ROOF GARDENS – MANDATORY PART OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE – YES OR NO?

Prebrza urbanizacija dovela je do naglog širenja gradova i smanjenja životnog prostora. Intervencijom čovjeka u neposredan životni prostor i okoliš, svakim se danom izgubi nekoliko stotina biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. Stoga se je cijeli svijet orijentirao na održivi razvoj i očuvanje biološke raznolikosti. U te nove etničke modele održivog razvoja društva uopće, uključila se je i struka oblikovanja krajobraza i krajobrazna arhitektura, na način izgradnje zelenih prostora na krovu tkz. krovnih vrtova. Iako je početno ulaganje u takve strukture skupo, neke zemlje svijeta (Francuska, Kanada) već su zakonski uvjetovale izgradnju krovnih vrtova. Hrvatska ima struku i primjere korištenja krovova u svrhu zelenih površina te dobro iskustvo, ali ne i opravdano tržište. Stoga gledajući u budućnost, na pitanje krovni vrt - da ili ne, odgovor je ''da''.The process of too rapid urbanization has led to major expansion of cities and the reduction of living space. Due to human intervention in the immediate living space and environment, several hundreds of plant and animal species are lost every day. Therefore, the whole world is focused on sustainable development and biodiversity preservation. These new ethnical models of sustainable development of society in general encourage experts in the field of landscape planning and landscape architecture to design green spaces on the roofs, so called roof gardens. Although the initial investment in such structures is high, some countries (France, Canada) introduced a legal obligation to plant roof gardens. Croatia has the experts in the field and good examples in the practice of green roof spaces, but it is not justified by the market. Looking to the future, roof gardens are given a ''yes''

Influence of the microbiological fertilizer application on the availability of organic phosphorus in the soil

Organski fosfor, kao oblik fosfora u tlu, sastavni je dio brojnih kemijskih spojeva, o kojima uvelike ovisi pristupačnost fosfora biljkama. Većina poljoprivrednih tala sadrže od 20 do 60 % organski vezanog fosfora, a on u tlo dospijeva nakon razgradnje biljnih ostataka ili dodatkom organskog gnojiva i podliježe procesu mineralizacije pod utjecajem mikroorganizama u tlu. Mikrobiološke transformacije fosfora obuhvaćaju procese mineralizacije organskih fosfornih spojeva (fosfomineralizacija), razlaganje anorganskih spojeva fosfora (fosfomobilizacija) te redukciju oksidiranih anorganskih oblika fosfora (defosfofikacija). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj mikrobiološkog pripravka za tretiranje tla na povećanje pristupačnosti organskog fosfora u tlu. Također, pretpostavlja se da na sadržaj organskog fosfora u tlu, kao i na aktivnost mikroorganizama, velik utjecaj imaju sadržaj humusa te pH reakcija tla, stoga je cilj bio utvrditi i korelacije između navedenih svojstava. Statističkom analizom podataka (ANOVA), statistički značajna razlika u sadržaju organskog fosfora bez kloroforma, prije postavljanja pokusa, utvrđena je na tretmanima KMP i pMP dok je kod sadržaja organskog fosfora s kloroformom statistički značajna razlika utvrđena između tretmana K i p. Nadalje, vrlo visoka statistički značajna korelacija utvrđena je između sadržaja organskog fosfora i sadržaja humusa prije postavljanja pokusa (r = 0,94), dok se nakon žetve ona značajno smanjila (r = 0,42). Visoka korelacija prije postavljanja pokusa utvrđena je i između supstitucijske kiselosti i sadržaja organskog fosfora (r = 0,67), koja se također smanjila nakon žetve soje (r = 0,53). Nakon žetve soje nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika unutar tretmana kod sadržaja organskog fosfora kako bez tako i s kloroformom. Generalno možemo reći, kako je primjena mikrobiološkog pripravaka dovela do povećanja pristupačnosti organskog fosfora u tlu.Organic phosphorus, as a form of phosphorus in the soil, is a constituent of numerous chemical compounds, of which depends availability of phosphorus to plants. Most agricultural soils contain 20 to 60 % of organically bound phosphorus, and it comes into the soil after disintegration of plant residues or addition of organic fertilizer and is subject to the mineralization process under the influence of microorganisms in the soil. Microbiological transformations of phosphorus include processes of mineralization of organic phosphorous compounds (phosphomineralization), degradation of phosphorous inorganic compounds (phosphomobilization) and reduction of oxidized inorganic phosphorus forms (dephosphorylation). The aim of this study was to examine the influence of microbial fertilizer on increasing the availability of organic phosphorus in the soil. It is also assumed that the content of organic phosphorus in the soil, as well as the activity of microorganisms, are under a great influence of humus content and soil pH, so the aim was to determine the correlations between these properties. Statistical analysis of data (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant difference in the content of organic phosphorus, before trial setting without chloroform on KMP and pMP treatments while statistically significant difference in the content of organic phosphorus with chloroform was determined between the K and p treatments. A very high statistically significant correlation, also, was found between the content of organic phosphorus and humus content before trial setting (r = 0,94), which significantly decreased (r = 0,42) after the soybean harvest. High correlation was also found between exchangeable acidity and organic phosphorus content before trial setting (r = 0,67), which also decreased after soybean harvest (r = 0,53). However, after the soybean harvest, the data analysis did not show statistically significant differences in organic phosphorus content between the treatments with nor without the use of chloroform. Generally, it can be concluded that the application of microbial fertilizer have led to an increase in the availability of organic phosphorus in the soil

