Ampelografic evaluation of autochothonous Dalmatian grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

Dalmacija je područje bogato autohtonim sortama vinove loze, koje i danas čine značajan udio u sortimentu. Međutim, svega ih je nekoliko u širem uzgoju, a ostale su tek lokalno važne ili se nalaze u vrlo malom broju, kao prateće u mješovitim, uglavnom starijim nasadima. Cilj ovog istraživanja je provesti sveobuhvatnu ampelografsku evaluaciju na 43 autohtone dalmatinske sorte ex-situ, u dvije kolekcije (Split i Zagreb) te temeljem dobivenih rezultata procijeniti njihovu prikladnost za daljnju znanstvenu i gospodarsku eksploataciju. Evaluacija sorata provela se u tri uzastopne vinogradarske godine (2011., 2012., 2013.) te je obuhvatila ampelografska opažanja, ampelometrijska mjerenja i kemijske analize važnih grupa spojeva u moštu. Pregledom literaturnih izvora utvrđen je povijesni tijek uzgoja istraživanih sorata na području Dalmacije kao i njihova današanja rasprostranjenost na istom području. Primjenom ampelografskih deskriptora utvrđene su osnovne morfološke karakteristike istraživanih autohtonih dalmatinskih sorata te je primjenom klaster analize na izabranim morfološkim OIVdeskriptorima došlo je do grupiranja sorata temeljem nijihove sličnosti. U istraživanju su analizirane glavne uvometrijske i filometrijske karakteristike sorata, kao i mehanički pokazatelji istraživanih sorata pri čemu su izdvojene one karakteristike koje najviše doprinose razlikama između sorata. Isto tako, mjereni su i najvažniji pokazatelji kvalitete mošta istraživanih sorata (sadržaj šećera u moštu, titracijska kiselost mošta, sadržaj pojedinačnih organskih kiselina u moštu). Primjenom multivarijatnih analiza utvrđene su značajne razlike između sorata s obzirom na pojedinačne polifenolne i aromatske spojeve, te su izdvojeni spojevi koji najviše doprinose razlikama između sorata. Na temelju svih provedenih istraživanja izdvojene su neke zapostavljene, ali vrijedne sorte koje zaslužuju uvođenje u širu vinogradarsku proizvodnju.To this day, Dalmatia is an area rich in autochotonous cultivars of grapevine which make a significant share in the overall sortiment. Nevertheless, only couple of these are widely cultivated making the other cultivars either bound to local context or, in smaller numbers, accompanying mixed, mostly older, vineyards. The goal of this research was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of 43 autochotonous cultivars ex-situ, in two collections (Split and Zagreb), and, based on the results, estimate their suitability for further scientific and economic exploatiation. Evaluation of the cultivars was carried out throughout three years in a row (2011, 2012 and 2013) and it included ampelographic observations, ampelometric measurements and chemical analysis of important groups compounds in most. Overview of literature confirmed a history of cultivation of researched cultivars in Dalmatia area along with their distribution in present-day. By using ampelographic descriptors, basic morphological charasteristics of the researched cultivars were determined, along with the grouping of cultivars in distinct clusters by using a cluster analysis on chosen morphological OIV-descriptors. Main uvometric and phyllometric characteristics of cultivars were analized along with mechanical indicators of the researched cultivars. Based on these analysis', characteristics which contributed the most to differences between cultivars were singled out. In addition, the most significant quality indicators of must were measured in cultivars (content of sugar in most, titratable acidity of most, content of the individual organic acids in must). Morphological variability was determined by using the chosen morphologic descriptors among the cultivars. Also, significant differences among cultivars were determined by using the multivariant analysis on the individual poliphenolic and aromatic compounds singling out the compounds which contributed the most to differences between cultivars. Based on the conducted research, some cultivars are neglected, but valuable cultivars worth introducing into a wider vinegrowing production

Ampelografic evaluation of autochothonous Dalmatian grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

Dalmacija je područje bogato autohtonim sortama vinove loze, koje i danas čine značajan udio u sortimentu. Međutim, svega ih je nekoliko u širem uzgoju, a ostale su tek lokalno važne ili se nalaze u vrlo malom broju, kao prateće u mješovitim, uglavnom starijim nasadima. Cilj ovog istraživanja je provesti sveobuhvatnu ampelografsku evaluaciju na 43 autohtone dalmatinske sorte ex-situ, u dvije kolekcije (Split i Zagreb) te temeljem dobivenih rezultata procijeniti njihovu prikladnost za daljnju znanstvenu i gospodarsku eksploataciju. Evaluacija sorata provela se u tri uzastopne vinogradarske godine (2011., 2012., 2013.) te je obuhvatila ampelografska opažanja, ampelometrijska mjerenja i kemijske analize važnih grupa spojeva u moštu. Pregledom literaturnih izvora utvrđen je povijesni tijek uzgoja istraživanih sorata na području Dalmacije kao i njihova današanja rasprostranjenost na istom području. Primjenom ampelografskih deskriptora utvrđene su osnovne morfološke karakteristike istraživanih autohtonih dalmatinskih sorata te je primjenom klaster analize na izabranim morfološkim OIVdeskriptorima došlo je do grupiranja sorata temeljem nijihove sličnosti. U istraživanju su analizirane glavne uvometrijske i filometrijske karakteristike sorata, kao i mehanički pokazatelji istraživanih sorata pri čemu su izdvojene one karakteristike koje najviše doprinose razlikama između sorata. Isto tako, mjereni su i najvažniji pokazatelji kvalitete mošta istraživanih sorata (sadržaj šećera u moštu, titracijska kiselost mošta, sadržaj pojedinačnih organskih kiselina u moštu). Primjenom multivarijatnih analiza utvrđene su značajne razlike između sorata s obzirom na pojedinačne polifenolne i aromatske spojeve, te su izdvojeni spojevi koji najviše doprinose razlikama između sorata. Na temelju svih provedenih istraživanja izdvojene su neke zapostavljene, ali vrijedne sorte koje zaslužuju uvođenje u širu vinogradarsku proizvodnju.To this day, Dalmatia is an area rich in autochotonous cultivars of grapevine which make a significant share in the overall sortiment. Nevertheless, only couple of these are widely cultivated making the other cultivars either bound to local context or, in smaller numbers, accompanying mixed, mostly older, vineyards. The goal of this research was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of 43 autochotonous cultivars ex-situ, in two collections (Split and Zagreb), and, based on the results, estimate their suitability for further scientific and economic exploatiation. Evaluation of the cultivars was carried out throughout three years in a row (2011, 2012 and 2013) and it included ampelographic observations, ampelometric measurements and chemical analysis of important groups compounds in most. Overview of literature confirmed a history of cultivation of researched cultivars in Dalmatia area along with their distribution in present-day. By using ampelographic descriptors, basic morphological charasteristics of the researched cultivars were determined, along with the grouping of cultivars in distinct clusters by using a cluster analysis on chosen morphological OIV-descriptors. Main uvometric and phyllometric characteristics of cultivars were analized along with mechanical indicators of the researched cultivars. Based on these analysis', characteristics which contributed the most to differences between cultivars were singled out. In addition, the most significant quality indicators of must were measured in cultivars (content of sugar in most, titratable acidity of most, content of the individual organic acids in must). Morphological variability was determined by using the chosen morphologic descriptors among the cultivars. Also, significant differences among cultivars were determined by using the multivariant analysis on the individual poliphenolic and aromatic compounds singling out the compounds which contributed the most to differences between cultivars. Based on the conducted research, some cultivars are neglected, but valuable cultivars worth introducing into a wider vinegrowing production

Ampelografic evaluation of autochothonous Dalmatian grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

Dalmacija je područje bogato autohtonim sortama vinove loze, koje i danas čine značajan udio u sortimentu. Međutim, svega ih je nekoliko u širem uzgoju, a ostale su tek lokalno važne ili se nalaze u vrlo malom broju, kao prateće u mješovitim, uglavnom starijim nasadima. Cilj ovog istraživanja je provesti sveobuhvatnu ampelografsku evaluaciju na 43 autohtone dalmatinske sorte ex-situ, u dvije kolekcije (Split i Zagreb) te temeljem dobivenih rezultata procijeniti njihovu prikladnost za daljnju znanstvenu i gospodarsku eksploataciju. Evaluacija sorata provela se u tri uzastopne vinogradarske godine (2011., 2012., 2013.) te je obuhvatila ampelografska opažanja, ampelometrijska mjerenja i kemijske analize važnih grupa spojeva u moštu. Pregledom literaturnih izvora utvrđen je povijesni tijek uzgoja istraživanih sorata na području Dalmacije kao i njihova današanja rasprostranjenost na istom području. Primjenom ampelografskih deskriptora utvrđene su osnovne morfološke karakteristike istraživanih autohtonih dalmatinskih sorata te je primjenom klaster analize na izabranim morfološkim OIVdeskriptorima došlo je do grupiranja sorata temeljem nijihove sličnosti. U istraživanju su analizirane glavne uvometrijske i filometrijske karakteristike sorata, kao i mehanički pokazatelji istraživanih sorata pri čemu su izdvojene one karakteristike koje najviše doprinose razlikama između sorata. Isto tako, mjereni su i najvažniji pokazatelji kvalitete mošta istraživanih sorata (sadržaj šećera u moštu, titracijska kiselost mošta, sadržaj pojedinačnih organskih kiselina u moštu). Primjenom multivarijatnih analiza utvrđene su značajne razlike između sorata s obzirom na pojedinačne polifenolne i aromatske spojeve, te su izdvojeni spojevi koji najviše doprinose razlikama između sorata. Na temelju svih provedenih istraživanja izdvojene su neke zapostavljene, ali vrijedne sorte koje zaslužuju uvođenje u širu vinogradarsku proizvodnju.To this day, Dalmatia is an area rich in autochotonous cultivars of grapevine which make a significant share in the overall sortiment. Nevertheless, only couple of these are widely cultivated making the other cultivars either bound to local context or, in smaller numbers, accompanying mixed, mostly older, vineyards. The goal of this research was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of 43 autochotonous cultivars ex-situ, in two collections (Split and Zagreb), and, based on the results, estimate their suitability for further scientific and economic exploatiation. Evaluation of the cultivars was carried out throughout three years in a row (2011, 2012 and 2013) and it included ampelographic observations, ampelometric measurements and chemical analysis of important groups compounds in most. Overview of literature confirmed a history of cultivation of researched cultivars in Dalmatia area along with their distribution in present-day. By using ampelographic descriptors, basic morphological charasteristics of the researched cultivars were determined, along with the grouping of cultivars in distinct clusters by using a cluster analysis on chosen morphological OIV-descriptors. Main uvometric and phyllometric characteristics of cultivars were analized along with mechanical indicators of the researched cultivars. Based on these analysis', characteristics which contributed the most to differences between cultivars were singled out. In addition, the most significant quality indicators of must were measured in cultivars (content of sugar in most, titratable acidity of most, content of the individual organic acids in must). Morphological variability was determined by using the chosen morphologic descriptors among the cultivars. Also, significant differences among cultivars were determined by using the multivariant analysis on the individual poliphenolic and aromatic compounds singling out the compounds which contributed the most to differences between cultivars. Based on the conducted research, some cultivars are neglected, but valuable cultivars worth introducing into a wider vinegrowing production

