Taxonomic and Biogeographical Analysis of Bryophytes in the Coastal Area of the Ukrina River (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Bryophytes are a blind branch in the evolution of plants, but they are a very significant group, which makes a remarkable component of the whole biodiversity owing to the number of described species and its wide coverage. This work shows a taxonomic and biogeographical analysis of Bryophytes in the coastal area of the Ukrina River (Bosnia and Herzegovina). There have been 43 species sampled and determined in the researched localities. The Hepaticopsida class is represented by only one species, Radula complanata, the Bryopsida class dominates almost completely. Among Bryopsida, the representatives of the Hypnales order occur in a great percentage (40.48%). Further, 27 genera have been identified in the bryoflora of the researched area. The species of the Bryum genus (5) take the greatest proportion. In the bryoflora of the researched area the most prevailing is temperate, i.e. a floral element of moderate zones, with 88.37%, then a submediterranean floral element follows with 6.98% and boreal (4.65%). At the researched locality, the most represented are chamephyta with 74.29%, whereas life forms of hemicriptophyta and epiphyte cover significantly lower percentage of Bryophyte flora. Apart from the ecology, the research on Bryophyte is also notable for the areas of pharmacy and medicine because many of their species are capable to synthesize antibiotic substances

Application of microbiological fertilizers in the organic production systems

Osnovni ciljevi, vezani za održivost organske poljoprivrede, uključuju proizvodnju baziranu na savremenim tehnologijama, kao i recikliranje i ponovno korištenje poljoprivrednog otpada. Bitna odrednica organske poljoprivrede je i isključivanje primenemineralnih đubriva i pesticida, koji uzrokuju zagađenje zemljišta i ostalih komponenti životne sredine. U organskoj proizvodnji, koriste se uglavnom organska hraniva i biološki preparati, koji ubrzavaju razgradnju žetvenih ostataka i oslobađanje biljnih asimilativa. U novije vreme, proširuju se mogućnosti korištenja alelopatskih materija i sekundarnih metabolita biljaka kao regulatora rasta i prirodnih herbicida u održivoj poljoprivredi, dok najznačajniju alternativu korištenju mineralnih đubriva predstavljaju mikrobiološka đubriva. U ovom radu, razmatra se značaj i obim primene mikrobioloških đubriva u savremenoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji.The basic aims related to a viability of organic agriculture include production based on modern technologies as well as recycling and reusing of agricultural waste. An important point of organic agriculture also implies the exclusion of mineral fertilizers and pesticides which cause a contamination of soil and other components of a living environment. Organic production mostly includes organic fertilizers and biological preparations which accelerate demolishing of harvest remains and releasing of plant assimilates. In recent times, the use of allelopathic matters and secondary metabolites of plants as regulators of growing and natural herbicides in viable agriculture has expanded its possible ways of application whereas the most significant alternative use of mineral fertilizers belongs to microbiological fertilizers. In this work, the significance and volume of the application of microbiological fertilizers in modern agricultural production are examined

Benefits of organic food production

Due to legal regulations and standards, organic agriculture provides the production of healthy, high-quality food, which has not only numerous benefits for human health, but also ensures the preservation of the environment. The relevant literature was surveyed for this study with the aim to point out to nutritive values of organic food and the advantages of food consumption. Furthermore, an overview of the beneficial effects on the environment was presented. The world population is increasingly attaching importance to the quality of food that is consumed due to adverse effects of conventional agricultural production and the use of chemicals. It is obvious that there is still a need for a greater number of analyses and studies in order to justify the value of organic food products, which are of higher quality and more nutritious and healthier than conventionally produced ones

Variations of ecological factors in plant production - frames of living activities of cultivated plants

Ecological factors represent all the effects of the surrounding environment on the organism, they are the basic determinant of ecology and depending on the nature of their activity and extent of variation, the life of all biological species, populations, individuals and communities in ecosystems depends. Each organism can survive in a limited range of environmental conditions. The extent of variation of an ecological factor - ecological valence, represents the limits within which life of biological species is possible. In crop production, in the open field, variations in ecological factors are particularly pronounced. Also, these factors can affect plants indirectly or directly; they do not act individually, but in a group or a complex of factors. Although almost all factors are equally important for the life of cultivated plants, in open field ecological conditions, light, temperature and water prevail. Sunlight is one of the most important ecological factors, which determines the variability of the external appearance of a plant and its individual organs. Under insufficient light, the cultivated plants undergo major morphological changes. Temperature is also one of the most significant ecological factors, enabling basic processes in plants. The life activity of the cultivated plants ranges within certain thermal limits

