Risk Diversification in the Agricultural Sector in Bulgaria

The Bulgarian and Romanian European Union membership coincides with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Reform. Applied till the 80s of the 20th century, the system of European subsidies which aimed at developing a functioning agricultural sector led to constant surplus of basic agricultural goods with high budget prices. During the 90s production quotas (e.g. the milk quotas of 1983) were introduced an emphasis was put on ecologically clean agricultural production. The CAP reform of 2003 reorganized the European subsidies in accordance with demand and stimulated farmers to produce what the market needed. Direct subsidies changed from payments based on territory to payments for farms. In order to cut surplus, the EU introduced an intervention system; fix quotas for the production of milk and sanctions for breaking them; restrictions on the export subsidies and the amount of cultivated land/number of bred animals for which farmers can receive subsidies. Bulgarian and Romanian farmers receive direct payments which maintain their incomes stable but lower compared to these of their European counterparts. At the same time they have to meet the same requirements concerning environment preservation, food safety, and humane treatment of animals (a requirement for “cross compliance”). These factors together with the heavy dependence of the agricultural sector on climate make the issue of researching the possibilities for minimizing investment risks through product diversification extremely significant. The main aim of this article is to identify the risks in the agricultural sector and assess the priority usage of various forms of diversification as an instrument for controlling risks. In addition, the article outlines / studies the possibilities for adding value to the agricultural sector by diversification of products and activities. The article is written as follows: M. Nikolova – chapter 2; M Linkova – chapter 1; abstract, introduction and conclusion joint action.sustainable agriculture, entrepreneurial solutions, risk, diversification, nontraditional activities

Виживання промислових підприємств України за умов енергетичної кризи

Introduction. Today there exist alternatives to traditional energy sources available on the market. Their effective use depends on the organizational measures taken by industrial enterprises. Therefore, the main problem related to the survival of business entities is the implementation of the energy security strategy of the business. Purpose of the article is implementation of innovative development of industrial enterprises in the conditions of energy crisis. Methods. A systematic approach is applied to construct a universal model of industrial enterprises’ development strategy; an integrated approach is used regarding the determination of industrial enterprises’ cooperation levels in the geographic regions. We have applied the method of analysis to determine the alternatives of new energy sources, whereas the hypothetico-deductive method was used to justify the results from the practical use of the enterprise model development strategy. Results. Formation of industrial enterprises’ subdivisions on realization of the strategy of innovation development will make it possible to form information field for control of innovation process; to effectively finance the innovative activity of enterprises; to increase financial resources intended for conducting the innovation activity of enterprises; to plan innovation development on the basis of the financial possibilities; to ensure mobility of the industrial enterprise in the conditions of innovative changes; to improve the results of financial and economic activity. Conclusions. The use of a universal model of industrial enterprises’ development strategy on the basis of innovations and their social significance will help: to formulate the objectives in the development field, to create a consistent process for the development and adoption of administrative decisions; to define the requirements for implementation of strategic innovation planning; to create economically viable associations of economic entities for the implementation of projects to ensure energy security.У статті проаналізовано процес моделювання інноваційного менеджменту для здійснення промисловими підприємствами ефективної діяльності за умов енергетичної кризи в Україні. На основі системного підходу зроблено висновки щодо послідовності заходів для забезпечення енергетичної безпеки промислових підприємств. Формування на промислових підприємствах підрозділів щодо реалізації стратегії інноваційного розвитку дозволить: сформувати інформаційне поле для управління інноваційними процесами; ефективно управляти фінансуванням інноваційної діяльності підприємства; сприяти збільшенню коштів для проведення інноваційної політики; планувати інноваційний розвиток, виходячи з фінансових можливостей; забезпечити мобільність промислового підприємства в умовах інноваційних змін; покращити фінансово-економічні результати діяльності

State and Problems in the Management and Development of Agriculture

The international scientific and practical conference on “State and Problems in the Management and Development of Agriculture” held in Svishtov on 4 October 2019 attracted a great number of Bulgarian and foreign scholars who work in the field of agriculture as well as representatives of the business in the agricultural sector. The scientific forum was attended by 83 representatives from nine countries and three continents; they presented 68 papers dealing with the organization and management of investments and innovations, entrepreneurial initiatives and diversification in the agricultural business, financial and accounting aspects, marketing, distribution and trade, information technologies, ecologization and sustainable development, legal and socio-cultural barriers of the general agricultural policy of the European Union. In the discussions during the scientific forum, we identified, analysed and assessed the current problems that accompany the development of agriculture and made specific proposals for their solutions on the basis of the expert capacity of the scientific community and the institutions that manage the agricultural sector in Bulgaria, as well as the needs of the agricultural business

