Wall thickness estimation based on modelling nonstationary heat transfer in a glass furnace

Furnaces in the glass industry suffer from refractory corrosion at specific positions. Knowledge of wall thickness of a furnace at the metal line is necessary information for a proper start of external cooling in order to prevent complete corrosion of refractory. An application of a noninvasive method for residual wall thickness estimation is presented in this paper. Combination of modelling and experimental surface temperature record of a nonstationary heat transfer is necessary in order to calculate the actual wall thickness. Α formula was derived for a temperature dependent effective heat transfer coefficient needed for calculation. Sensitivity analysis proved that the method is robust enough to get reliable results. The approach used was an example of reasonable exploitation of modelling in the glass industry

Partial molar volumes of organic solutes in water. XXIII. Cyclic ketones at T = (298 to 573) K and pressures up to 30 MPa

Density data for dilute aqueous solutions of four cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclohexane-1,4-dione) are presented together with standard molar volumes (partial molar volumes at infinite dilution) calculated from the experimental data. The measurements were performed at temperatures from T = 298 K up to T = 573 K. Experimental pressures were close to the saturated vapor pressure of water, and (15 and 30) MPa. The data were obtained using a high-temperature high-pressure flow vibrating-tube densimeter. Experimental standard molar volumes were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure using an empirical polynomial function. Contributions of the molecular structural segments (methylene and carbonyl groups) to the standard molar volume were also evaluated and analyzed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Central European Vaccination Advisory Group (CEVAG) guidance statement on recommendations for influenza vaccination in children

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Influenza vaccination in infants and children with existing health complications is current practice in many countries, but healthy children are also susceptible to influenza, sometimes with complications. The under-recognised burden of disease in young children is greater than in elderly populations and the number of paediatric influenza cases reported does not reflect the actual frequency of influenza.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Vaccination of healthy children is not widespread in Europe despite clear demonstration of the benefits of vaccination in reducing the large health and economic burden of influenza. Universal vaccination of infants and children also provides indirect protection in other high-risk groups in the community. This paper contains the Central European Vaccination Advisory Group (CEVAG) guidance statement on recommendations for the vaccination of infants and children against influenza. The aim of CEVAG is to encourage the efficient and safe use of vaccines to prevent and control infectious diseases.</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>CEVAG recommends the introduction of universal influenza vaccination for all children from the age of 6 months. Special attention is needed for children up to 60 months of age as they are at greatest risk. Individual countries should decide on how best to implement this recommendation based on their circumstances.</p

Characterization of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli isolated from intestinal tract of wild pigs

The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract is considered as "acuqrated organ" located in a host organism. There are many performs of specific functions. The microbiota composition changes during the life of the individual, depending on his environment and nutrition. The process of identification and characterization of the bacteria from the intestinal microbiota is an important prerequisite for understanding the function of this "acuqrated organ". This work deals with the anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract (DT) of pigs and evolutionary and eating differences of wild and domesticated pig, for understanding the natural environment of bacteria from DT, which in turn affects the bacterial diversity of the intestinal microbiota. Also mentioned is the process of domestication, which influenced the present form of domestic pig. The work includes the characteristics of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which contains the descriptions, taxonomy, metabolism and habitats. The work also shows the insulating media used in practice for the isolation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli from DT of pigs and methods of their identification and related methods of characterization. The available literature confirms the differences in the composition of microbiota DT between wild and domesticated pig, that correlate with other studies which study microbiota diversity of other domesticated and wild animals. The diversity studies of humans microbiota, also confirms the broad spectrum of bacterial species in primitive tribes of humans compared with urbanized man

Partial molar volumes of selected aliphatic alcohols at infinite dilution in water at temperatures T= (278 to 573) K and pressures up to 30 MPa

Density data for dilute aqueous solutions of four aliphatic alcohols (2,2-dimethylpropane-1-ol, 2-methylpropane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1-ol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butane-1-ol) and one ether alcohol (3,3,7,7-tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-5-oxanonane) were obtained using both the Anton Paar DSA 5000 vibrating-tube densimeter and the laboratory-made flow densimeter. They are presented together with partial molar volumes at infinite dilution (standard molar volumes) calculated from the measured data. The measurements were performed at temperatures T = (278 to 573) K and at pressures up to p = 30 MPa. Trends in homologous series are discussed, and the group additivity scheme proposed recently is applied to the solutes investigated