Utjecaj temperature i pH otopine na upijanje sjemena i svojstva klijanaca inkarnatke (Trifolium incarnatum L.)

Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L. convar. Inkara) seeds were imbibed with water solution of various pH values (4, 5, 6 and 7) at various ambiental temperatures (10, 15 and 22 °C) with the aim to reveal treatments effects on seed (imbibition, germination energy, germination and electric conductivity) and seedling traits (stem, root and total length). Seeds were imbibed in a laboratory by the standard method for seed germination. When averaged over the inquired pH values, ambient temperature affected all the investigated traits except stem length. The highest seed imbibition (58.8%) and electric conductivity (82 µS/cm per gram) were achieved at 22 °C. The highest values for germination energy (70%), germination (68%), root length (31 mm) and total seedling length (77 mm) were achieved at 10 °C. When averaged over the inquired ambiental temperatures, the highest germination energy (71%), germination (73%), root length (34 mm) and total seedling length (78 mm) were achieved at pH 4.U laboratorijskim uvjetima ispitivan je utjecaj upijanja sjemena inkarnatke (cv. „Inkara“) pri različitim temperaturama (10, 15 i 22 °C) i pH otopina (4, 5, 6 i 7) na svojstva sjemena (upijanje, energiju klijanja i klijavost, električni konduktivitiet) i klijanaca (dužinu stabljike, korjena te ukupnu dužinu klijanaca). Sjeme izloženo upijanju na navedenim temperaturama i pH vrijednostima otopina naklijavano je standardnom metodom. Temperatura upijanja u prosjeku za pH vrijednosti otopine upijanja utjecala je na sva ispitivana svojstva sjemena i klijanaca osim na dužinu stabljike klijanaca. Najveće vrijednosti na 22 °C dobivene su za upijanje sjemena (58,8%) i električni konduktivitet (82 µS/cm per gram). Dobivene vrijednosti za energiju (70%) i klijavost sjemena (68%) kao i dužinu korjena (31 mm) i ukupna dužina klijanaca (77 mm) bile su najveće na 10°C. U prosjeku za temperature, na pH 4 vrijednost otopine za upijanje dobivene su najveće vrijednosti za energiju klijanja (71%) i klijavost sjemena (73%), dužinu korjena (34 mm) i ukupnu dužinu klijanaca (78 mm)

Utjecaj magnetnih polova na svojstva sjemena krmnog graška (Pisum sativum L.) različite starosti

