法与民生、宪法与部门法关系、中央与地方关系的法治化等问题展开了广泛而深入的交流。一、宪法文本的变迁随着社会的发展,宪法文本的变迁是我们必须面对的宪法现实。与会代表一致认为,宪法文本的变迁有利于宪法文本适应活生生的社会实践,从而有利于宪法的实现。宪法变迁如何实现?宪法的变迁与公民的宪法意识存在不可分割的共生关系。有学者认为,宪法意识是法律意识的重要组成部分,在某种程度上反映了一个国家及其民众对宪法、法治的基本看法和态度,从其中可以管窥中国法治建设的进程和宪政发展的软肋。宪法文本的变迁研究离不开对公民宪法意识的研究,这也是对宪法文本进行实证研究的前提。①同时,宪法文本的变迁与宪法规范的适用也休戚相关。有学者认为,全国人大及其常务委员会是适用宪法的主要机关,国务院、国家主席和中央军委在行使职权的过程中,有时也有权适用宪法,但法院和检察院现阶段缺乏适用宪法的可能的权利能力,法院判决书引用宪法和法院适用宪法是..

低温季节不同种群拟穴青蟹线粒体呼吸速率和酶活性的差异

已有研究显示分布于我国东南沿海的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)可能已分化为南、北2个种群.在低温季节从不同纬度的3个海域采集拟穴青蟹的野生个体,比较其南、北种群线粒体呼吸速率和酶活性的差异.结果如下:除了乳酸脱氢酶、丙酮酸激酶以及肝胰腺细胞色素C氧化酶外,无论是北方种群还是南方种群,生活在纬度较高的宁波海域的拟穴青蟹的线粒体呼吸速率和酶活性都显著高于生活在纬度较低的儋州海域的个体;同一海域的南、北种群间,鳃、肌肉和肝胰腺线粒体呼吸速率和细胞色素C氧化酶活性总体上都是北方种群高于南方种群,纬度越高的海域的南、北种群间差异越显著;南、北种群肌肉的乳酸脱氢酶、丙酮酸激酶和己糖激酶活性相比,宁波海域北方种群的己糖激酶活性显著高于该海域的南方种群.上述结果表明,分布于我国东南沿海的拟穴青蟹的北方种群比南方种群对温度有更有效的代谢补偿能力,且纬度越高,二者的差异越显著,由此可见分布于我国东南沿海的拟穴青蟹的北方种群比南方种群更能适应低温环境.国家自然科学基金(31472294

Heat Transfer of Channel Type Wheel Heat Exchanger under Frosting Condition

Formation of frost on the surface of exhaust outlets causes the performance degradation of channel type wheel fresh air ventilators when operating under low ambient temperature in winter. In this study, a detailed model for the channel type wheel heat exchangers under frosting condition was established, including a frosting sub-model and a channel type wheel heat exchanger sub- model. Analysis on the heat transfer characteristics of a frosted channel type wheel heat exchanger was performed under different ambient conditions. In addition, the intervals of defrosting were obtained under different operating conditions. The computing results are in agreement with the experimental data

Research Progress of Metal Material Liquid Forming Technology

随着汽车工业的迅速发展以及市场竞争对铸件质量要求的提高,推动了金属材料液态成型技术发展。从20世纪70年代压铸技术的广泛运用,到90年代挤压铸造技术的不断完善,随后挤压压铸技术不断创新,使液态成型技术向多学科渗透融合发展,应用领域不断拓展,铸件用量逐年上升。重点介绍了压铸、挤压铸造、挤压压铸这三种重要的成型技术发展以及取得的最新成果。With the rapid development of auto industry and the market competition on the increase of the requirement of the casting quality,the development of metal material liquid forming technology was promoted.From the extensive use of the die casting technology in the nineteen seventies to constant maturity of the 90's the squeeze casting technology,and then the continuous innovation of squeezing die casting,the liquid forming technology for multidisciplinary permeated and developed,application area continued to expand,and casting quantities increased year by year.The development and the latest achievements of three kinds of important forming technologies(die casting,squeezing casting and squeezing die casting) were mainly introduced.贵州省(贵阳市)工业攻关项目(黔科合GY字[2012]3004;筑科合同[2012101]2-13号

Protective Antigens from Virulent Isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum FN(A)

