韓国語を母語とする日本語学習者による漢字の書き取りに関する研究 : 学習者の語彙力と漢字が含まれる単語の使用頻度の影響

広島経済大学名古屋大学山口県立大学東京大学・日本学術振興会Hiroshima University of EconomicsNagoya UniversityYamaguchi Prefectural UniversityThe University of Tokyo, JSPS日本語と韓国語はともに漢字文化圏にあるといわれているが,現在,韓国ではハングル専用が完成されており,日常生活で漢字が用いられることは少ない。そのため,韓国語母語話者は,漢字の音韻的表象は持っているが書字的表象は持っていないと考えられる。そこで本研究では,韓国語を母語とする日本語学習者がどのような漢字想起と書字のメカニズムを用いているのかを明らかにするために,漢字二字熟語の書き取りテストを実施し,漢字二字熟語の記憶に対する(1)語彙使用頻度,(2)学習者の日本語能力の高低,(3)日本語と韓国語の語彙の音韻的類似性の影響を検討した。分析の結果,(1)漢字二字熟語の記憶に対する語彙使用頻度の影響が見られた。このことから,韓国語を母語とする日本語学習者は,日本語母語話者と同様に,日本語の漢字二字熟語を一字単位ではなく二字単位で捉えて記憶している可能性があると考えられる。(2)学習者の日本語能力については,語彙力の高いグループのほうが,低使用頻度語彙の記憶において特に優れていた。(3)音韻的類似性は,漢字二字熟語の記憶に対する影響が見られなかった。Originally, the Korean and Japanese languages belonged to the Chinese character\u27s sphere of influence. However, Chinese characters (or kanji) are no longer used in Korea. Therefore, while native Korean speakers have the phonological representation of kanji, they do not have representations of kanji script. On the other hand, kanji are commonly used in Japan. In order to investigate effects of native Korean speakers\u27 ability to recall and write two-kanji compound words, the present study used a writing test to examine the influence of (1) word frequency, (2) Japanese proficiency and (3) phonological similarities between Korean and Japanese. Results showed that (1) word frequency had a significant influence on the ability to recall and write two-kanji compound words (2) participants with higher Japanese proficiency were superior to those with lower Japanese proficiency, especially in terms of low frequency words and (3) phonological similarities between Korean and Japanese had no influence. Previous studies of two-kanji compound words (e. g., Tamaoka & Takahashi, 1999) indicated that native Japanese speakers were likely to memorize kanji not as a single unit, but in a unit of two-kanji compounds. Similarly, native Korean speakers learning Japanese memorize and produce two-kanji compound words as a unit of two kanji, rather than as a unit of single kanji

Probing the edge-related properties of atomically thin MoS2 at nanoscale

层状二维材料具有独特的物理化学性质，使其在光电器件、传感、能源和催化等领域得到了高度关注和广泛应用。二维材料在制备过程中不可避免引入结构缺陷，虽然这些缺陷尺度仅为数纳米甚至单原子，但是会极大地改变材料的结构和电子性质，从而影响其应用。化学化工学院任斌教授课题组在层状二维材料缺陷表征方面取得进展。该工作表明了TERS在原位、高空间分辨表征缺陷位的结构和电子性质方面具有独特的优势，可以进一步推广到其他二维材料，从而有效地指导缺陷设计和材料应用。 该工作通过校内外课题组紧密合作，在任斌教授、谭平恒研究员（中科院半导体研究所）和王翔博士共同指导下完成。实验部分主要由黄腾翔博士（第一作者，已毕业化学系博士生）完成，电子能带结构与光谱理论计算由谭平恒研究员课题组从鑫博士生（共同第一作者）完成，吴思思、林楷强、姚旭、何玉韩、吴江滨、包一凡、黄声超等参与了实验与讨论。【Abstract】Defects can induce drastic changes of the electronic properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and influence their applications. It is still a great challenge to characterize small defects and correlate their structures with properties. Here, we show that tipenhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) can obtain distinctly different Raman features of edge defects in atomically thin MoS2, which allows us to probe their unique electronic properties and identify defect types (e.g., armchair and zigzag edges) in ambient. We observed an edgeinduced Raman peak (396 cm−1) activated by the double resonance Raman scattering (DRRS) process and revealed electron–phonon interaction in edges. We further visualize the edge-induced band bending region by using this DRRS peak and electronic transition region using the electron density-sensitive Raman peak at 406 cm−1. The power of TERS demonstrated in MoS2 can also be extended to other 2D materials, which may guide the defect engineering for desired properties.The authors acknowledge the final supports from MOST of China (2016YFA0200601 and 2016YFA0301204), NSFC (21633005, 21790354, 21503181, 21711530704, 21621091, 11874350, 11474277, and 11434010), Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2016J05046), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M622062). 研究工作得到科技部、国家自然科学基金委员会、福建省自然科学基金和中国博士后基金资助