The study on the influence of magnetic poles on field pea seed of the \u27Bera\u27 variety of different ages was carried out under laboratory conditions in a growing chamber. Field pea seed were exposed to a neodymium magnet\u27s positive and negative magnetic poles with a magnetic flux density of 250 mT for 24 hours. Germination of untreated as well as magnetically poled treated seed was carried out according to ISTA rules. Seed characteristics, germination energy, and germination were determined by counting. The root and stem length of the seedlings were measured, and the total length of the field pea seedlings was added up. The total mass of the seedlings was determined by weighing. On average, seed age and magnetic poles significantly (p<0.05) increased the traits: stem length, total length, and seedling weight. On average, significant differences (p<0.05) were found for untreated and magnetic poles treated seed for all the studied traits except seedling stem length. Significant interaction (p<0.05) between magnetic pole treatment and seed age was found for all the traits studied.Istraživanje utjecaja magnetnih polova na sjeme krmnog graška kultivara „Bera“ različite starosti provedeno je u laboratorijskim uvjetima u klima komori. Sjeme graška izloženo je djelovanju pozitivnog i negativnog magnetnog pola neodimijskog magneta gustoće magnetskog toka 250 mT tijekom 24 sata. Naklijavanje netretiranog kao i magnetnim polovima tretiranog sjemena obavljeno je sukladno pravilima ISTA. Brojanjem su određena svojstva sjemena, energija klijanja i klijavost. Mjerenjem je određena dužina korijena i stabljike klijanaca te zbrajanjem ukupna dužina klijanaca krmnog graška. Vaganjem je izmjerena ukupna masa klijanaca. U prosjeku za starost sjemena, magnetni polovi su značajno (p<0,05) utjecali na: dužinu stabljike, ukupnu dužinu kao i masu klijanaca. U prosjeku za netretirano i sjeme tretirano magnetnim polovima, dobivene su značajne razlike (p<0,05) za sva ispitivana svojstva osim dužine stabljike klijanaca. Značajna interakcija (p<0,05) tretmana magnetnih polova i starosti sjemena dobivena je za sva ispitivana svojstva

Modelling the yield and profitability of intercropped walnut systems in Croatia

In Croatia, farmers are showing increasing interest in establishing walnut orchards for nut production on arable land due to higher anticipated net margins. One way to address the lack of profitability in the initial years when nut yields are low may be to plant arable intercrops. The anticipated impacts of this practice were assessed using a biophysical simulation model (Yield-SAFE) to determine the growth and yield of crops and trees in arable, orchard, and silvoarable systems, and an economic farm model (Farm-SAFE) was used to assess their profitability. The walnut orchard and the intercropped orchard systems were simulated assuming tree densities of 170, 135, and 100 trees ha−1, to determine the profitability and break-even date of the systems. The biophysical simulation predicted a decline in arable intercrop yields over time in all tree density scenarios. However, analysis of productivity of intercropped systems showed that intercropping was more productive than separate arable and walnut production for all tree density scenarios. From financial aspect, the return from intercropping helped to offset some of the initial orchard establishment costs and the arable intercrop remained profitable until the sixth year after tree planting. The modelling predicted that a system with 170 trees ha−1 that included intercropping for the first 6 years provided the greatest cumulative net margin after 20 years. The financial benefit of intercropping over the first 6 years opposed to monoculture walnut fruit production appeared to be consistent across the three tree densities studied. These results suggest that silvoarable agroforestry is profitable approach to establishing walnut orchards

ROOF GARDENS – MANDATORY PART OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE – YES OR NO?

Prebrza urbanizacija dovela je do naglog širenja gradova i smanjenja životnog prostora. Intervencijom čovjeka u neposredan životni prostor i okoliš, svakim se danom izgubi nekoliko stotina biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. Stoga se je cijeli svijet orijentirao na održivi razvoj i očuvanje biološke raznolikosti. U te nove etničke modele održivog razvoja društva uopće, uključila se je i struka oblikovanja krajobraza i krajobrazna arhitektura, na način izgradnje zelenih prostora na krovu tkz. krovnih vrtova. Iako je početno ulaganje u takve strukture skupo, neke zemlje svijeta (Francuska, Kanada) već su zakonski uvjetovale izgradnju krovnih vrtova. Hrvatska ima struku i primjere korištenja krovova u svrhu zelenih površina te dobro iskustvo, ali ne i opravdano tržište. Stoga gledajući u budućnost, na pitanje krovni vrt - da ili ne, odgovor je ''da''.The process of too rapid urbanization has led to major expansion of cities and the reduction of living space. Due to human intervention in the immediate living space and environment, several hundreds of plant and animal species are lost every day. Therefore, the whole world is focused on sustainable development and biodiversity preservation. These new ethnical models of sustainable development of society in general encourage experts in the field of landscape planning and landscape architecture to design green spaces on the roofs, so called roof gardens. Although the initial investment in such structures is high, some countries (France, Canada) introduced a legal obligation to plant roof gardens. Croatia has the experts in the field and good examples in the practice of green roof spaces, but it is not justified by the market. Looking to the future, roof gardens are given a ''yes''