通过胰蛋白酶裂解坏死梭杆菌FN(A)型毒力菌株菌体,分别以菌体裂解物上清和沉淀作为抗原免疫家兔制备血清。利用SDS-PAGE/Western-blot技术在菌体中筛选出4种具有免疫原性的组分,通过免疫后的攻毒试验,筛选出1种具有免疫保护性的抗原。抗原分离纯化后,进行N端氨基酸序列测定、免疫试验及生物学特性研究,据试验结果可初步判定该抗原为溶血素类似物或一种新发现的抗原物质。该抗原不仅能使机体产生保护性免疫反应,而且不同菌株中此种抗原间可产生明显的交叉免疫。A virulent isolate of the bacterium FN(A) was lysed with trypsin.Supernatants and precipitates of the bacterial lysates were used to prepare anti-FN serum by immunizing rabbits.Four immunogenic components were isolated using SDS-PAGE/Western-blot.Immunized rabbits were challenged,and one protective antigen was screened.After antigen isolation and purification,the N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined and an immunological test and hemolysis test were performed.Results suggested that this antigen is either a hemolysin analogue or a new antigenic substance.The antigen was able to induce a protective immune response as well as generate a marked cross-immune reaction among different bacterial strains.国家科技部奶牛专项(2002BA518A04);; 中国农业科学院特产研究所科研基金项目(tcs-20041

与南海西边界流有关的区域海洋学进展

从动力学角度,回顾了与南海西部主流系及其涡旋研究有关的南海物理海洋学的进展.主要内容涉及南海西边界流漂流浮标观测、西边界流源区涡旋遥感观测、西边界流源区跨陆架交换、涡流相互作用、西边界流年际变化、西边界流区海气相互作用、南海贯穿流等方面的进展.西边界流是一个强流系,其与季节和年际变化相关的结构特征、变率及跟某些动力过程的关联有待研究.在西边界流变率、涡旋环流相互作用、海气过程以及南海贯穿流取得了以下成果:(1)利用漂流浮标观测样本对南海西边界环流进行分析,指出南海西边界表层环流在到达越南中部沿岸后伴随着流幅变窄的同时流速加强;探讨了南海北部环流变化机理,定量诊断南海西边界流北支冬季逆风流产生的动力机制;利用航次数据对18°n断面的经向地转流进行诊断,表明南海西边界流的经向输送年际变化明显;(2)结合航次观测数据,对2003/2004年冬季南海北部2个反气旋涡旋和2007年夏季18°n附近的3个反气旋涡旋进行研究,指出冬季2个涡旋产生后以罗斯贝(rOSSby)波速度(约0.1M/S)沿北部陆坡向西南方向传播,并初步揭示了南海西边界环流与夏季3个涡旋的相互作用;南海北部陆架区涡旋西南向传播最大(最大为0.09M/S),而越南以东海域涡动能(EkE)最大,这都说明涡旋活动与南海西边界流存在强的相互作用;(3)发现南海西边界流附近海表面温度(SST)强的季节内振荡特征,进一步研究表明此区域冬季SST季节内变化会使潜热季节内信号减弱20%;(4)探讨了南海贯穿流的长期变化特征以及与整个太平洋环流系统的相互关联.国家自然科学基金重点项目(40830851); 国家重点基础研究发展计划(2011CB403504); 中国科学院近海海洋观测研究网络——西沙南沙海洋观测研究站建设项目(KZCX2-EW-Y040)资

Preparation of PdCoIr Tetrahedron Nanocatalysts and Its Performance toward Ethanol Oxidation Reaction