"Не изменяй себе, великая Россия!..": особенности общественно-политического консерватизма Ф.И. Тютчева

The article is dedicated to the analysis of T. Tutchef's conservative doctrine, of his attitudes about the nature of statehood of Russia, the role of orthodoxy, the specificity of social development. The author analyzes Tutchef's political views and the factors that determined them.Статья посвящена анализу консервативной общественно-политической концепции Т. Тютчева. Концепция включала положения о природе российской государственности, роли Православия, специфике социального развития страны. Автор анализирует политические взгляды Тютчева и факторы их формирования

Антитеза "Россия-Запад" во внешнеполитических взглядах отечественных консерваторов середины XIX в. (на примере концепции Ф.И. Тютчева)

The article is devoted to foreign policy views of Russian conservatives mid 19th century. On the concept of F. Tutchev, one of the biggest personalities of Russian conservatism, the author explores the problem of the historic confrontation between Russia and Western Europe, a theme which became prevalent in the doctrine of foreign policy of Russian conservatives of the 19th century.Статья посвящена внешнеполитическим взглядам отечественных консерваторов середины XIX в. На примере геополитической доктрины Ф.И. Тютчева, одного из крупнейших деятелей русского консерватизма, исследуется проблема исторического противостояния России и стран Западной Европы, тема, ставшая превалирующей во внешнеполитических построениях отечественных консерваторов XIX столетия

Современная технология организации учебного процесса в специальных медицинских группах

The quality of the teaching, professional qualification and the student‘s health remains an actual problem in modern terms for Russian universities, it depends on the organization of the teaching processКачество образования, профессиональная подготовка и здоровье студентов остается актуальной проблемой для российских университетов, что в свою очередь зависит от организации учебного процесс

ШАРЛЬ АНДРЕ ПОЦЦО ДИ БОРГО - КОРСИКАНЕЦ НА РУССКОЙ СЛУЖБЕ, "РЕШИВШИЙ СУДЬБЫ ФРАНЦИИ"

The article is devoted to the study of the worldview and activities of Carlo Andrea Poz-zo di Borgo, the Russian diplomat of Corsican descent. The author considers such aspects as the role and infl uence of Pozzo di Borgo on the foreign policy of Russia in the early 19th cen-tury, on the evolution of the Russian social thought, in particular, its conservative direction.It is also imporant to analyze the very phenomenon of French emigration in Russia in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. The French revolution was an important stage of the Russian-French rapprochement. Despite the political and ideological confrontation between the revolutionary France and autocratic Russia, one can observe the development of huma-nitarian relations, intercultural contacts, etc., which was carried out largely due to the French emigrants in the Russian service.In the late 18th - early 19th centuries in Russia, at the invitation of Catherine II and later Paul I, there came a large number of French emigrants-royalists, who, when making an oath of loyalty to the monarchical regime, not only tetained their titles in Russia, but also got high positions in the government, property, position in the society etc. The diplomatic activities of Pozzo di Borgo is an example of such service to «the Second Homeland» - that is, Rus-sia. Pozzo di Borgo played an important role in resolving international issues of Europe after the Napoleoic wars, tried to implement the concept of a stable Europe, in which the primary role was played by the monarchical principles and the legitimacy of the authorities.The general conclusion of the article is the recognition of the contribution of Pozzo di Borgo not only to the settlement of the international issues related to the solution to Euro-pean problems after the Napoleonic wars, but also to the determination of Russia’s position in the world. In the context of the public policy debates that unfolded in Russia in 1830-1840, Pozzo di Borgo’s views played a key role in the evolution of the Russian conservative thought as well as the foreign policy course of Alexander I.Статья посвящена изучению мировоззрения и деятельности Шарля Андре Поццо ди Борго - российского дипломата корсиканского происхождения. Автор рассматривает влияние Поццо ди Борго как на внешнеполитический курс России начала XIX в., так и на эволюцию отечественной общественной мысли, в частности, ее консервативного направления. Сквозь призму личной судьбы Поццо ди Борго анализируется сам феномен французской эмиграции в России в конце XVIII - начале XIX в. На основании документального материала автор определяет вклад Поццо ди Борго в урегулирование международных вопросов, связанных с решением общеевропейских проблем после наполеоновских войн, выявляет его роль в защите интересов России на мировой арене