Influence of the microbiological fertilizer application on the availability of organic phosphorus in the soil

Organski fosfor, kao oblik fosfora u tlu, sastavni je dio brojnih kemijskih spojeva, o kojima uvelike ovisi pristupačnost fosfora biljkama. Većina poljoprivrednih tala sadrže od 20 do 60 % organski vezanog fosfora, a on u tlo dospijeva nakon razgradnje biljnih ostataka ili dodatkom organskog gnojiva i podliježe procesu mineralizacije pod utjecajem mikroorganizama u tlu. Mikrobiološke transformacije fosfora obuhvaćaju procese mineralizacije organskih fosfornih spojeva (fosfomineralizacija), razlaganje anorganskih spojeva fosfora (fosfomobilizacija) te redukciju oksidiranih anorganskih oblika fosfora (defosfofikacija). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj mikrobiološkog pripravka za tretiranje tla na povećanje pristupačnosti organskog fosfora u tlu. Također, pretpostavlja se da na sadržaj organskog fosfora u tlu, kao i na aktivnost mikroorganizama, velik utjecaj imaju sadržaj humusa te pH reakcija tla, stoga je cilj bio utvrditi i korelacije između navedenih svojstava. Statističkom analizom podataka (ANOVA), statistički značajna razlika u sadržaju organskog fosfora bez kloroforma, prije postavljanja pokusa, utvrđena je na tretmanima KMP i pMP dok je kod sadržaja organskog fosfora s kloroformom statistički značajna razlika utvrđena između tretmana K i p. Nadalje, vrlo visoka statistički značajna korelacija utvrđena je između sadržaja organskog fosfora i sadržaja humusa prije postavljanja pokusa (r = 0,94), dok se nakon žetve ona značajno smanjila (r = 0,42). Visoka korelacija prije postavljanja pokusa utvrđena je i između supstitucijske kiselosti i sadržaja organskog fosfora (r = 0,67), koja se također smanjila nakon žetve soje (r = 0,53). Nakon žetve soje nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika unutar tretmana kod sadržaja organskog fosfora kako bez tako i s kloroformom. Generalno možemo reći, kako je primjena mikrobiološkog pripravaka dovela do povećanja pristupačnosti organskog fosfora u tlu.Organic phosphorus, as a form of phosphorus in the soil, is a constituent of numerous chemical compounds, of which depends availability of phosphorus to plants. Most agricultural soils contain 20 to 60 % of organically bound phosphorus, and it comes into the soil after disintegration of plant residues or addition of organic fertilizer and is subject to the mineralization process under the influence of microorganisms in the soil. Microbiological transformations of phosphorus include processes of mineralization of organic phosphorous compounds (phosphomineralization), degradation of phosphorous inorganic compounds (phosphomobilization) and reduction of oxidized inorganic phosphorus forms (dephosphorylation). The aim of this study was to examine the influence of microbial fertilizer on increasing the availability of organic phosphorus in the soil. It is also assumed that the content of organic phosphorus in the soil, as well as the activity of microorganisms, are under a great influence of humus content and soil pH, so the aim was to determine the correlations between these properties. Statistical analysis of data (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant difference in the content of organic phosphorus, before trial setting without chloroform on KMP and pMP treatments while statistically significant difference in the content of organic phosphorus with chloroform was determined between the K and p treatments. A very high statistically significant correlation, also, was found between the content of organic phosphorus and humus content before trial setting (r = 0,94), which significantly decreased (r = 0,42) after the soybean harvest. High correlation was also found between exchangeable acidity and organic phosphorus content before trial setting (r = 0,67), which also decreased after soybean harvest (r = 0,53). However, after the soybean harvest, the data analysis did not show statistically significant differences in organic phosphorus content between the treatments with nor without the use of chloroform. Generally, it can be concluded that the application of microbial fertilizer have led to an increase in the availability of organic phosphorus in the soil

Modeling of plant production in intercropped systems of walnut and arable crops

Konsocijacijski sustavi često su produktivniji po jedinici površine (LER>1) i usvojene vode (WER>1) nego pojedinačni sustavi. Korištenjem simulacijskih modela Yield-SAFE i Farm-SAFE analizirane su mogućnosti usijavanja ratarskih kultura u voćnjak oraha u budućim klimatskim uvjetima naše regije, s aspekta produktivnosti i isplativosti. Nadalje, analizirana je produktivnost i učinkovitost usvajanja vode u sustavima orah-heljda, orah-ječam i orah-kukuruz, a tijekom vegetacije kukuruza detaljnije su analizirani mikroklima i rast, komponente prinosa te korištenje vode i hranivih tvari kukuruza. Modelima je procijenjeno da bi, unatoč smanjenju prinosa usjeva, konsocijacijski sustavi bili produktivniji od odvojenog uzgoja oraha i usjeva, čak i nakon 20 godina. Simulirani scenarij s usijavanjem ratarskih kultura tijekom šest godina i zatim održavanja samo voćnjaka pokazao se najisplativijim tijekom simuliranog razdoblja od 20 godina. Značajan utjecaj na mikroklimu zabilježen je u starijem voćnjaku, što je rezultat većih stabala oraha i užih razmaka sadnje. LER vrijednosti bile su 1,05, 1,32 i 1,53, a WER 1,12, 1,31, i 1,83 za sustave s heljdom, kukuruzom i ječmom, redom. U konsocijaciji oraha i kukuruza uočen je negativan utjecaj stabala oraha na klijavost kukuruza, što je rezultiralo značajno manjim prinosom po ukupnoj površini u odnosu na prinos kukuruza na kontrolnoj parceli. Međutim, kukuruz u konsocijaciji ostvario je veći žetveni indeks i značajno veću masu 1000 zrna. Nisu pronađene značajne razlike između promatranih sustava kukuruza u produktivnosti po jedinici raspoloživih hraniva u tlu, niti u učinkovitosti mobilizacije dostupnih hraniva u zrno. Ipak, kukuruz u konsocijaciji dao je veći prinos zrna po jedinici apsorbiranog dušika i kalija. Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je da konsocijacija ratarskih kultura i oraha može biti održiva mjera intenziviranja poljoprivredne proizvodnje ili isplativ način prelaska s ratarske na voćarsku proizvodnju.Intercropped systems are often more productive per unit area (LER>1) and unit of water uptake (WER>1) than sole systems. Using the Yield-SAFE and Farm-SAFE simulation models, the possibilities of intercropping in walnut orchards in the future climatic conditions of our region were analyzed from the aspect of productivity and profitability. Furthermore, the productivity and water use efficiency in walnutbuckwheat, walnut-barley and walnut-maize systems were assessed, and during the maize growing season, the microclimate and growth, yield components and the use of water and nutrients of maize were analyzed in detail. The models estimated that, despite the reduction in crop yields, intercropped systems would be more productive than monoculture systems, even after 20 years. The simulated scenario with intercropping for six years and then maintaining a sole orchard proved to be the most profitable during the simulated period of 20 years. A significant impact on the microclimate was recorded in the older orchard, which is the result of larger walnut trees and narrower planting distances. LER values were 1.05, 1.32, and 1.53, and WER 1.12, 1.31, and 1.83 for buckwheat, maize, and barley systems, respectively. In the walnut-maize system, a negative effect of walnut trees on the germination of maize was observed, which resulted in a significantly lower yield per total area compared to the yield of monoculture maize. However, intercropped maize achieved a higher harvest index and significantly higher 1000 kernel weight. No significant differences were found between observed maize systems in productivity per unit of available nutrients in the soil, nor in the efficiency of mobilization of available nutrients into grain. Nevertheless, intercropped maize produced a higher grain yield per unit of absorbed nitrogen and potassium. This research showed that intercropping arable crops in walnut orchard can be a sustainable measure of agricultural production intensification or a cost-effective way of switching from arable to fruit production

