Problemi u mjerenju i neadekvatna parcijalizacija utjecaja tjelesne aktivnosti i spavanja umanjuju vjerodostojnost istraživanja sedentarnog ponašanja – trebalo bi se preusmjeriti na ravnotežu između spavanja, sedentarnog ponašanja, stajanja i aktivnosti

This paper critically appraised 54 recent studies linking sedentary behaviour (SB) and health, specifically regarding their assessment of SB and adjustments for physical activity (PA) and sleep. Almost 90% of the studies collected SB data using self-reports and 59% of these measures had not been previously validated. The majority of studies did not adjust for total PA or for both light-intensity PA (LIPA) and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA), and a large number of studies did not adjust for all domains of PA. It may, therefore, be that these adjustments were not thorough enough to allow for sound conclusions about the independent associations between SB and health outcomes. Sleep time is also likely to act as a confounding variable in associations between SB and health outcomes. Despite that, only three reviewed studies adjusted their analyses for sleep duration. Evidence presented here casts doubt upon the conclusions about independent associations between SB and health outcomes. Given the facts that: 1) the proportions of time allotted to sleep, SB, standing, LIPA and MVPA are perfectly collinear, 2) all these behaviours may be associated with health, and 3) mutual adjustments between all these variables are needed if their independent contributions to Health are to be determined, it seems that investigating the balance between times spent in these behaviours is the next logical step in epidemiological research. This paper, therefore, proposes the Activity Balance Model (AB model); a new theoretical framework for investigating associations of sleep duration, SB, standing, LIPA and MVPA with health outcomes.U ovome su radu kritički ocijenjena 54 istraživanja o povezanosti sedentarnog ponašanja i zdravlja, pri čemu je fokus na metodama prikupljanja podataka o sedentarnom ponašanju i parcijalizaciji utjecaja tjelesne aktivnosti i vremena provedenoga u spavanju. Gotovo 90% pregledanih istraživanja prikupilo je podatke o sedentarnom ponašanju koristeći anketne metode. Za 59% tih instrumenata prethodno nisu utvrđene mjerne karakteristike. Većina istraživanja nije parcijalizirala utjecaj tjelesne aktivnosti svih razina intenziteta ili ukupne tjelesne aktivnosti, a veći broj istraživanja nije parcijalizirao utjecaj tjelesne aktivnosti u svim domenama. Stoga se može zaključiti da te parcijalizacije nisu bile dovoljno temeljite da bi osigurale donošenje vjerodostojnih zaključaka o nezavisnom utjecaju sedentarnog ponašanja na zdravlje. Vrijeme provedeno u spavanju je također jedan od mogućih čimbenika koji posreduju u povezanosti između sedentarnog ponašanja i zdravlja. Unatoč tome, samo su tri istraživanja uključena u ovaj pregled parcijalizirala utjecaj vremena provedenoga u spavanju. Taj metodološki propust dodatno dovodi u pitanje zaključke o izravnom utjecaju sedentarnog ponašanja na zdravlje. Ako se u obzir uzme: 1) da su udjeli vremena provedenoga u spavanju, sedentarnom ponašanju, stajanju, tjelesnoj aktivnosti niskog intenziteta i tjelesnoj aktivnosti umjerenog do visokog intenziteta potpuno linearno zavisni, 2) svi ti oblici ponašanja mogu biti povezani sa zdravljem i 3) međusobna parcijalizacija utjecaja je nužna da bi se utvrdili nezavisni utjecaji tih varijabli na zdravlje, nameće se zaključak da je istraživanje ravnoteže između vremena provedenoga u tim oblicima ponašanjima sljedeći logični korak u epidemiološkim istraživanjima. Stoga je u ovome radu predložen „Activity Balance Model (AB model)“ – novi teorijski okvir za istraživanja zdravstvenih utjecaja vremena provedenog u spavanju, sedentarnom ponašanju, stajanju, tjelesnoj aktivnosti niskog intenziteta i tjelesnoj aktivnosti umjerenog do visokog intenziteta

Nonlinear Ship Rolling and Capsizing

The existing level of ship safety rules is presented and analysed, and guidelines for upgrading and improving the rules are given. An uncoupled equation of ship rolling is set and the methods for solving nonlinear ship rolling in regular and irregular waves are presented. Calculations of rolling for a particular ship in regular and irregular waves are done using the harmonic acceleration method. Nonlinear response phenomena are analysed. Capsizing probability is calculated by means of nonlinear dynamics (basin erosion technique). Based on these calculations new criteria for ship stability are recommended, based on the use of the ship survivability diagrams

