14 research outputs found
Effect of Long-Term Hypodynamy on Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Small Intestine in Japanese Quail Chicks
The functional development of the small intestine was investigated in Japanese quail chicks subjected to simulated microgravity (hypodynamy) on the second day after hatching and reared under these conditions to 63 days of age. On days 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56 and 63 the activity of brush-border-bound alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the duodenum and jejunum were determined in experimental animals as well as in control quail chicks housed in a floor box during these periods. As compared with control quails the experimental animals displayed a significantly increased enzyme activity until day 42 in the duodenum and day 35 in the jejunum (P < 0.001) whereas in older quails no significant enzymatic differences between these groups was found. However, a decrease in food consumption due to a partial physical constraint cannot be excluded. Moreover, the results suggested that the activity of AP in the control birds did not change substantially during all the periods examined. In contrast, in older hypodynamy quail the AP activity significantly decreased in the duodenum on days 56 and 63 and in the jejunum on days 42, 56 and 63, respectively. These results indicate that a) the enhanced intestinal function in early periods of life may reflect the higher sensitivity of small intestine to simulated weightlessness, b) the decrease of the AP activity in older animals to the level of controls might be considered as a part of intestinal mechanisms involved in adaptation of quail chicks to long-term hypodynamy, c) different activity of AP in the small intestine of Japanese quail may not have resulted only from hypodynamy but also due to decreased food intake
BICC signalisation
Predmetni rad započinje uvodnim opisom povijesti razvoja telekomunikacijskih sustava
od samih početaka sve do današnjih telefonskih centrala i njihovih dijelova, koji omogućuju
cjelokupan prijenos govora, podataka i signalizacije. Nadalje u radu su opisane signalizacijske
tehnike, koje dijelimo na signalizaciju po pridruženom kanalu te signalizaciju po zajedničkom
kanalu. Uz definiranje signalizacijskog sustava SS7 kao međunarodni signalizacijski standard
CCS vrstom signalizacije između komutacijskih čvorova opisan je ukratko razvoj mreža te
razdvajanje upravljačkog i prijenosnog dijela mreže.
Kao dio SS7 sustava u radu je opisan ISUP protokol, koji je namijenjen za primjene kod
kanalno komutiranih podatkovnih mreža te za analogne i analogno digitalne mreže,
omogućavajući signalizacijske funkcije za ISDN usluge. Nadalje opisani su sastavni dijelovi
ISUP poruka te stog ISUP poruke.
U zadnjem poglavlju dolazimo i do teme predmetnog rada BICC protokola, koji je
nadogradnja na već opisani ISUP protokol. Najbitnija nadogradnja BICC protokola je u
potpunosti odvojena kontrola poziva od kontrole prospajanja u PSTN/ISDN mreži. Nadalje
opisana je arhitektura BICC protokola te razvoj istog. Postupci podešavanja prospajanja u ATM
i IP mrežama opisani su uz vrste prospajanja za pojedine slučajeve, kao i struktura i stog BICC
poruka.
Posljednji segment teorijskog dijela rada opisuje protokol H.248, koji je razvijen kao
veza između media gateway-a i media gateway controller-a. Isti je uveden zbog potrebe za
smanjenjem korištenog broja protokola u IP telefoniji, koji su uzrokovali usporavanje procesa.
Na samom kraju rada nalazi se praktično snimljena signalizacija preko BICC protokola
prilikom uspostavljanja poziva između fiksne i mobilne mreže.The present paper begins with telecommunications system's development description
history from the very beginning to today's telephone exchanges and their parts, which enable
the complete transmission of speech, data and signaling. Furthermore, the paper describes
signaling techniques, which are divided into the associated channel signaling and common
channel signaling. In addition to defining the SS7 signaling system as an international signaling
standard with CCS type of signaling between switching nodes, paper also describes the
development of networks and the separation of the control and transmission part of the network.
As part of the SS7 system, the ISUP protocol is described in the paper, which is intended
for applications in channel-switched data networks and for analog and analog-digital networks,
enabling signaling functions for ISDN services. The components of the ISUP messages and the
ISUP message stack are described below.