Modeling of plant production in intercropped systems of walnut and arable crops

Konsocijacijski sustavi često su produktivniji po jedinici površine (LER>1) i usvojene vode (WER>1) nego pojedinačni sustavi. Korištenjem simulacijskih modela Yield-SAFE i Farm-SAFE analizirane su mogućnosti usijavanja ratarskih kultura u voćnjak oraha u budućim klimatskim uvjetima naše regije, s aspekta produktivnosti i isplativosti. Nadalje, analizirana je produktivnost i učinkovitost usvajanja vode u sustavima orah-heljda, orah-ječam i orah-kukuruz, a tijekom vegetacije kukuruza detaljnije su analizirani mikroklima i rast, komponente prinosa te korištenje vode i hranivih tvari kukuruza. Modelima je procijenjeno da bi, unatoč smanjenju prinosa usjeva, konsocijacijski sustavi bili produktivniji od odvojenog uzgoja oraha i usjeva, čak i nakon 20 godina. Simulirani scenarij s usijavanjem ratarskih kultura tijekom šest godina i zatim održavanja samo voćnjaka pokazao se najisplativijim tijekom simuliranog razdoblja od 20 godina. Značajan utjecaj na mikroklimu zabilježen je u starijem voćnjaku, što je rezultat većih stabala oraha i užih razmaka sadnje. LER vrijednosti bile su 1,05, 1,32 i 1,53, a WER 1,12, 1,31, i 1,83 za sustave s heljdom, kukuruzom i ječmom, redom. U konsocijaciji oraha i kukuruza uočen je negativan utjecaj stabala oraha na klijavost kukuruza, što je rezultiralo značajno manjim prinosom po ukupnoj površini u odnosu na prinos kukuruza na kontrolnoj parceli. Međutim, kukuruz u konsocijaciji ostvario je veći žetveni indeks i značajno veću masu 1000 zrna. Nisu pronađene značajne razlike između promatranih sustava kukuruza u produktivnosti po jedinici raspoloživih hraniva u tlu, niti u učinkovitosti mobilizacije dostupnih hraniva u zrno. Ipak, kukuruz u konsocijaciji dao je veći prinos zrna po jedinici apsorbiranog dušika i kalija. Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je da konsocijacija ratarskih kultura i oraha može biti održiva mjera intenziviranja poljoprivredne proizvodnje ili isplativ način prelaska s ratarske na voćarsku proizvodnju.Intercropped systems are often more productive per unit area (LER>1) and unit of water uptake (WER>1) than sole systems. Using the Yield-SAFE and Farm-SAFE simulation models, the possibilities of intercropping in walnut orchards in the future climatic conditions of our region were analyzed from the aspect of productivity and profitability. Furthermore, the productivity and water use efficiency in walnutbuckwheat, walnut-barley and walnut-maize systems were assessed, and during the maize growing season, the microclimate and growth, yield components and the use of water and nutrients of maize were analyzed in detail. The models estimated that, despite the reduction in crop yields, intercropped systems would be more productive than monoculture systems, even after 20 years. The simulated scenario with intercropping for six years and then maintaining a sole orchard proved to be the most profitable during the simulated period of 20 years. A significant impact on the microclimate was recorded in the older orchard, which is the result of larger walnut trees and narrower planting distances. LER values were 1.05, 1.32, and 1.53, and WER 1.12, 1.31, and 1.83 for buckwheat, maize, and barley systems, respectively. In the walnut-maize system, a negative effect of walnut trees on the germination of maize was observed, which resulted in a significantly lower yield per total area compared to the yield of monoculture maize. However, intercropped maize achieved a higher harvest index and significantly higher 1000 kernel weight. No significant differences were found between observed maize systems in productivity per unit of available nutrients in the soil, nor in the efficiency of mobilization of available nutrients into grain. Nevertheless, intercropped maize produced a higher grain yield per unit of absorbed nitrogen and potassium. This research showed that intercropping arable crops in walnut orchard can be a sustainable measure of agricultural production intensification or a cost-effective way of switching from arable to fruit production