New trends in plant material production of autochthonous grapevine cultivars

U Hrvatskoj, kao i u svim mediteranskim zemljama, već se stoljećima njeguje tradicija proizvodnje grožđa i vina. Čitav niz geografskih i klimatskih osobitosti, ali i povijesno društvenih okolnosti, uvjetovale su da se tijekom stoljeća na malome teritoriju pojavi velika raznolikost sortimenta vinove loze. U 19. stoljeću pojavom filoksere i kriptogenih bolesti te gospodarsko-ekonomskih neprilika dolazi do masovnog napuštanja tradicionalnog načina vinogradarenja te izumiranja brojnih sorata vinove loze. Znanstveni projekt „Ampelografska i genetička evaluacija autohtonih sorata vinove loze“ kao i niz stručnih projekata na Agronomskom fakultetu u Zagrebu pokrenuti su s ciljem detaljne evaluacije preostalog sortimenta vinove loze u Republici Hrvatskoj i njegove revitalizacije. U isto vrijeme aktivnom državnom politikom povećanja proizvodnih površina pod trajnim nasadima učinjeni su veliki koraci u procesu gospodarske revitalizacije određenog broja autohtonih sorata. Proizvodnja sadnog materijala vinove loze u razdoblju od 2004. godine do 2010. godine bilježi kontinuirani rast, a svoj vrhunac doživljava 2006. i 2007. godine. Povećanje proizvodnje vidljivo je i kod autohtonih sorata - kako po ukupnoj količini tako i po povećanju broja sorata. U proizvodnji cjepova auohtonog sortimenta najveći udio zauzimaju tradicionalno najpopularnije sorte kao što su Plavac mali i Malvazija istarska, ali slijede ih i sorte Debit, Plavina, Babić, Maraština, Pošip, Žlahtina te neke druge sorte poput Crljenka kaštelanskog i Malvasije dubrovačke. Početak proizvodnje sadnog materijala određenog dijela autohonih sorata možemo povezati s rezultatima ranije navedenih projekata. Te činjenice govore o sve većoj popularnosti, ali i važnosti autohtonih sorata na hrvatskom vinskom tržištu, što svakako pridonosi reputaciji Hrvatske kao mediteranske zemlje vrlo bogate vinogradarske i vinarske kulture te očuvanih biljnih resursa.In Croatia, like in all Mediterranean countries, there is a centuries-old tradition in grape and wine production. A whole set of geographical and climate characteristics, next to historical and social circumstances, caused diversity in grapevine cultivars in such a small territory. Economic problems, together with the emersion of phylloxera and cryptogenic diseases in the 19th century caused the disappearance of traditional ways in viticulture along with the extinction of respectable number of cultivars of the grapevine. Scientific project "Ampelographic and genetic evaluation of the autochthonous grapevine cultivars“, next to many other projects on the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb were started with the purpose of making a detailed evaluation of the remaining grapevine cultivars in Croatia and their revitalization. At the same time, an active government policy supporting the increase of grapevine production resulted in an economic revitalization of a certain number of autochthonous grapevine cultivars. The production of the grapevine planting material in the period from 2004 to 2010 grew continuously and reached its top in 2006 and 2007. When it comes to autochthonous cultivars, the upsurge in the production is visible as in the total quantity, so in the increasing number of cultivars. In the production of planting material of the autochthonous cultivars, the highest share belongs to traditionally the most popular cultivars Plavac Mali and Malvazija istarska, following by cultivars Debit, Plavina, Babic, Marastina, Posip, Zlahtina, Crljenak kastelanski and Malvasija dubrovacka. The beginning of the production of the planting material of certain autochthonous cultivars can be associated with the results of the projects mentioned above. These facts show the increase in the popularity and importance of the autochthonous cultivars in Croatian wine market, which certainly encourages Croatia’s reputation of a Mediterranean country with a very rich grape vine and wine culture and preserved natural resources

Ampelographic characteristics of clone candidates of variety Grk (V. vinifera, L.) in year 2010

Grk je autohtona sorta vinove loze sa ženskim cvijetom koja se uzgaja na području primorske Hrvatske. Od 2006. godine provodi se klonska selekcija sorte Grk. U pokusni nasad “Baštica” 2007. posađeno je vegetativno potomstvo odabranih matičnih trseva s pozitivnim karakteristikama koji su ujedno pokazali odsutnost gospodarski štetnih virusa. Utvrđeno je kako između klonskih kandidata postoje visoko signifikantne razlike u svim mjerenim svojstvima. Također je utvrđeno da udio neoplođenih bobica tj. pasolina ima utjecaj na uvometrijske karakteristike, te kemijska svojstva mošta. Provedena je i odgovarajuća statistička obrada podataka s ciljem utvrđivanja značajnosti razlika između klonskih kandidata na sva mjerena svojstva.Grk is an autochthonous grapevine cultivar dominantly grown in Costal Croatia region. A clonal selection of Grk cultivar has been conducted since 2006. Vegetative offsprings of chosen mother vines with positive characteristics, which have also shown the lack of economically harmful viruses, were planted in the experimental plantation “Baštica“. Significant differences between clonal candidates were determined in all characteristics evaluated. It is also determined that proportion of seedless berries has an impact on must chemical composition and some uvometric characteristics. A matching statistical data processing was conducted with the goal of determining the significance of differences between clone candidates to all measured characteristics

Cryopreservation Protocols for Grapevine Shoot Tips

Grapevine is an important plant species known worldwide, counting more than 10,000 cultivars of Vitis vinifera spread all over the world. There is a strong need for long-term conservation of grapevine genetic resources. With so polymorphic species, it is highly difficult to obtain relevant results considering that cryopreservation protocols were established testing only few very often specific cultivars. Regarding cryopreservation protocols, many factors are influencing the final result. Research articles processing cryopreservation protocols of grapevine are reporting a percentage of recovery, but a broader application of some protocol on a large range of Vitis vinifera cultivars is limited. How to design an efficient cryopreservation protocol, starting from plant material to the appropriate observation of recovery, will be discussed in this chapter

Ampelographic characteristics of clone candidates of cultivar Pošip (V. vinifera L.) in experimental plantation “Baštica” in 2010