Production potential of buckwheat in Šumadija on brown forest soil type

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of NPK fertilization and between row spacing on the growth, development and grain yield of buckwheat (cultivar Novosadska). Field microexperiments were conducted during the 2018 in the agroecological conditions of the central Šumadija (locality Rača Kragujevačka), on brown forest soil type (Eutric Cambisol), according to the Split plot plane in four repetitions. The area of the main plot was 90.0 m2, and the areas of the subplots were 3.0 m2, when sowing was carried out on the 25 cm row distance, and 6.0 m2, when sowing was carried out on 50 cm row distance. The applied amounts of fertilizers expressed in kg ha-1 of active substance were: Control (unfertilized), NPK 30:30:30, NPK 60:60:60 and NPK 90:90:90. Standard agrotechnological measures were applied, as for the regular production of buckwheat. The obtained results showed a significantly stronger effect of NPK fertilization on the examined parameters in comparison with the size of the vegetation area. When NPK nutrients were used in the largest quantity (NPK 90:90:90), compared to unfertilized variants, a plant height was increased by 16.9%, a number of fruits were increased by 72.5% and a grain yield per ha was higher by 40.5%. When the buckwheat was sown at a larger row distance (50 cm), a plant height was increased by 3.3%, but a grain yield was decreased by 2.3% compared to the dense sowing of the plant (25 cm). The number of fruits per plant did not significantly differ depending on the row distance

Influence of the land type, quantity of nitrogen and hybrid to the total proteins in maize grains

Ispitivanja uticaja tipa zemljišta, količine azota i hibrida na sadržaj ukupnih proteina u zrnu kukuruza obavljena su u trogodišnjem vremenskom periodu na lokalitetu Instituta za kukuruz "Zemun Polje" i u Rači Kragujevačkoj, po split plot planu u četiri ponavljanja. Na zemljištu tipa černozem sadržaj ukupnih proteina u zrnu bio je veći za 0,06% u odnosu na gajnjaču. Na oba tipa zemljišta, najveći sadržaj ukupnih proteina zabeležen je pri primeni 180 kg ha-1 azota. Najmanji sadržaj ukupnih proteina u zrnu utvrđen je u hibrida ZP 677 (7,90%), a najveći u hibrida ZP 434 (8,62%).Investigations of the influence of soil type, quantity nitrogen and hybrid to the content of total proteins in maize grains were carried out over a three-year period at the locality the Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje" and the Rača Kragujevačka, according to the split plot in four repetitions. The total protein content in the grain on chernozem soil was 0. 06% higher than the cambisol. The highest content of total proteins on both types of soil was recorded using 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen. The smallest content of total proteins in grains was recorded in hybrid ЗП 677 (7. 90%), and the largest in hybrid ЗП 434 (8.62%)

Grain yield of corn depending on the soil type, quantity of nitrogen and hybrids

U Srbiji, povećanje prinosa kukuruza po jedinici površine iziskuje povećanje genetičkog potencijala rodnosti novih hibrida, kao i poboljšanje tehnologije gajenja. Savremeni hibridi, pored većeg genetičkog potencijala rodnosti, treba da se karakterišu i većom tolerantnošću prema stresnim uslovima proizvodnje. Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se odredi optimalna količina azota za hibride različite dužine vegetacionog perioda na zemljištu tipa černozem i gajnjača i izvrši izbor ZP hibrida najbolje rodnosti za agroekološke uslove istočnog Srema i centralne Šumadije. Ispitivanja su obavljena putem poljskih mikroogleda u agroekološkim uslovima istočnog Srema (Zemun Polje) i centralne Šumadije (Rača Kragujevačka) metodom razdeljenih parcela u četiri ponavljanja. Rezultati ukazuju da je najjači uticaj na prinos zrna kukuruza imao tip zemljišta (veći prinos je zabeležn na gajnjači za 1.97 tha-1), zatim đubrenje azotom (povećanje prinosa od 0,92 do 1,25 tha-1) i najslabiji hibrid (najveći prinos zrna od 10,03 tha-1 zabeležen je u hibrida ZP 677).In Serbia, increase in corn yield per unit area requires an increase in the genetic potential of the yield of new hybrids, as well as improved cultivation technology. Modern hybrids, in addition to the greater genetic potential of fertility, should also be characterized by higher tolerance to stressful production conditions. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal amount of nitrogen for hybrids of different lengths of the vegetation period on the soil of chernozem and brown forest soil and made the selection of ZP hybrids of the best fertility for the agroecological conditions of eastern Srem and central Šumadija. The experiments were carried out through field microscopes in the agroecological conditions of eastern Srem (Zemun Polje) and central Šumadija (Raĉa Kragujevaĉka) using the split plot plane in four repetitions. The results show that the strongest impact on maize grain yield was of the type of soil (the higher yield was recorded on the brown forest soil for 1.97 tha-1), then the nitrogen fertilization (increase in yield from 0.92 to 1.25 tha-1) and the weakest hybrid (the largest grain yield of 10.03 tha-1 is recorded in hybrid ZP 677)

