Aḥmad Zarrūq his life and works

During the second half of the 9th/15th century Ahmad Zarrug al-fasi lived, a jurist and a Sufi. As an intellectual and the founder of a Aufi Order, his impact was felt in the realm of literature and among the masses. He is considered to be one of the Orthodox Sufi masters whose concern was largely directed towards alleviating the misunderstanding which has occurred is Islamic thought between Juris-prudence and Sufism. This thesis deals with Zarruq’s activities and his influence as a Sufi. It is composed of an introduction and five chapters. The introduction explains the historical, social and academic circumstances in his native city, Fez, in which Zarruq passes his early years, of which he was part. The first chapter is concerned with his life, his education, travels and his contact with Sufism, until he does in Misurata, far away from his own country. The second chapter contains a catalogue of his works, such as exist in manuscripts or editions, or have been cited. There is also a brief analysis of Zarruq the author and of aspects of his authorship, with a classification of his works and commentaries by others on them; also a table of datesof some of his works. The third traces the Order which founded, his position among the various Sufi Orders, and his relation to the Shadhiliyah. It also contains a historical survey of the Zarruqiyah and its Zawiyahs, its branches, principles and teachingSo The fourth examines the principal Sufi ideas as ZarriSq. interpreted them from a sunnI point of view, in theory and in practice. The fifth chapter is concerned with him as a Sufi critic and some aspects of his criticism in regard to following the Way and the obligations of both the seeker and the master with respect to the sunnI concept of Sufism in belief and action. The thesis contains 10 illustrations

Anthropology of spiritual wayfaring on the basis of Qur'ān and the Sunnah

Spiritual anthropology is among the most important foundations of Islamic ethics and practical mysticism. In the religious tradition, we can outline a specific structure of anthropology in terms of spiritual wayfaring. The reality of the heart, which is the celestial identity of the human being, extends from its divine facet down to its bodily facet, and consists of the psychical and the spiritual regions. Each of these in turn possesses two kinds of soldiers known as characteristical soldiers and two kinds of strata which are levels of the soul. The psychical region is the lower region of the reality of the heart, wherein sensory and psychical inclinations are dominant. It is inhabited by the soldiers of ignorance (junūd al-jahl) and the two strata of the nature (al-ṭab') and the lower-self (al-nafs) or the vegetative and the animal souls respectively. The spiritual region, on the other hand, which is the higher region of the reality of the heart and is directly connected to the Infinite God inhabits the soldiers of intellect (junūd al-'aql) and the two strata of the spirit (rūḥ) and the secret (sirr) or the sanctified and the divine souls respectively

An Ethical Study of Teaching Malware Writing, Hacking Skills and System Infiltration

Nowadays, the number of courses teaching hacking skills is increasing and has encountered a very warm reception. In some countries, teaching hacking and writing malware has been considered as part of course credits for students of the fields of computer and information technology. According to some, since teaching hacking and malware writing may lead people to criminal activities and people may misuse this expertise, it is in detriment to the society and based on this, it is unethical; but some others agree with this instruction and believe that in order to confront cyber criminals, we must be able to think like them. According to this group, security experts need to learn hacking skills and malware writing in order to better understand the weakness in the security of systems and to deal with malware and therefore, they consider it ethical. Thus, considering the increase in the number of malware and hacking courses being held, and also the importance of the security of computers, this article delves into the explanation, analysis, critique and study of the ethical arguments for and against malware writing and hacking skills education and some measures for the ethical use of these skills will also be presented

Araabukaŋ Suuku Kotooriŋo: old Arabic poem with glosses

The entire manuscript is available for download as a PDF file(s). Higher-resolution images may be available upon request. For technical assistance, please contact [email protected]. Fieldwork Team: Dr. Fallou Ngom (Pricipal Investigator; Director, African Studies Center), Ablaye Diakité (Local Project Manager), Mr. Ibrahima Yaffa (General Field Facilitator), and Ibrahima Ngom (photographer). Technical Team: Professor Fallou Ngom (Principal Investigator, Project Director and former Director of the African Studies Center at Boston University)), and Eleni Castro (Technical Lead, BU Libraries). This collection of Mandinka Ajami materials is copied as part of the African Studies Center’s African Ajami Library. This is a joint project between BU and the West African Research Center (WARC), funded by the British Library/Arcadia Endangered Archives Programme. Access Condition and Copyright: These materials are subject to copyright and are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are fully cited using the information below. For use, distribution or reproduction beyond these terms, contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]). Citation: Materials in this web edition should be cited as: Ngom, Fallou, Castro, Eleni, & Diakité, Ablaye. (2018). African Ajami Library: EAP 1042. Digital Preservation of Mandinka Ajami Materials of Casamance, Senegal. Boston: Boston University Libraries: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/27112. For Inquiries: please contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]). For technical assistance, please contact [email protected] / Custodial history: The owner inherited it from his father after his death.The manuscript is an old Arabic poem dealing with Sufism by Alī ibn Ḥusayn (659-713). It includes glosses in Arabic and Soninke. The headings are in red and they use the names of Arabic letters. Different generations have commented on the document as reflected in the blue ink made with a modern pen