In the last chapter we come to the topic of the subject work, the BICC protocol, which
is an upgrade to the already described ISUP protocol. The most important upgrade of the BICC
protocol is a completely separate call control from the switching control in the PSTN/ISDN
network. The architecture of the BICC protocol and its development are further described.
Switching setup procedures in ATM and IP networks are described along with the types of
switching for individual cases, as well as the structure and stack of BICC messages.
The last segment of the theoretical part of the paper describes the H.248 protocol, which
was developed as a connection between a media gateway and a media gateway controller. It
was introduced due to the need to reduce the number of protocols used in IP telephony, which
caused the process to slow down.
At the very end of the work, there is a practically recorded signaling via the BICC
protocol when establishing a call between the fixed and mobile network
BICC signalisation
Predmetni rad započinje uvodnim opisom povijesti razvoja telekomunikacijskih sustava
od samih početaka sve do današnjih telefonskih centrala i njihovih dijelova, koji omogućuju
cjelokupan prijenos govora, podataka i signalizacije. Nadalje u radu su opisane signalizacijske
tehnike, koje dijelimo na signalizaciju po pridruženom kanalu te signalizaciju po zajedničkom
kanalu. Uz definiranje signalizacijskog sustava SS7 kao međunarodni signalizacijski standard
CCS vrstom signalizacije između komutacijskih čvorova opisan je ukratko razvoj mreža te
razdvajanje upravljačkog i prijenosnog dijela mreže.
Kao dio SS7 sustava u radu je opisan ISUP protokol, koji je namijenjen za primjene kod
kanalno komutiranih podatkovnih mreža te za analogne i analogno digitalne mreže,
omogućavajući signalizacijske funkcije za ISDN usluge. Nadalje opisani su sastavni dijelovi
ISUP poruka te stog ISUP poruke.
U zadnjem poglavlju dolazimo i do teme predmetnog rada BICC protokola, koji je
nadogradnja na već opisani ISUP protokol. Najbitnija nadogradnja BICC protokola je u
potpunosti odvojena kontrola poziva od kontrole prospajanja u PSTN/ISDN mreži. Nadalje
opisana je arhitektura BICC protokola te razvoj istog. Postupci podešavanja prospajanja u ATM
i IP mrežama opisani su uz vrste prospajanja za pojedine slučajeve, kao i struktura i stog BICC
poruka.
Posljednji segment teorijskog dijela rada opisuje protokol H.248, koji je razvijen kao
veza između media gateway-a i media gateway controller-a. Isti je uveden zbog potrebe za
smanjenjem korištenog broja protokola u IP telefoniji, koji su uzrokovali usporavanje procesa.
Na samom kraju rada nalazi se praktično snimljena signalizacija preko BICC protokola
prilikom uspostavljanja poziva između fiksne i mobilne mreže.The present paper begins with telecommunications system's development description
history from the very beginning to today's telephone exchanges and their parts, which enable
the complete transmission of speech, data and signaling. Furthermore, the paper describes
signaling techniques, which are divided into the associated channel signaling and common
channel signaling. In addition to defining the SS7 signaling system as an international signaling
standard with CCS type of signaling between switching nodes, paper also describes the
development of networks and the separation of the control and transmission part of the network.
As part of the SS7 system, the ISUP protocol is described in the paper, which is intended
for applications in channel-switched data networks and for analog and analog-digital networks,
enabling signaling functions for ISDN services. The components of the ISUP messages and the
ISUP message stack are described below.
In the last chapter we come to the topic of the subject work, the BICC protocol, which
is an upgrade to the already described ISUP protocol. The most important upgrade of the BICC
protocol is a completely separate call control from the switching control in the PSTN/ISDN
network. The architecture of the BICC protocol and its development are further described.
Switching setup procedures in ATM and IP networks are described along with the types of
switching for individual cases, as well as the structure and stack of BICC messages.
The last segment of the theoretical part of the paper describes the H.248 protocol, which
was developed as a connection between a media gateway and a media gateway controller. It
was introduced due to the need to reduce the number of protocols used in IP telephony, which
caused the process to slow down.
At the very end of the work, there is a practically recorded signaling via the BICC
protocol when establishing a call between the fixed and mobile network