Raman and AFM Characterization of Au and Cu Nanorod and Nanowire Arrays

通过电化学氧化法制备具有不同孔径氧化铝模板 ,利用交流电镀的方法在模板中沉积金属 ,再用酸溶解模板可以得到相应尺度的金属纳米线或纳米棒的阵列 .本文利用原子力显微镜和表面增强拉曼技术分别表征了金和铜两种金属纳米线阵列 .研究结果表明 ,作为探针分子的硫氰(SCN )在金属纳米线上的碳氮三键的振动频率随纳米线直径的增大而蓝移 .这一现象可能是因为尺寸效应对纳米线的费米能级造成影响 ,使不同直径的金属纳米线电子结构存在微小的差别 .Recently metal nanowires (nanorods) have aroused tremendous interest because of their novel properties and potential applications in wide fields [1] . Many two?dimensional nanowire arrays of semiconductors and metals with different diameter and length have been made by using template synthesis method. To characterize the novel optical, electronic and magnetic properties of these materials, UV?Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies are two of the most wildly used methods [2, 3] . Raman spectroscopy has, however, only been applied to the characterizing of semiconductor nanowires and carbon nanotubes [4,5] . Important and meaningful information can be obtained in these cases, as some forbidden Raman modes in the bulk materials become Raman active [4, 5] . Raman spectroscopy is apparently not suitable to study metal nanowires since it can only detect the mechanical vibration bands located in the extremely low frequency region. Consequently, an alternative way has to be established to study the metal nano?wires (?rods) with Raman spectroscopy. In the present work, we have taken the probe molecule strategy and used surface?enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to characterize metal nanorods (nanowires). It is well known that for a molecule which interacts strongly with a surface, its vibrational band frequency and shape are very sensitive to the electronic property, the chemical environment and the morphology of the surface. Hence Raman spectroscopy has long been used to analyze the atomic structures and the electronic properties of the surface indirectly through assessing carefully the spectral changes of the adsorbate known as a probe molecule. On that account, it is of great interest to diagnose the electronic structures of the metal nanorods with the vibrational spectrum of a probe molecule. We have examined the changes in the electronic properties of the nanorods through analyzing the spectral changes of the probe molecule. For this purpose a typical SERS molecule of SCN - was employed. The nanorod arrays of Au and Cu with different diameter from about 15 nm to 130 nm were fabricated electrochemically by means of the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. To partially expose metal nanowires with various lengths, the AAO template was chemically etched off to a certain extent by an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid or sodium hydroxide as shown in Fig. 1. After the template was etched off, the nanowires can be characterized by TEM, see Fig. 2. The tapping mode AFM image was obtained on a scanning probe microscope (Nanoscope IIIa). SERS measurements were performed on a confocal microprobe Raman system (LabRam I).作者联系地址：厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室!化学系福建厦门361005,厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室!化学系福建厦门361005,南京师范大学化学系!江苏南京,210097,厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室!化学系福建厦门361005,厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室!Author's Address: State Key Lab.for Phys.Chem.of Solid Surf.,Xiamen Univ.,Xiamen 361005, China; 1 Dept. of Chem., Nanjing Norm