Modeling of plant production in intercropped systems of walnut and arable crops

Konsocijacijski sustavi često su produktivniji po jedinici površine (LER>1) i usvojene vode (WER>1) nego pojedinačni sustavi. Korištenjem simulacijskih modela Yield-SAFE i Farm-SAFE analizirane su mogućnosti usijavanja ratarskih kultura u voćnjak oraha u budućim klimatskim uvjetima naše regije, s aspekta produktivnosti i isplativosti. Nadalje, analizirana je produktivnost i učinkovitost usvajanja vode u sustavima orah-heljda, orah-ječam i orah-kukuruz, a tijekom vegetacije kukuruza detaljnije su analizirani mikroklima i rast, komponente prinosa te korištenje vode i hranivih tvari kukuruza. Modelima je procijenjeno da bi, unatoč smanjenju prinosa usjeva, konsocijacijski sustavi bili produktivniji od odvojenog uzgoja oraha i usjeva, čak i nakon 20 godina. Simulirani scenarij s usijavanjem ratarskih kultura tijekom šest godina i zatim održavanja samo voćnjaka pokazao se najisplativijim tijekom simuliranog razdoblja od 20 godina. Značajan utjecaj na mikroklimu zabilježen je u starijem voćnjaku, što je rezultat većih stabala oraha i užih razmaka sadnje. LER vrijednosti bile su 1,05, 1,32 i 1,53, a WER 1,12, 1,31, i 1,83 za sustave s heljdom, kukuruzom i ječmom, redom. U konsocijaciji oraha i kukuruza uočen je negativan utjecaj stabala oraha na klijavost kukuruza, što je rezultiralo značajno manjim prinosom po ukupnoj površini u odnosu na prinos kukuruza na kontrolnoj parceli. Međutim, kukuruz u konsocijaciji ostvario je veći žetveni indeks i značajno veću masu 1000 zrna. Nisu pronađene značajne razlike između promatranih sustava kukuruza u produktivnosti po jedinici raspoloživih hraniva u tlu, niti u učinkovitosti mobilizacije dostupnih hraniva u zrno. Ipak, kukuruz u konsocijaciji dao je veći prinos zrna po jedinici apsorbiranog dušika i kalija. Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je da konsocijacija ratarskih kultura i oraha može biti održiva mjera intenziviranja poljoprivredne proizvodnje ili isplativ način prelaska s ratarske na voćarsku proizvodnju.Intercropped systems are often more productive per unit area (LER>1) and unit of water uptake (WER>1) than sole systems. Using the Yield-SAFE and Farm-SAFE simulation models, the possibilities of intercropping in walnut orchards in the future climatic conditions of our region were analyzed from the aspect of productivity and profitability. Furthermore, the productivity and water use efficiency in walnutbuckwheat, walnut-barley and walnut-maize systems were assessed, and during the maize growing season, the microclimate and growth, yield components and the use of water and nutrients of maize were analyzed in detail. The models estimated that, despite the reduction in crop yields, intercropped systems would be more productive than monoculture systems, even after 20 years. The simulated scenario with intercropping for six years and then maintaining a sole orchard proved to be the most profitable during the simulated period of 20 years. A significant impact on the microclimate was recorded in the older orchard, which is the result of larger walnut trees and narrower planting distances. LER values were 1.05, 1.32, and 1.53, and WER 1.12, 1.31, and 1.83 for buckwheat, maize, and barley systems, respectively. In the walnut-maize system, a negative effect of walnut trees on the germination of maize was observed, which resulted in a significantly lower yield per total area compared to the yield of monoculture maize. However, intercropped maize achieved a higher harvest index and significantly higher 1000 kernel weight. No significant differences were found between observed maize systems in productivity per unit of available nutrients in the soil, nor in the efficiency of mobilization of available nutrients into grain. Nevertheless, intercropped maize produced a higher grain yield per unit of absorbed nitrogen and potassium. This research showed that intercropping arable crops in walnut orchard can be a sustainable measure of agricultural production intensification or a cost-effective way of switching from arable to fruit production