Partial molar isentropic compressions and partial molar volumes of selected branched aliphatic alcohols at infinite dilution in water at temperatures from T= (278 to 318) K and atmospheric pressure

Speed of sound data for dilute aqueous solutions of one monohydric alcohol (2,2-dimethylpropane-1-ol), five polyhydric alcohols (2-methylpropane-1,3-diol, 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1-ol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butane-1-ol), and one ether alcohol (3,3,7,7-tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-5-oxanonane) were obtained using the Anton Paar DSA 5000 vibrating-tube densimeter and sound analyzer in the temperature range from (278.15 to 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. Standard molar isentropic compressions were evaluated from the measured data. Measured densities of dilute aqueous solutions of 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol are also presented along with the standard molar volumes of these two solutes calculated from the measured data. Relations between the two standard quantities and molecular structures of the solutes are discussed

Partial molar volumes of organic solutes in water. XXIII. Cyclic ketones at T = (298 to 573) K and pressures up to 30 MPa

Density data for dilute aqueous solutions of four cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclohexane-1,4-dione) are presented together with standard molar volumes (partial molar volumes at infinite dilution) calculated from the experimental data. The measurements were performed at temperatures from T = 298 K up to T = 573 K. Experimental pressures were close to the saturated vapor pressure of water, and (15 and 30) MPa. The data were obtained using a high-temperature high-pressure flow vibrating-tube densimeter. Experimental standard molar volumes were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure using an empirical polynomial function. Contributions of the molecular structural segments (methylene and carbonyl groups) to the standard molar volume were also evaluated and analyzed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Partial molar volumes of organic solutes in water. XXIII. Cyclic ketones at T = (298 to 573) K and pressures up to 30 MPa

Density data for dilute aqueous solutions of four cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclohexane-1,4-dione) are presented together with standard molar volumes (partial molar volumes at infinite dilution) calculated from the experimental data. The measurements were performed at temperatures from T = 298 K up to T = 573 K. Experimental pressures were close to the saturated vapor pressure of water, and (15 and 30) MPa. The data were obtained using a high-temperature high-pressure flow vibrating-tube densimeter. Experimental standard molar volumes were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure using an empirical polynomial function. Contributions of the molecular structural segments (methylene and carbonyl groups) to the standard molar volume were also evaluated and analyzed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Partial molar volumes of organic solutes in water. XXIII. Cyclic ketones at T=(298 to 573)K and pressures up to 30MPa

Density data for dilute aqueous solutions of four cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclohexane-1,4-dione) are presented together with standard molar volumes (partial molar volumes at infinite dilution) calculated from the experimental data. The measurements were performed at temperatures from T = 298 K up to T = 573 K. Experimental pressures were close to the saturated vapor pressure of water, and (15 and 30) MPa. The data were obtained using a high-temperature high-pressure flow vibrating-tube densimeter. Experimental standard molar volumes were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure using an empirical polynomial function. Contributions of the molecular structural segments (methylene and carbonyl groups) to the standard molar volume were also evaluated and analyzed

Partial molar volumes of organic solutes in water. XXIII. Cyclic ketones at T = (298 to 573) K and pressures up to 30 MPa

Density data for dilute aqueous solutions of four cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclohexane-1,4-dione) are presented together with standard molar volumes (partial molar volumes at infinite dilution) calculated from the experimental data. The measurements were performed at temperatures from T = 298 K up to T = 573 K. Experimental pressures were close to the saturated vapor pressure of water, and (15 and 30) MPa. The data were obtained using a high-temperature high-pressure flow vibrating-tube densimeter. Experimental standard molar volumes were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure using an empirical polynomial function. Contributions of the molecular structural segments (methylene and carbonyl groups) to the standard molar volume were also evaluated and analyzed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved