A View of the Disaster and Victory from below: Serbian Roma Soldiers, 1912–1918

The Kingdom of Serbia fought in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918. These events merged into a devastating experience of an all-out war, completely reshaping all aspects of contemporary life. As the first centenary of these events has recently shown, the memories of wartime still play a very prominent role in the Serbian national narrative. By 1915 around 20% of Serbian combatants belonged to some of the country’s minorities. Second class citizens on the social margins of society, the Serbian Roma constitute those whose wartime history is the least known to research and the public. However, the wartime diaries kept by Serbian soldiers are full of causal references to their Roma fellow combatants. This article provides an overview of the duties Roma soldiers played in the war, based on the perspective of Serbs who were fighting alongside them. The article tackles the general image and the position of the Roma population in the Kingdom of Serbia. In addition, the horrific challenges the war created for Serbian society are tackled from the perspective of those who were, already in peace time, in the most disadvantageous situation socially and economically. Overall, despite the unifying experience which the wartime suffering imposed on all citizens of the Kingdom, the old prejudices towards the Roma survived after 1918

A view of the disaster and victory from below: Serbian Roma soldiers, 1912-1918

The Kingdom of Serbia fought in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918. These events merged into a devastating experience of an all-out war, completely reshaping all aspects of contemporary life. As the first centenary of these events has recently shown, the memories of wartime still play a very prominent role in the Serbian national narrative. By 1915 around 20% of Serbian combatants belonged to some of the country’s minorities. Second class citizens on the social margins of society, the Serbian Roma constitute those whose wartime history is the least known to research and the public. However, the wartime diaries kept by Serbian soldiers are full of causal references to their Roma fellow combatants. This article provides an overview of the duties Roma soldiers played in the war, based on the perspective of Serbs who were fighting alongside them. The article tackles the general image and the position of the Roma population in the Kingdom of Serbia. In addition, the horrific challenges the war created for Serbian society are tackled from the perspective of those who were, already in peace time, in the most disadvantageous situation socially and economically. Overall, despite the unifying experience which the wartime suffering imposed on all citizens of the Kingdom, the old prejudices towards the Roma survived after 1918

Technical or Ecological Dictatorship

Ekološke proturječnosti sastavni su dio društvenih, razvojnih, strukturalnih suprotnosti. Upravo čitav civilizacijski napredak bio je otkupljen za cijenu mijenjanja, iskorištavanja i nasilja nad integritetom prirodnih ekoloških sistema. Ekološka kriza očituje se u paleolitu kao kriza načina prehrane, u neolitu urbanizacijom kao stvaranjem jezgre buduće ekološke prijetnje. Industrijska revolucija nije riješila osnovne proturječnosti između prirode, kapitala i metoda iskorištavanja prirode, već ih je samo produbila. Čovječanstvo je izgleda dospjelo do te točke kada »glavni predmet« čovječanstva mora biti borba za opstanak Za rješenje ekološke krize i sprečavanje ekološke katastrofe prioritetni problem i pitanje je određivanje novih političkih koordinata. Načelno su mogućadva tipa, nivoa i ponašanja: Demokratsko-oblikovani sistemi i Autoritamo-oktroirani sistemi. Da bi izbjegli tehničku i ekološku diktaturu, potrebno je promijeniti odnos ljudi spram globalnih opasnosti, posebno ekoloških. Više demokracije znači uvjet za ekološki preobražaj našeg društva, što nije moguće provesti bez aktivnog učešća svih u tom poslu.Ecological contradictions are components of social, developmental structural opposites. The entire civilizational progress has been bought off precisely for the price of changing exploiting and committing violence over the integrity of natural ecological systems. The ecological crisis is manifested in Paleolithic as the manner of feeding crisis, in Neolithic through urbanization as the creation of the nucleus of future ecological threats. The industrial revolution has not resolved the main contradictions between nature, capital and the method of exploiting nature; it has only deepened them. It seems that mankind has arrived at the point where it’s main objective must be the struggle for survival For solving the ecological crisis and preventing ecological catastrophe, the priority issue is the determination of new political coordinates. Fundamentally there are two possible types, levels of behaviour: the Democratic-formed systems and the Authoritarianoctroyed systems. In order to avoid technical and ecological dictatorship it is necessary to change the attitude of the people toward global dangers, especially ecological dangers. More democracy is what the ecological transformation of our society depends upon and this is impossible to carry through without the active participation of all in this task

