试论环境法律责任制度体系的重构

环境法律责任是环境法的重要组成部分,其制度体系具有综合性。传统的环境法律责任基本上可以分为环境民事、行政和刑事三种责任形式。鉴于环境问题日趋突出,有必要重构环境法律责任制度体系,包括污染者负担责任制度、生产者责任延伸制度、环境保护问责制和环境税制度。国家社科基金重大项目“环境友好型社会中的环境侵权救济机制研究”(06&ZD034

Study On the Theoretical Basis and Concrete Construction Of Specialized Environmental Liability

传统的环境法律责任包括环境民事责任、环境行政责任和环境刑事责任三种责任形式,但环境权的复合性和环境法防治污染和保护生态的预期,需要在此基础上产生专门的环境法律责任形式。专门环境法律责任的产生具有社会合理性基础,兼具价值合理性和工具合理性,并且法律的内在机理和法律技术为其产生提供了可能性和可行性。我们可以构建污染者负担制度、生产者责任延伸制度和环境保护问责制等专门环境法律责任制度。Traditional environmental liability environment basically can be divided into civil environmental responsibility,environment administrative responsibility and environmental criminal responsibility.But environmental right is combined and environmental law is to prevent and control pollution and protect the ecological,on this basis,it needs a specialized form of environmental liability.Specialized environmental liability has social reasonable basis,both with value reasonable and tools reasonable,and from internal mechanism and legal technology,it has possibility and feasibility.We can build these specialized environmental liability system,it includs polluters burden system,extended producer responsibility system and the environmental protection accountability system.国家社科基金重大项目“环境友好型社会中的环境侵权救济机制研究”(06&ZD034

Effects of electro-acupuncture at stomach meridian acupoints on serum and urine metabolic profiles of gastric ulcer model rats

目的:采用核磁共振氢谱技术(1H NMR)研究电针胃经穴对胃溃疡模型大鼠血清和尿液代谢轮廓的影响。方法:40只SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、胃经穴组和胆经穴组,每组10只。除空白组外,利用束缚冷应激法制备大鼠胃溃疡模型,造模成功后用电针分别刺激胃经组和胆经组相关穴位,收集大鼠的血清和尿液,获取一维1H NMR谱,并利用模式识别方法分析各组间的代谢轮廓差异。结果:与模型组比较,胃经穴组血清中的肌醇、甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸和尿液中的肌酸酐、乳酸、醋酸盐、肌酸、琥珀酸盐、牛磺酸、甘氨酸、苯乙酰甘氨酸、尿囊素、胆碱、三甲胺、甲酸盐、甜菜碱代谢物的表达水平得到了明显地恢复(P<0.05),更接近空白组的代谢水平。结论:电针胃经穴可通过调节胃溃疡大鼠的氨基酸代谢和脂肪代谢促进胃黏膜损伤的修复。Objective: To explore the effects of electro-acupuncture at stomach meridian acupoints on serum and urine metabolic profiles of gastric ulcer model rats by application of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR) spectroscopy. Methods: Forty SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, model group, stomach meridian group and gallbladder meridian group, with 10 rats in each group. The gastric ulcer rat model was established by the restrained cold stress method. After modeling, the model rats were treated with electro-acupuncture at the stomach meridian and gallbladder meridian respectively, the serum and urine of rats were collected to obtain one dimensional 1H NMR spectrum, and the differences of metabolic profiles between these groups were analyzed by the pattern recognition method. Results: Compared to model group, the concentration of myo-inositol, glycine, glutamine, isoleucine, valine in serum from the stomach meridian group have obviously recovered and returning to normal level. The urinary metabolites such as Creatinine, lactic acid, acetic acid salt, acid, succinic acid salt, taurine, glycine, phenylacetyl glycine, allantoin, choline, trimethylamine, formate, betaine have also partly recovered after electro-acupuncture stimulation in the stomach meridian(P<0.05). Conclusion: Electro-acupuncture at stomach meridian acupoints could repair the gastric ulcer lesion by regulating the metabolism of lipid and amino acid in rats with gastric ulcer.国家自然科学基金项目(No.81473751,No.81260556);; 广东省自然科学基金项目(No.2014 A030313005);; 福建省自然科学基金项目(No.2015J05168);; 福建省卫生厅科研项目(No.wzpw201301)~

Hydrothermal Instability Of Thermocapillary Convection In Large-Prandtl-Number Liquid Bridges Under Microgravity

Linear stability analysis was performed to study the mechanism of transition of thermocapillary convection in liquid bridges with liquid volume ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.2, aspect ratio of 0.75 and Prandtl number of 100. 2-D governing equations were solved to obtain the steady axi-symmetric basic flow and temperature distributions. 3-D perturbation equations were discretized at the collocation grid points using the Chebyshev-collocation method. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions were obtained by using the Q-R. method. The predicted critical Marangoni numbers and critical frequencies were compared with data from space experiments. The disturbance of the temperature distribution on the free surface causes the onset of oscillatory convection. It is shown that the origin of instability is related to the hydrothermal origin for convections in large-Prandtl-number liquid bridges. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