Variability and heritability of technological characteristics of Amaranthus leaves and seeds

This study aimed to determine the variability properties of four major types of Amaranthus species in protein and amino acids content in leaves and flowers. Obtained results by ion exchange chromatography in our study have shown high values for the content of essential amino acids lysine and methionine. In the leaf, the lysine content ranged from 3.9 (A. caudatus) to 7.0 (A. cruentus; A. moleros), and in the flowers from 4.2 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. molleros). The methionine content ranged from 3.1 (A. caudatus) to 7.4 (A. mantegazzianus) in the leaf and in the flower from 2.9 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. mantegazzianus). Besides lysine and methionine, significant values of other essential amino acids were recorded, respectively. Significant concentrations of total proteins were recorded in all examined genotypes. The heritability of the studied characters as protein and mineral content of seeds and leaves, and oil contents of seed were significantly high. The maximum values of the protein content of seeds were 16.55% (A. cruentus), in leaves 20.10% (A. caudatus), and the minerals in seeds 2.73% (A. moleros), and leaves 18.76% (A. mantegazzianus). The oil content of seeds was 6.16% (A. moleros). The oil content of the seed’s proportion of genetic variance to total phenotypic variance was 72%, and it has a significant impact on ecological factors. Tested divergent Amaranthus genotypes may serve as parents for further crossing. Amaranth seeds is gluten-free and is important in the diet of celiac patients and contains amino acids, especially lysine, which acts against the herpes virus. Amaranth from amaranth leaves biologically active substance that prevents heart muscle damage during ischemic processes. Amaranth seed oil has hypolipemic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypotensive and antioxidant activity

Fertilization and seed inoculation in the function of stable bean production

U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj NPK đubrenja, prihranjivanja azotom i inokulacije semena kvržičnim bakterijama na komponente prinosa i prinos zrna pasulja. Poljski mikroogled je izveden u agroekološkim uslovima centralne Šumadije i na zemljištu tipa gajnjača (Eutrični kambisol). Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali značajne razlike u broju mahuna, broju zrna i prinosu zrna između ispitivanih tretmana đubrenja. Suprotno tome, inokulacija semena nije ispoljila značajniji uticaj na posmatrane parametre produktivnosti pasulja.This paper examined the effect of NPK fertilization, nitrogen fertilization, and seed inoculation by nodule bacteria on the yield and grain yield components of beans. The field microexperiment was performed under the agro-ecological conditions of central Šumadija and on the brown forest soil type (Eutric cambisol). The obtained results showed significant differences in number of pods, number of grains and grain yield between the tested fertilization treatments. On the contrary, seed inoculation did not have a significant effect on the observed productivity parameters of beans

Influence of cultivar, soil conditioners and NPK fertilizers on yield components and bean grain yield

The primary goal of bean production is to obtain high and stable yields, in which an important role. For that reason, in this manuscript we investigated the impact of cultivar, soil conditioners and NPK fertilizer on yield components and grain yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Field microexperiments were conducted during the 2020 in the agroecological conditions of the central Šumadija (locality Rača Kragujevačka), on brown forest soil type (Eutric Cambisol), according to the Split plot design in four repetitions. In this research, a three-factorial experiment was based in the following variants: Variety (A1 - Galeb, A2 - Sremac), “pH Plus” soil conditioners (B1 - without “pH Plus”, B2 - with “pH Plus” 500 kg ha-1) and NPK fertilization (C1 - control - without fertilizer application, C2 - N30P20K30 kg ha-1 a.m., C3 – N60P40K60 kg ha-1 a.m.). Standard agrotechnological measures were applied, as for the regular production of bean. The results showed that the application of NPK increased the number of pods per plant from 36.3% (on the treatment N30P20K30 kg ha-1 a.m.) to 46.1% (on the treatment N60P40K60 kg ha-1 a.m.) in comparison to the control, number of grains per plant from 17.5% to 27.2%, as well as the mass of grains per plant from 20.0% to 48.3%. The application of “pH Plus” soil conditioners increased the number of pods per plant by 9.7%, number of grains per plant by 9.9% and the weight of grains per plant by 4.2%