Capital Punishment in the Serbian Army: The Case of Execution at Lake Plav in 1915

This article attempts to reconstruct the key segments of the events that took place at Lake Plav on December 25th, 1915, when 21 Serbian soldiers were executed by order of Colonel Aleksandar K. Stojšić. The source base for this research had to rely on the memoirs and recollections of contemporaries due to the limited mention of this topic in official military correspondence. This unprecedented event signaled the appearance of a new type of war related violence in the Serbian army. Besides the issues of desertion, violence and punishment in the armed forces, this article also discusses the notions of sovereignty and citizenship in times of extreme hardships of war during the Great Serbian Retreat. Many Serbian soldiers who left their units in late 1915 tried to defend themselves by saying that the “military oath” was invalid because Serbia was “abandoned” or “lost”. Such a situation forced the military authorities to try to regain their shaken authority by “negotiating discipline” under completely new circumstances

Nastanak i razvoj televizije Republike Srpske i njena uloga u medijskom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine

The subject of the analysis of this paper is public opinion in the Republic of Srpska about the program of the Republic of Srpska Television, the nature and character of this media segment of the public service of the Republic of Srpska and its role in the media system of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of the survey showed that the program of Republic of Srpska Television is the most viewed in Republic of Srpska. Public reliance in the broadcasts of Republic of Srpska Television records the highest percentages, but also small differences in relation to the trust that audiences give to the programs of commercial television stations in Republic of Srpska. The survival of the Republic of Srpska Radio-television, as the Public Media Service of Republic of Srpska, according to the results of the survey, has undivided public support, which considers that Republic of Srpska Television, created at the same time as Republic of Srpska, should be separated from the public broadcasting system of BiH and achieve institutional independence and autonomy within political, social, economic and media system of Republic of Srpska. The material for the analysis was obtained through a survey of 1000 respondents, territorially organized in six zones, in 19 cities and municipalities of Republic of Srpska. The doctoral thesis entitled The emergence and development of the Republic of Srpska Television and its role in the media system of Bosnia and Herzegovina is focused on the consideration of the media system of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its existing structure, normative regulation and institutional framework which, as one entity, is the Republic of Srpska Television. Part of this research topic are the agents as determinants of the influence on the media system, especially considering the political system of BiH and political parallelism in the media, social factors, as well as the configuration of the media system of BiH under the direct influence of the international community. The thesis analyzes the emergence of the first state-owned electronic media in Republic of Srpska, the Television of the serbian people in the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Channel S, the creation of the media system of Republic of Srpska through the formation of the Serbian Radio- television / SRT / within the political and economic system and the activities of political parties and government. The structure of this work is a theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part of the work is a set of theoretical settings and considerations in the study of television as a mass media, media systems and public services. The intention is to analyze the role and significance of the Republic of Srpska Television, which is constituted as a national emitter, the processes of its transformation and restructuring through the chronological depiction of development and theoretical typology in science. The analysis covers the position of the Republic of Srpska Television, its status within the complex and specific media system of BiH, as well as the mutual relations and activities of the subjects of the Public Broadcasting System of BiH. Considering the structure, a complex methodology was applied, from basic methods of scientific research analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and from general methods - modeling and comparative method. The historical method was also applied. We used the method of testing - the survey technique and the method of analyzing the content of various documents

Correlation angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with Doppler parameters in portal hypertension

Cilj : Portna hipertenzija je klinički sindrom sa brojnim uzrocima i komplikacijama, a patofiziloški mehanizam njenog nastanka je povećanje pritiska u portnoj veni (> 12 mmHg) zbog anatomske ili funkcionalne opstrukcije protoka krvi u venskom sistemu jetre. Hemodinamika u portnom venskom sistemu je povezana sa brojnim vazo-aktivnim medijatorima. Glavni cilj naseg istrazivanja je bio je odredjivanje protoka u portnoj i slezinskoj veni u dva razlicita oboljenja (Goseova bolest i ciroza jetre ) ,odredjivanje nivoa angiotenzin konvertujuceg enzima kod obe grupe pacijenata (ACE) i analiza korelacije nivoa ACE sa Doppler parametrima u portnoj hipertenziji. Metodologija : Ispitivali smo 40 pacijenata sa kompenzovanom cirozom jetre i 20 pacijenata sa Goseovom bolescu.Svim pacijentima su prethodno postavljene dijagnoze u KCS u Beogradu u hospitalnim uslovima. Ispitivanja su obuhvatila: Određivanje ACE enzimske aktivnosti u serumu metodom spektrofotometrije ,Kolor Doppler ultrasonografija (pulsni Doppler mod) Ultrasonografska merenja su obuhvatila: Morfologiju jetre i slezine (promeri, struktura).Portna i slezinska vena su ispitivane kolor kodiranjem lumena, merenjem poprečnog dijametra i protoka (maksimalna brzina, srednja brzina i zapreminski protok). Analizirali smo povezanost protoka u pornoj i slezinskoj veni ,tj povezanost hemodinamike u portnom venskom sistemu sa vrednostima angiotenzin konvertujuceg enzima (ACE) kao jednog od najpotentnijih vazoaktivnih medijatora. Rezultati: .U ispitivanju hemodinamike u portnom venskom sistemu nasi rezultati su pokazali da postoje statistički visoko značajne razlike u maksimalnim i srednjim brzinama protoka u portnoj veni izmedju grupa pacijenata.Najveće kako maksimalne tako i srednje brzine su izmerene u grupi sa Gošeovom bolescu.gde je protok hiperkinetski. Kada je u pitanju slezinska vena najveća brzina protoka je bila takodje u grupi sa Gošeovom bolescu što odgovara i najvećoj slezini u ovoj grupi pacijenata i pokazuje statističku značajnost. .Ovaj rezultat je veoma značajan i govori u prilog povezanosti ovih protoka sa vrednostima ACE. Maksimalne brzine protoka u slezinskoj veni nisu pokazale statistički značajne razlike izmedju grupa pacijenata. Odredjivanjem vrednosti ACE u serumu kod ispitanika nadjena je najveca prosecna koncentracija ACE u grupi ispitanika sa Goseovom bolescu 339,42 U/L , u alkoholnoj cirozi 59,80 U/L, a u autoimunoj bolesti jetre 33,59 U/L.Postoji statisticki znacajna razlika u koncentraciji ACE izmedju grupa Kod svih ispitanika ustanovljena je jaka linearna korelacija izmedju ACE koncentracije i maksimalne brzine protoka u portnoj veni.Takodje naši rezultati pokazuju, kod pacijenata sa cirozom jetre, jaku linearnu korelaciju izmedju veličine slezine i maksimalne brzne protoka u portnoj veni, kao i jaku linearnu korelaciju izmedju ACE koncentracije i maksimalne brzine protoka u portnoj veni. Zaključak: Naša ispitivanja hemodinamike u portnom venskom sistemu ukazuju na povezanost ultrazvucnih doppler parametara tj .brzine protoka u portnoj i slezinskoj veni sa koncentracijom ACE u serumu.Ovo ima veliki značaj i doprinosi razumevanju patofiziologije portne hipertenzije u svetlosti efekata vazo-aktivnih supstanci na brojne receptore u ćelijama jetre i slezine kako u ciroti jetre tako i i u Gošeovoj bolesti . Medju vazo-aktuvnim medijatorima ACE je jedan od najpotentnijih.Objective: Portal hypertension is a clinical syndrome with many causes and complications, a pathophysiological mechanism of its formation is increased pressure in the portal vein (> 12 mmHg) due to anatomical or functional obstruction of blood flow in the veins of the liver. Hemodynamics in the portal venous system is connected with a number of vaso-active mediators. The main objective of this study was the determination of the flow in portal vein and splenic vein in two different diseases (Gaucher disease and cirrhosis of the liver), determining the level of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) in both groups of patients and the analysis of correlation levels ACE with Doppler parameters in portal hypertension. Methods: We studied 40 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and 20 patients with Gaucher disease. All patients previously diagnosis of KCS in Belgrade in the hospital setting. The tests included: Determination of ACE enzyme activity using spectrophotometry, Color Doppler ultrasonography (pulsed Doppler mode) ultrasonography were included: Morphology of the liver and spleen (diameters, structure). Portal and splenic veins were tested color coding lumens, measuring the diameter and cross- flow (maximum speed, average speed and volume flow). We analyzed the correlation of flow in the portal and splenic vein, connections hemodynamics in the portal venous system and the values of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) as one of the most potent vaso-active mediators. Results:. Examination in blood flow in the portal venous system, our results showed that there were statistically significant differences in maximum and medium flow rates in the portal vein between the groups of patients.. Mximum and average speed were measured in a group of Gaucher's disease with hyperkinetic flow. When it comes to the splenic vein largest flow rate was also in the group with Gaucher's illness which corresponds to the maximum spleen in this group of patients and were statistically significant. . This result is very important and supports the connection of these flows and the values of ACE. Maximum flow rate in splenic vein showed no statistically significant differences between the groups of patients. Determining the value of ACE levels in patients discovered the highest average concentration of ACE in the group of patients with Gaucher's illness 339.42 U / L, in alcoholic cirrhosis 59.80 U / L, and autoimmune liver disease 33.59 U / L. There is statistically significant the difference in ACE concentration between the groups in all patients established a strong linear correlation between ACE concentration and maximum flow velocity in portal vein.. Also our results show, in patients with liver cirrhosis, a strong linear correlation between spleen size and maximum speed of the flow in the portal vein, and a strong linear correlation between the concentration of ACE and the maximum flow rate in portal vein. Conclusion: Our studies of hemodynamics in the portal venous system indicates the correlation of ultrasound Doppler parameters - flow velocity in portal vein and splenic vein with concentration of ACE in blood .This is very important and contributes to the understanding of the pathophysiology of portal hypertension in the light of the effects of vaso-active substances on the number of receptors cells in the liver cirrhosis and in Gaucher disease. Among the vaso-active mediators ACE is one of the most potent

Promjene intraokularnog tlaka nakon nekomplicirane fakoemulzifikacije u ranom poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju u zdravim očima

The aim was to determine early changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) following uneventful phacoemulsifi-cation and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in healthy eyes. This prospective interventional case series study was conducted at Ophthalmology Department, Kragujevac Clinical Centre, Kragujevac, Serbia. The study included 123 eyes of 123 cataract patients, 66 women and 57 men, age range 50-88 (mean 70.73±7.94) years having undergone phacoemulsification and in-the-bag implantation of a foldable IOL. The patients were treated at Kragujevac Clinical Centre between June 2015 and May 2016. IOP was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry preoperatively, then 4-6 hours, 18-24 hours and 7 days postoperatively by the same examiner. The mean IOP preoperatively was 15.10±2.68 mm Hg. In three patients, maximum measured IOP was 22 mm Hg. At 4-6 hours postoperatively, the mean IOP was 24.29±7.56 mm Hg (p<0.001), at 18-24 hours it was 18.37±4.80 mm Hg (p<0.001), and 7 days after the surgery the mean IOP was 16.24±2.90 mm Hg (p<0.05). The measured IOP values were statistically signif-icant in all measured times. However, at 4-6 hours and 18-24 hours, the mean IOP value was highly statis-tically significant (p<0.001). Although 7 days after the surgery IOP normalized, the mean IOP value was statistically significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, our research showed that even eyes with normal preopera-tive values and uncomplicated phacoemulsification course can show very high IOP values postoperative-ly, which can cause pain, blurred vision and, rarely, compromise visual function.Cilj rada je bio utvrditi rane promjene intraokularnog tlaka (IOT) nakon fakoemulzifikacije i implantacije intraoku-larne leće (IOL) u zdrave oči. Ova prospektivna interventna studija slučaja provedena je na Oftalmološkom odjelu Kliničkog centra Kragujevac u Kragujevcu, Srbija. Studija je obuhvatila 123 oka bolesnika s kataraktom, 66 žena i 57 muškaraca, u dobi od 50-88 (srednja dob 70,73±7,94) godina, koji su bili podvrgnuti fakoemulzifikaciji i implan-taciji IOL u kapsularnu vrećicu. Bolesnici su liječeni u Kliničkom centru Kragujevac između lipnja 2015. i svibnja 2016. godine. IOT je mjeren Goldmannovim aplanacijskim tonometrom prijeoperacijski, a zatim 4-6 sati, 18-24 sata i 7 dana poslijeperacijski, a mjerenja je obavio isti ispitivač. Srednja vrijednost IOT prijeoperacijski je iznosila 15,10±2,68 mm Hg. Kod tri bolesnika najviši izmjereni IOT bio je 22 mm Hg. Kod mjerenja provedenog 4-6 sati poslijeoperacijski srednja vrijednost IOT bila je 24,29±7,56 mm Hg (p<0,001), zatim u 18-24 sata bila je 18,37±4,80 mm Hg (p<0,001), a 7 dana nakon operacije srednja vrijednost IOT bila je 16,24±2,90 mm Hg (p<0,05). Izmjerene vrijednosti IOTbile su statistički značajne u svim vremenima mjerenja. Međutim, u 4-6 sati i 18-24 sata srednja vrijednost IOT bila je visoko statistički značajna (p<0,001). Iako se 7 dana nakon operacije vrijednost IOT normali-zirala, srednja vrijednost je bila statistički značajna (p<0,05). U zaključku, naše istraživanje je pokazalo da čak i oči s normalnim prijeoperacijskim vrijednostima i nekompliciranim tijekom fakoemulzifikacije mogu pokazivati vrlo visoke vrijednosti IOT, što može uzrokovati bol, zamagljen vid i, rijetko, ugroziti vidnu oštrinu

IZAZOVI MEDIJATIZACIJE DRUŠTVA

In this paper, we will theoretically analyze changes that have occurred in contemporary society as a result of strong expansion of mass media and development of new media/communication technologies. Media are a very important social subsystem that permeates and affects all other social subsystems (family, politics, religion). In other words, the media have actually become a kind of environment in which all other subsystems function and adapt to it. The media influence in this sense is explained by the theory of society mediatization. Mediatization can be defined as a long-term process of structural changes in society and culture in which media play an important role in defining social reality and conditions of social interaction/culture. To discuss the society mediatization, it is important to understand the phenomenon of “media logic”. The concept of media logic is related to the impact that the media has on other social subsystems. In this sense, society mediatization is defined as the measure of institutional adoption of media logic by other social subsystems.U ovom radu teorijski ćemo analizirati promjene koje su nastale u savremenom društvu kao posljedica snažne ekspanzije masovnih medija kao i razvoja novih medijskih/komunikacijskih tehnologija. Mediji su vrlo važan društveni podsistem koji prožima i utiču na sve ostale društvene podsisteme (porodica, politika, religija). Drugim riječima, mediji su zapravo postali svojevrsno okruženje u kojem funkcionišu i kojem se prilagođavaju svi drugi društveni podsistemi. Uticaji koje mediji u tom smislu ostvaruju objašnjavaju se teorijom medijatizacije društva. Medijatizacija se može definisati kao dugoročni proces strukturalnih promjena u društvu i kulturi u kojima mediji zauzimaju značajno mjesto u smislu definisanja društvene stvarnosti i uslova socijalne interakcije/kulture. Za raspravu o medijatizaciji društva ključno je razumijevanje fenomena “medijska logika”. Koncept medijske logike, između ostalog, povezan je sa uticajem koji mediji ostvaruju na druge društvene podsisteme. U tom smislu, medijatizacija društva definiše se kao mjera institucionalnog usvajanja medijske logike od strane drugih društvenih podsistema