地方政府的行政實踐與國家制度之間的衝突及重塑──以晚清吉林將軍雙城堡民界的出現為例

本文以晚清東北封禁政策變化之初端，即吉林將軍雙城堡民界的產生為例，論 述了地方政府的行政實踐與國家制度相互塑造的過程。乾隆四十二年 (1777)，清廷開始對東北升科民地徵收懲罰性賦稅。嘉慶二十年 (1815) 雙城堡旗人移墾後，由於旗界的收入無法支付地方政府的辦公費，吉林將軍富俊違反清廷的民人政策，以較輕租額吸引入丁陳民以官佃的身分，攜眷佃種官地，主要包括公租地、恆產地、隨缺地。富俊通過種種途徑迫使清廷接受這一轉變，從而在雙城堡形成民界，其租賦制度改革，對清末東北的開禁政策產生重要影響。通過對民界的考察，發現地方官員違反制度的現象是普遍存在的。不過，一般情況下，這種背離的幅度是有限的，典章制度的威懾作用依然存在。然而，如果一些制度成為地方社會發展的巨大障礙，地方官亦會創設新的行政慣例，消解國家制度對地方社會的影響。新的地方政策，在地方政府與國家的博弈中產生，典章制度的變遷，可能就始於這種微小的積累。由此可見，地方政府的行政實踐與國家制度之間充滿了矛盾，在激烈的碰撞中相互塑造。 In this article, we look at the emergence of the minjie (civilian lands) in Jilin's Shuangchengpu region and the beginning of changes to the late Qing dynasty ban on Chinese immigration to the Northeast, outlining the process of the mutual formation of local government administrative practices and central government institutions. From 1777 on, the Qing court began to levy fines on the cultivation of civilian land in the Northeast. But, beginning in 1815, after the settlement of Shuangchengpu, the income from banner lands in that area proved insufficient to support the cost of running the local government. As a result, the Jilin governor, Fu Jun. defied Qing court policy, using lower rents to attract civilian settlers to lease official lands (especially those classified as gongzu, hengchan, and suique lands) and become tenants. By various means, Fu Jun was able to force the Qing Court to accept this change in its policy and thereby establish a minjie in Shuangchengpu. This institutional tax reform had a major impact on the lifting of the Northeast immigration ban in late Qing China. In this article, we examine civil administrative practices in Shuangchengpu and find that the local government there frequently violated imperial regulations. However, in most cases, these violations were limited in scale, and imperial regulations still retained authority. All the same, we suggest that when institutional regulations formed by the central government proved a hindrance to the development of local society, local magistrates would institute new administrative practices so as to diffuse the effect of these regulations. Thus, new local policies came into being as a result of the struggles between local governments and central institutions, and subsequent changes in imperial institutional and legal practice might have originated from the accumulation of minor changes caused by these struggles. Local governments and central government institutions often had contradictory agendas, and, in the sometimes intense collisions that occurred between the two, change and adaptation was a mutually reinforcing process

对童氏"7.5B"计算及乙型水驱法的改进

研究了童宪章院士"7.5B"的准确性和适应性,指出了"7.5B"方法只适用于多个油田的统计计算,而不完全适应于单一油藏.从理论上推导了"7.5B"的数学表达式,给出了一条准确计算该值的有效途径.对童氏水油比与采出程度关系乙型水驱法及采出程度与含水关系图版作了改进