Methods of surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence

Inkontinencija mokraće u žena učestali je problem te se definira kao svako nevoljno otjecanje mokraće koje se može objektivno dokazati, a predstavlja socijalni i higijenski problem. Cilj ovog preglednog rada prikazati je metode operativnog liječenja inkontinencije mokraće u žena. U radu su prezentirani najvažniji oblici uretralne inkontinencije mokraće: statička (stresna) inkontinencija, urgentna inkontinencija te miješana inkontinencija. Rasa, indeks tjelesne mase, menopauza, porod, nasljeđe, pušenje, kronične plućne bolesti i histerektomija predstavljaju rizične čimbenike za nastanak inkontinencije mokraće. Posljedice inkontinencije mokraće su brojne, a sve imaju negativan utjecaj na zdravlje i kvalitetu života. Detaljna medicinska anamneza predstavlja prvi korak postavljanja dijagnoze urinarne inkontinencije. Kako bi se prikupili rezultati o sposobnosti skladištenja i eliminacije mokraće sa svrhom procjene funkcije mokraćnog mjehura i uretre, provodi se urodinamska obrada.U literaturi je opisano više od 200 različitih kirurških tehnika liječenja inkontinencije mokraće, što znači da ne postoji univerzalna metoda primjenjiva za svaku vrstu inkontinencije i za svaku pacijenticu ponaosob. U radu su opisane sljedeće metode operativnog liječenja: retropubična uretropeksija (kolposuspenzija); „sling“ metode; retropubične metode; transopturatorne metode; mini „sling“-ovi te „bulking“ metode. Rad donosi i sistematizaciju mogućih komplikacija nakon operativnih zahvata. Metode operativnog liječenja inkontinencije mokraće u žena su brojne, ali se od zdravstvenih djelatnika očekuju nova kreativnija i kvalitetnija rješenja.Urinary incontinence in women is a common problem, defined as any involuntary release of urine that can be objectively proven, and poses a social and hygiene problem. The aim of this review paper is to present the methods of operative treatment of urinary incontinence in women. The paper presents the most important forms of urinary incontinence: static (stress) incontinence, urge incontinence, and mixed incontinence. Race, body mass index, menopause, birth, heredity, smoking, chronic pulmonary diseases and hysterectomy are known risk factors for urinary incontinence. The consequences of urinary incontinence are numerous, all having a negative impact on health and quality of life. Making a detailed anamnesis is the first step in diagnosing urinary incontinence. In order to collect the results about the ability to store and eliminate urine with the purpose of evaluating urinary bladder and urethral function, urodynamic testing is performed. Literature describes more than 200 different surgical techniques for treating urinary incontinence, which means that there is no universal method applicable to every type of incontinency and for each patient individually. This paper describes the following methods of surgical treatment: retropubic urethropexy (colposuspension); sling methods; retropubic methods; transobturator methods; mini sling and bulking methods. The paper also provides a systematization of possible complications after operative procedures. The methods of operative treatment of urinary incontinence in women are numerous, but health care professionals are expected to find new, better and more creative solutions. Keywords: urinary incontinence, operative procedures, sling method

MRI u ginekološkoj onkologiji

The use of magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) in gynecological oncology is rapidly expanding. Pelvic MRI has excellent soft tissue contrast and multiplanar imaging ability to demonstrate either normal or pathological processes. In gynecological oncology the rapidly evolving role of MRI includes not only diagnosis but also disease staging, planning of therapy and monitoring response to treatment. We perform around 350 preoperative gynecology MRI annually, mostly in patients with suspected malignancy. In this paper we review the role of MRI in endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancerSvakodnevno raste uporaba magnetske rezonancije (MR) u ginekološkoj onkologiji. MR zdjelice ima odličnu prostornu i kontrastnu rezoluciju za prikaz kako fi zioloških tako i patoloških procesa. Sve je veća uključenost MR pregleda ne samo u dijagnostici već i u određivanju stadija bolest i praćenju terapije. U našem radiološkom odjelu obavi se oko 350 preoperativnih ginekoloških MR pregleda godišnje, najčešće kod pacijenata sa sumnjom na malignu bolest. U ovom radu osvrnuti ćemo se na ulogu MR u karcinomima endometrija, grlića maternice i jajnika

Conservation-restoration work on the altar of St. Aurelius in the parish church of St. George the Martyr in Brseč

Oltar sv. Aurelija iz župne crkve Sv. Jurja u Brseču nezaobilazan je primjer drvorezbarstva 17. stoljeća na području Istre i Kvarnera i kao takav je već desetljećima predmet divljenja i proučavanja brojnih stručnjaka, a konzervatorsko-restauratorski zahvati provedeni od 1990. do 2010. godine znatno su pridonijeli sagledavanju njegove kulturno-povijesne i umjetničke vrijednosti. Nalazi unutar relikvijara upotpunjuju spoznaje o običajima štovanja religije u lokalnoj zajedniciThe altar of St. Aurelius in the parish church of St. George the Martyr in Brseč is a compelling example of the high-quality 17th century wood carving in the territory of Istria and Kvarner. It has been admired and studied by numerous experts for decades, and the conservation-restoration interventions undertaken in the period between 1990 and 2010 have undoubtedly provided a significant contribution to the evaluation of its cultural, historical and artistic value. Analysis of the cross-sections of micro-samples and stratigraphic research probes established that the original historical layer on the altar was well preserved. Therefore, the decision was made to steer the conservation-restoration process in the direction of its presentation. In addition, the conservation-restoration works resulted in the discovery of some new finds: among others, the coat of arms of the Brseč parish priest Grgur Mavrović on the cornice above the altar pala, and a seal containing the bishop’s coat of arms of Count Sigismund Anton von Hohenwart (Hachenwart), on a reliquary. Both of these items provide an insight into the multilayered nature of this artefact and contribute to its better understanding. The conservation-restoration interventions on the altar consisted of several phases, and they called for the participation of conservator-restorers from various fields of expertise. As such, they are a result of the cooperation of the Croatian Conservation Institute’s Department for Wooden Polychrome Sculpture, Department for Easel Painting, Division for Archaeological Heritage, Department for Textiles and Workshop for Paper and Leather. In September 2009, the restored altar of St. Aurelius was returned to the parish church of St. George in Brseč and reassembled in its original position. The conservation-restoration works on the reliquary were completed in 2010, and it was placed in its original location in the church and thus returned to the community that has preserved it as its heritage

LUBRICANTS, MATERIALS AND LUBRICATION ENGINEERING

Sažetak Prošlo stoljeće i kraj tisućljeća obilježeno je bogatim razvitkom tehnike, tehnologije, materijala i maziva. Međutim, zadnje godine prošlog stoljeća pokazale su da nije samo napredak u tehnologiji i ekonomski razvitak od društvenog značaja, nego i očuvanje okoliša i zdravlje ljudi. Štednja energije i prirodnih izvora postala je središnja briga za očuvanje okoliša. Povećana je briga javnosti za maziva zbog toga što svake godine 40-50% od oko 5 milijuna tona rabljenog maziva završava u okolišu a ne reciklira se nekom od metoda. Cilj je razviti tribološke sustave, manje štetne za okoliš koji će istovremeno imati i visoka radna svojstva. To je moguće ostvariti primjenom novih materijala ili prevlaka na dodirnim površinama ili primjenom maziva manje štetnih za okoliš i zdravlje s visokim radnim svojstvima. Osim toga kompjutorizacija i razvitak numeričkih metoda, koji su alat za dizajniranje tribološkog sustava te bogata baza podataka i nove metode održavanja i ispitivanja jamče bolju primjenu.ABSTRACT The past century and the end of the millennium have been marked by a rich development of technique, technology, materials and lubricants. However, the last years of the former century have shown that not only the technological advancement and economic development have social significance, but also environmental protection and human health. Energy saving and natural resources have become the central environmental protection concern. Public concern about lubricants has been raised because each year 40-50% of around 5 million tons of used lubricants ends up in the environment instead of being recycled using any of the available methods. The goal is to develop tribological systems that are less environmentally harmful, while at the same time offering high performances. This is possible to achieve by applying new materials or coats over the contact surfaces or by applying less environmentally and health hazardous lubricants with high performances. Apart from that, development of informatics and numerical methods, as tools for designing the tribological system, as well as a rich database and new maintenance and testing methods, guarantee improved application