钯(Pd)基催化剂是直接乙醇燃料电池研究中广泛使用的催化剂,进一步提升其性能是推动燃料电池发展的重要方向。本文用一步水热法制备出四面体结构PdCo(PdCo tetrahedron,记为PdCo-TH)和少量铱(Ir)掺杂的PdCo四面体合金纳米粒子(记为PdCoIr-TH)。经TEM、ICP、XPS及CV等表征证实,PdCoIr-TH为三元合金纳米粒子,且掺杂的Ir元素倾向分布在催化剂表层。相比于商业Pd/C催化剂,PdCo-TH/C和PdCoIr-TH/C对乙醇电氧化的催化性能显著增强。研究结果表明,Pd9Co1Ir0.1-TH/C在低电位(< -0.25 V)下具有最高的乙醇电氧化活性和稳定性。Ir掺杂不仅提高了催化剂抗CO毒化的能力还有利于乙醇起始氧化电位负移。同时,随着Ir含量的增加,所制备的纳米催化剂的乙醇电氧化C1产物选择性也随之升高。针对不同组成催化剂反应性的差异,本文认为Co与Ir位点上容易产生OHad物种,这将有利于活性Pd位点上乙醇电氧化中间反应物种的有效转化。除了以上的各位点间的协同效应,三元合金的形成,进一步调控了Pd的d带电子结构,从而促进了催化剂反应性的改变。As a new energy conversion device, direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) are widely concerned because of their remarkable advantages such as high theoretical energy density and wide fuel sources. However, the rapid development of DEFCs has been severely impeded due to the sluggish kinetic process and toxic intermediates especially in their anodic reactions. Palladium (Pd)-based materials are considered to be excellent anode catalysts for DEFCs, especially under alkaline conditions. And further improving their performance is an important direction to promote the development of DEFCs. Surface structure and composition are the key factors affecting the performance of catalysts which can be improved by reasonable regulation. It is reported that high-index faceted structures and element doping are beneficial to improve the performance of catalyst. In this work, the advantages of these two strategies were used comprehensively to prepare Pd-based catalysts with high efficiency. Palladium cobalt (PdCo) and Ir-doped PdCo tetrahedron alloy nanocatalysts (denoted by PdCo-TH and PdCoIr-TH, respectively) have been successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal method. The characterization results of TEM, ICP, XPS and CV show that the PdCo-TH binary and PdCoIr-TH ternary alloys were formed, while Ir element was mainly distributed on the PdCoIr-TH surface. Compared with the commercial Pd/C, the PdCo-TH/C and PdCoIr-TH/C exhibited the enhanced catalytic properties toward ethanol oxidation reaction in alkaline solutions. Particularly, the Pd9Co1Ir0.1-TH/C catalyst showed the best activity and stability toward EOR, especially at low potentials (< -0.25 V). And Ir sites not only resisted CO poison effectively, but also shifted the initial oxidation potential of ethanol negatively. Meanwhile, the selectivity of C1 products during the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol has been greatly improved with the increase of Ir content. The enhanced reactivities of PdCo-TH/C and PdCoIr-TH/C could be attributed to: (a) The coexistence of Co sites and Ir sites on the surfaces can generate OHad species which can promote the oxidation of intermediate adsorbed species on Pd sites and (b) the negative shift in electron binding energy of Pd due to the addition of Ir may make reaction intermediates desorb more difficultly, which might make the reactivity of PdCoIr-TH/C differ from that of PdCo-TH/C. This research work has demostrated a strategic approach for future development in high efficiency catalysts used for DEFCs.国家自然科学基金项目(21802112);国家自然科学基金项目(21773198)通讯作者:黄蕊,孙世刚E-mail:[email protected];[email protected]:RuiHuang,Shi-GangSunE-mail:[email protected];[email protected]厦门大学化学化工学院,固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, Chin

Successive modification of polydentate complexes gives access to planar carbon-and nitrogen-based ligands

以碳和氮为键合原子的多齿螯合物是配合物家族中非常重要的一类。具有更高齿数的平面构型NC螯合物实例相对较少，代表性的例子为四齿金属碳卟啉类化合物，这类螯合物以其独特的结构和丰富的物理化学性质引起广泛关注。然而平面五齿、六齿的NC螯合物由于几何构型“拥挤”导致合成难度高，该工作从含三元环内金属卡宾结构的CCCC型碳龙配合物出发，利用经典有机反应（炔烃对金属卡宾的插入反应），成功地实现了CCCCN/NCCCN型平面五齿螯合物的合成。这一研究为高配位型螯合物的合成提供了新思路并为平面五齿螯合物家族添加新成员。特别是，这些高配位型螯合物在可见光和近红外区域均有较好的吸收，表现出良好的光声成像、光热转换及声动力学性能。 该研究工作在张弘教授指导下完成，第一作者为iChEM博士后周小茜。该工作充分体现了多学科协同研究优势：相关化合物的合成、表征及理论计算工作由周小茜博士完成；声动力学性能研究由厦门大学公共卫生学院庞鑫博士及刘刚教授完成；光声成像研究由厦门大学公共卫生学院聂立铭教授完成。iChEM fellow卓庆德博士、博士生卓凯玥、陈志昕参与了部分实验工作。夏海平教授、香港科技大学林振阳教授和南京大学朱从青教授对研究工作给予了大力支持。【Abstract】Polydentate complexes containing combinations of nitrogen and carbon (N and C) ligating atoms are among the most fundamental and ubiquitous molecules in coordination chemistry, yet the formation of such complexes with planar high-coordinate N/C sites remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient route to access related complexes with tetradentate CCCN and pentadentate CCCCN and NCCCN cores by successive modification of the coordinating atoms in complexes with a CCCC core. Combined experimental and computational studies reveal that the rich reactivity of metal-carbon bonds and the inherent aromaticity of the metallacyclic skeletons play key roles in these transformations. This strategy addresses the paucity of synthetic approaches to mixed N/C planar pentadentate chelating species and provides valuable insights into the synthesis of carbon-based high-coordinate complexes. Furthermore, the resulting complexes are the examples of organometallic species with combined photoacoustic, photothermal, and sonodynamic properties, which makes them promising for application in related areas.This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21572185, 21561162001, and 81571744), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (N_HKUST603/15), the Excellent Youth Foundation of Fujian Scientific Committee (2018J06024), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720170065).该工作得到国家自然科学基金委、香港研究资助局、福建省自然科学基金、厦门大学校长基金的资助