中国海及邻近区域碳库与通量综合分析

中国海总面积约470万平方公里,纵跨热带、亚热带、温带、北温带等多个气候带.其中,南海北依\"世界第三极\"青藏高原、南邻\"全球气候引擎\"西太平洋暖池,东海拥有全球最宽的陆架之一,跨陆架物质运输显著,黄海是冷暖流交汇区域,渤海则是受人类活动高度影响的内湾浅海.中国海内有长江、黄河、珠江等大河输入,外邻全球两大西边界流之一的黑潮.这些鲜明的特色赋予了中国海碳储库和通量研究的典型代表意义.文章从不同海区（渤海、黄海、东海、南海）、不同界面（陆-海、海-气、水柱-沉积物、边缘海-大洋等）,以及不同生态系统（红树林、盐沼湿地、海草床、海藻养殖、珊瑚礁、水柱生态系统等）多层面对海洋碳库与通量进行了较系统地综合分析,初步估算了各个碳库的储量与不同碳库间的通量.就海气通量而言,渤海向大气中释放CO2约0.22Tg Ca-1,黄海吸收CO2约1.15Tg Ca-1,东海吸收CO2约6.92～23.30Tg Ca-1,南海释放CO2约13.86～33.60Tg Ca-1.如果仅考虑海-气界面的CO2交换,中国海总体上是大气CO2的\"源\",净释放量约6.01～9.33Tg Ca-1.这主要是由于河流输入以及邻近大洋输入所致.河流输入渤黄海、东海、南海的溶解无机碳（DIC）分别为5.04、14.60和40.14Tg Ca-1,而邻近大洋输入DIC更是高达144.81Tg Ca-1,远超中国海向大气释放的碳量.渤海、黄海、东海、南海的沉积有机碳通量分别为2.00、3.60、7.40、7.49Tg Ca-1.东海和南海向邻近大洋输送有机碳通量分别为15.25～36.70和43.39Tg Ca-1.就生态系统而言,中国沿海红树林、盐沼湿地、海草床有机碳埋藏通量为0.36Tg Ca-1,海草床溶解有机碳（DOC）输出通量为0.59Tg Ca-1;中国近海海藻养殖移出碳通量0.68Tg Ca-1,沉积和DOC释放通量分别为0.14和0.82Tg Ca-1.总计,中国海有机碳年输出通量为81.72～103.17Tg Ca-1.中国海的有机碳输出以DOC形式为主,东海向邻近大洋输出的DOC通量约15.00～35.00Tg Ca-1,南海输出约31.39Tg Ca-1.综上,尽管从海-气通量看中国海是大气CO2的\"源\",但考虑了河流、大洋输入、沉积输出以及微型生物碳泵（DOC转化输出）作用后,中国海是重要的储碳区.需要指出的是,文章数据是基于中国海各海区碳循环研究报道,鉴于不同研究方法上的差异,所得数据难免有一定的误差范围,亟待将来统一方法标准下的更多深入研究和分析.国家重点研发计划项目(编号:2016YFA0601400);;国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:91751207、91428308、41722603、41606153、41422603);;中央高校基础研究项目(编号:20720170107);;中海油项目(编号:CNOOC-KJ125FZDXM00TJ001-2014、CNOOCKJ125FZDXM00ZJ001-2014)资

第十八届美国理论与应用力学大会总结

1会议概况2018年6月5—9日,第18届美国理论与应用力学大会(18th U.S. National Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, USNCTAM2018)在美国芝加哥召开.本次大会由美国力学国家委员会和中国力学学会联合主办,旨在探讨和交流近四年世界范围内在理论和应用力学领域的基础研究、创新技术的最新进展,吸引了来自世界各地的近千名专家学

环境民事诉讼制度适用的法律论证维度

环境法律机制通过救济环境权利的路径来解决现实中的环境问题,司法途径是救济环境权利的最后一道防线。而现实中从理论阐述和机制设计上都认为环境民事诉讼不能很好地解决环境纠纷、救济环境权利,就司法实践来看效果也不是很理想,环境侵权相对于传统侵权行为的特殊性是导致这种现象的非常重要的原因。阿列克西的法律论证理论为我们解决这一理论和现实中的困境提供了重要的理论支撑

喷口布局对导弹侧向喷流控制作用的数值模拟

为保持飞行器在稀薄大气中的机动性,通常采用喷流反控制作用（RCS）,但在超声速来流中,这会导致飞行器表面出现复杂的喷流干扰流场,对飞行控制造成了巨大影响。为提高对超声速条件下的侧向喷流控制作用的规律性认识,应用数值模拟方法,研究了超声速条件下的无舵光滑弹体和带尾舵的弹-翼组合体上的声速侧向喷流控制问题。开展了关于喷口布局对侧向喷流控制效果影响规律的研究工作,并通过引入法向干扰力沿程增长系数从定量角度加以分析。计算结果表明：在有尾舵的情况下,喷口位置的后移和马赫数的增加能够显著增强侧向喷流控制效果;当喷口位置位于舵面之前时,喷流干扰力放大系数随迎角增大而增大,随来流静压增大而减小;当喷流位置后移至舵面之后时,规律相反;在某些喷口位置和来流条件下,弹-翼组合体的侧向控制效果与无舵光滑弹体相比并不具备优势

2,5-呋喃二甲酸的结晶和晶体结构解析

针对2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)缺乏单晶基础数据和纯化难的问题,用加合结晶法对粗FDCA进行分离,再用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)结晶纯化,制备并解析不同溶剂中的FDCA单晶。发现水和DMF中的FDCA单晶结构相同,分子间有两种氢键,呋喃环间氢键使FDCA和加合结晶结构更稳定;与N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)加合结晶纯化后,FDCA脱色率高达94.94%,DMF中结晶后FDCA纯度最高达R=99.98%