Methods of surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence

Inkontinencija mokraće u žena učestali je problem te se definira kao svako nevoljno otjecanje mokraće koje se može objektivno dokazati, a predstavlja socijalni i higijenski problem. Cilj ovog preglednog rada prikazati je metode operativnog liječenja inkontinencije mokraće u žena. U radu su prezentirani najvažniji oblici uretralne inkontinencije mokraće: statička (stresna) inkontinencija, urgentna inkontinencija te miješana inkontinencija. Rasa, indeks tjelesne mase, menopauza, porod, nasljeđe, pušenje, kronične plućne bolesti i histerektomija predstavljaju rizične čimbenike za nastanak inkontinencije mokraće. Posljedice inkontinencije mokraće su brojne, a sve imaju negativan utjecaj na zdravlje i kvalitetu života. Detaljna medicinska anamneza predstavlja prvi korak postavljanja dijagnoze urinarne inkontinencije. Kako bi se prikupili rezultati o sposobnosti skladištenja i eliminacije mokraće sa svrhom procjene funkcije mokraćnog mjehura i uretre, provodi se urodinamska obrada.U literaturi je opisano više od 200 različitih kirurških tehnika liječenja inkontinencije mokraće, što znači da ne postoji univerzalna metoda primjenjiva za svaku vrstu inkontinencije i za svaku pacijenticu ponaosob. U radu su opisane sljedeće metode operativnog liječenja: retropubična uretropeksija (kolposuspenzija); „sling“ metode; retropubične metode; transopturatorne metode; mini „sling“-ovi te „bulking“ metode. Rad donosi i sistematizaciju mogućih komplikacija nakon operativnih zahvata. Metode operativnog liječenja inkontinencije mokraće u žena su brojne, ali se od zdravstvenih djelatnika očekuju nova kreativnija i kvalitetnija rješenja.Urinary incontinence in women is a common problem, defined as any involuntary release of urine that can be objectively proven, and poses a social and hygiene problem. The aim of this review paper is to present the methods of operative treatment of urinary incontinence in women. The paper presents the most important forms of urinary incontinence: static (stress) incontinence, urge incontinence, and mixed incontinence. Race, body mass index, menopause, birth, heredity, smoking, chronic pulmonary diseases and hysterectomy are known risk factors for urinary incontinence. The consequences of urinary incontinence are numerous, all having a negative impact on health and quality of life. Making a detailed anamnesis is the first step in diagnosing urinary incontinence. In order to collect the results about the ability to store and eliminate urine with the purpose of evaluating urinary bladder and urethral function, urodynamic testing is performed. Literature describes more than 200 different surgical techniques for treating urinary incontinence, which means that there is no universal method applicable to every type of incontinency and for each patient individually. This paper describes the following methods of surgical treatment: retropubic urethropexy (colposuspension); sling methods; retropubic methods; transobturator methods; mini sling and bulking methods. The paper also provides a systematization of possible complications after operative procedures. The methods of operative treatment of urinary incontinence in women are numerous, but health care professionals are expected to find new, better and more creative solutions. Keywords: urinary incontinence, operative procedures, sling method

Construction and Reproducibility of a Questionnaire Aimed for Evaluation of Dietary Habits in Physically Active Individuals

The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a complementary general questionnaire associated to it, specifically tailored for the assessment of dietary habits among athletes and other physically active individuals in Croatia, and to determine the reproducibility of the questions and nutrient intake estimations. The study included 83 students (42 males and 41 females) from the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb. Construction of the initial version of the questionnaire was done according to the literature and the results of a pre-testing interview conducted on 15 subjects. The final version of FFQ consisted of 74 questions on usual consumption frequency of particular food and beverage items and usual food preparation methods. The final version of the general questionnaire consisted of 30 questions on age, gender, body height, body weight, energy expenditure, specific dietary regimen, general dietary habits, diet characteristics before, during and after training, and cigarette smoking habits. Reproducibility of the questionnaires was assessed by a repeated administration of the questionnaire after one month. Pearson correlation coefficients and proportions of agreement were used to present reproducibility of quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. In the sample of male students, Pearson correlations ranged from 0.51 for copper to 0.95 for alcohol, with an average correlation of 0.68. In the sample of female students, correlations ranged from 0.30 for alcohol to 0.78 for calcium, with an average correlation of 0.60. Average reproducibility of items in the general questionnaire was 0.83 and 0.86 for male and female students, respectively. In conclusion, the newly developed FFQ enables cost-effective assessment of dietary habits in Croatian athletes and other physically active individuals, as well as demonstrates acceptable reproducibility