空间众包中基于位置预测的任务分配

隨著移動設備的普及和O2O(Online-To-Offline)商業模式的快速發展,越來越多的空間眾包平臺融入人們的日常生活中,例如滴滴出行、餓了么等等.空間眾包中的一個核心問題是任務分配,主要研究如何將空間任務分配給合適的眾包工人.任務分配方式主要分為服務器分配模式(Server Assigned Task, SAT)和用戶選擇模式(Worker Selected Task, WST)兩種模式,目前多數統一規范化的眾包服務采用SAT模式,即系統主動將任務分配給任務請求位置附近的眾包工人.在此任務分配模式下,眾包工人和任務之間的旅行成本變得至關重要,較少的旅行成本意味著較少的響應時間和較高的任務接受率.因此提出了基于位置預測的任務分配方式,該方式不僅考慮任務和眾包工人的當前位置,還考慮未來任務可能出現的位置,從而降低旅行成本和相應時間.首先設計了貪婪方法(Greedy Approach),然后在貪婪方法的基礎上通過貝葉斯、支持向量機、決策樹等方法預測未來任務的分布來輔助分配任務,最后在真實數據上進行的實驗表明,該方法減小了在長時間內的總旅行成本,具有較好的性能. With the rapid development of mobile devices and the popularity of Online-To-Online (O2O) business models, more and more spatial crowdsourcing platforms play a significant role in our daily life, such as DiDi taxis, Eleme meal-ordering service, etc. A core issue in spatial crowdsourcing is task assignment, which is to assign real-time tasks to suitable crowd workers. There are two types of task assignment, namely worker selected task(WST)and server assigned task(SAT). The most current unified and standardized crowdsourcing services adopt the SAT mode, by which the system proactively assigns tasks to workers in proximity of requested locations. Under this task assignment mode, the travel cost between workers and tasks becomes of vital importance, because less travel cost means less response time and higher task acceptance ratio. This paper proposes a task assignment method based on location prediction to reduce the cost and response time. This task assignment method considers not only the current location of tasks and workers, but also the locations which tasks may appear in the future. This paper proposes Greedy approach, and based on which leverages a list of methods, such as Bayes, SVM and decision-making tree, for predicting the distribution of further tasks to assist the tasks’ assignment. And the final experimentation based on the real data verifies the performance and effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper, which shortens the overall travelling cost in the long term

基于用戶查詢日志的網絡搜索主題分析

网络搜索分析在优化搜索引擎方面具有举足轻重的作用，而且对用户个人搜索特性进行分析能够提高搜索引擎的精准度。目前，大多数已有模型（比如点击图模型及其变体），注重研究用户群体的共同特点。然而，关于如何做到既可以获取用户群体共同特点又可以获取用户个人特点方面的研究却非常少。本文研究了基于个人用户网络搜索分析新问题，即通过研究用户搜索的突发性现象，获取个人用户搜索查询的主题分布情况。提出了两个搜索主题模型，即搜索突发性模型（SBM）和耦合敏感搜索突发性模型（CS-SBM）。SBM假设查询词和URL主题是无关的，CS-SBM假设查询词和URL之间是有主题关联的，得到的主题分布信息存储在偏Dirichlet先验中，采用Beta分布刻画用户搜索的时间特性。实验结果表明，每一个用户的网络搜索轨迹都有多种基于用户的独有特点。同时，在使用大量真实用户查询日志数据情况下，与LDA、DCMLDA、TOT相比，本文提出的模型具有明显的泛化性能优势，并且有效地描绘了用户搜索查询主题在时间上的变化过程。Web search analysis plays a critical role in improving the performance of contemporary search engines. In addition, search engine accuracy can be improved by analyzing the individual search properties of users. Most existing models, such as the click graph and its variants, focus on the common characteristics of the group. However, as yet, there has been little investigation of a model that would obtain both the collective group characteristics and the unique characteristics of individual users. In this paper, we investigate user-specific web search analysis, whereby we obtain the topic distributions of the search queries of individual users by determining the burstiness of user searches. We propose two topic models, i.e., the search burstiness model (SBM) and the coupling-sensitive search burstiness model (CS-SBM). The SBM adopts the assumption that the query words and URL are topically independent, The CS-SBM supposes that the query words and URL are topically relevant. The obtained topic distribution information is stored in skewed Dirichlet priors and a beta distribution is used to capture the temporal properties of the user searches. Our experimental results show that each user's web search trail has unique characteristics, and that in the case of there being a large amount of real query log data, in comparison to the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and topic over time (TOT) models, our proposed models have advantages with respect to generalized performance and effectively describes the temporal change process of user search queries