Pošip je autohtona sorta vinove loze iz područja primorske Hrvatske koja se najvećim dijelom uzgaja na otoku Korčuli. Od 2006. godine ta je sorta uključena u postupak klonske selekcije. U pokusni nasad „Baštica“ 2007. godine posađeno je vegetativno potomstvo odabranih matičnih trseva s pozitivnim karakteristikama koji su ujedno pokazali odsutnost gospodarski štetnih virusa. U 2010. godini na klonskim je kandidatima provedena ampelografska analiza koja uključuje mjerenje prinosa grožđa po trsu, uvometrijska mjerenja te kemijsku analizu mošta. Prikupljeni podaci statistički su obrađeni i interpretirani kako bi se utvrdile značajne razlike među kandidatima. U većini promatranih parametara utvrđene su visoko signifikantne razlike. Signifikantna razlika nije utvrđena jedino u prosječnoj masi grozda. Mehaničkom analizom grozda utvrđen je kod određenog broja klonova iznimno visok udio mesa u grozdu.Pošip is an autochthonous grapevine cultivar dominantly grown in Costal Croatian region, mostly expanded on the island of Korčula. Since 2006 this grapevine variety is included in process of clonal selection. Vegetative offspring of chosen mother vines with positive characteristic, which have also shown the lack of economically harmful viruses, were planted in the experimental plantation “Baštica“. In 2010 there was made an ampelographic evaluation which included yield per vine measurement, uvometric research and chemical analysis of must. An adequate statistical data processing was carried out in order to determine the significance of differences between the clonal candidates. It was determined that there are highly significant differences between clone candidates in all of the measured characteristics. Significant difference is not registered only in bunch weight parameter. As well, mechanical analysis of bunches has shown very high content of pulp in total bunch weight

Quality of red wines from different grape varieties V. vinifere L aged in slavonian oak barrels

Utjecaj srednje i jako paljenih bačava (225 L) od slavonske hrstovine na kakvoću crnih vina praćen je tijekom 9 mjeseci dozrijevanja. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike u kemijskom sastavu i senzornim svojstvima vina ´Cabernet Sauvignon´, ´Merlot´ i ´Petit Verdot´. Promjene u kemijskom sastavu vina praćene su metodom plinska kromatografija-masena spektrometrija (GC-MS) temeljem uzorkovanja vina svakih 3 mjeseca. Utvrđen je različiti intenzitet ekstrakcije polifenolnih spojeva, ovisno o jačini paljenja bačava koji je najviše utjecao na koncentracije eugenola, gvajakola, vanilina te cis i trans-hrastovog laktona. Na koncentracije ostalih laktona (γ-heksalakton, γ-nonalakton, γ-dekalakton) veći utjecaj je imala sorta u odnosu na jačinu paljena i vrijeme dozrijevanja. Ekstrakcija hlapivih spojeva iz drva bila je različita među ispitivanim vinima pri čemu je u vinu ´Cabernet Sauvignon´ bila najintenzivnija. Razlike su utvrđene i u koncentracijama hlapivih fenola. Tako su vina ´Petit Verdot´ imala najnižu koncentraciju etil-fenola i etilgvajakola dok je veća koncentracija zabilježena u vinima ´Cabernet Sauvignon´ neovisno o jačini paljenja. Prema rezultatima senzornog ocjenjivanja bolja su vina dozrijevana u srednje paljenim bačvama u odnosu na ona iz jako paljenih, pri čemu je ukupno najbolje ocijenjeno vino sorte ´Merlot´.The wood-related volatile profile of red wines aged in medium and hard toasted Croatian oak barrels was studied by GC–MS method. The objective of this study was to describe the differences in chemical composition and sensory properties of the \u27Cabernet Sauvignon,\u27 \u27Merlot\u27 and \u27Petit Verdot\u27 wines during the nine months aging period. Different rates of extraction have been observed, depending on the toasting method used. The toasting level influenced more considerably eugenol, guaiacol, vanillin and cis and trans-oak lactone concentrations. Among other lactones analysed (γ-hexalactone, γ-nonalactone, γ-decalactone), grape variety had more pronounced influence than toasting level and aging period. The accumulation of oak compounds was different, depending on the wine aged in the barrels with the extraction rate being more favoured in the Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Marked difference was noted in the ethyl phenols concentrations among tested wines. \u27Petiti Verdot\u27 contained the lowest levels of both phenols (ethyl phenol and guaiacol) while higher concentrations were noted in Cabernet Sauvignon wines regardless of the toasting level. Sensory evaluation pointed out better overall quality of wines aged in medium toasted barrels while among varieties, best results were achieved in Merlot wines