Effect of Long-Term Hypodynamy on Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Small Intestine in Japanese Quail Chicks

The functional development of the small intestine was investigated in Japanese quail chicks subjected to simulated microgravity (hypodynamy) on the second day after hatching and reared under these conditions to 63 days of age. On days 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56 and 63 the activity of brush-border-bound alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the duodenum and jejunum were determined in experimental animals as well as in control quail chicks housed in a floor box during these periods. As compared with control quails the experimental animals displayed a significantly increased enzyme activity until day 42 in the duodenum and day 35 in the jejunum (P < 0.001) whereas in older quails no significant enzymatic differences between these groups was found. However, a decrease in food consumption due to a partial physical constraint cannot be excluded. Moreover, the results suggested that the activity of AP in the control birds did not change substantially during all the periods examined. In contrast, in older hypodynamy quail the AP activity significantly decreased in the duodenum on days 56 and 63 and in the jejunum on days 42, 56 and 63, respectively. These results indicate that a) the enhanced intestinal function in early periods of life may reflect the higher sensitivity of small intestine to simulated weightlessness, b) the decrease of the AP activity in older animals to the level of controls might be considered as a part of intestinal mechanisms involved in adaptation of quail chicks to long-term hypodynamy, c) different activity of AP in the small intestine of Japanese quail may not have resulted only from hypodynamy but also due to decreased food intake

BICC signalisation

Predmetni rad započinje uvodnim opisom povijesti razvoja telekomunikacijskih sustava od samih početaka sve do današnjih telefonskih centrala i njihovih dijelova, koji omogućuju cjelokupan prijenos govora, podataka i signalizacije. Nadalje u radu su opisane signalizacijske tehnike, koje dijelimo na signalizaciju po pridruženom kanalu te signalizaciju po zajedničkom kanalu. Uz definiranje signalizacijskog sustava SS7 kao međunarodni signalizacijski standard CCS vrstom signalizacije između komutacijskih čvorova opisan je ukratko razvoj mreža te razdvajanje upravljačkog i prijenosnog dijela mreže. Kao dio SS7 sustava u radu je opisan ISUP protokol, koji je namijenjen za primjene kod kanalno komutiranih podatkovnih mreža te za analogne i analogno digitalne mreže, omogućavajući signalizacijske funkcije za ISDN usluge. Nadalje opisani su sastavni dijelovi ISUP poruka te stog ISUP poruke. U zadnjem poglavlju dolazimo i do teme predmetnog rada BICC protokola, koji je nadogradnja na već opisani ISUP protokol. Najbitnija nadogradnja BICC protokola je u potpunosti odvojena kontrola poziva od kontrole prospajanja u PSTN/ISDN mreži. Nadalje opisana je arhitektura BICC protokola te razvoj istog. Postupci podešavanja prospajanja u ATM i IP mrežama opisani su uz vrste prospajanja za pojedine slučajeve, kao i struktura i stog BICC poruka. Posljednji segment teorijskog dijela rada opisuje protokol H.248, koji je razvijen kao veza između media gateway-a i media gateway controller-a. Isti je uveden zbog potrebe za smanjenjem korištenog broja protokola u IP telefoniji, koji su uzrokovali usporavanje procesa. Na samom kraju rada nalazi se praktično snimljena signalizacija preko BICC protokola prilikom uspostavljanja poziva između fiksne i mobilne mreže.The present paper begins with telecommunications system's development description history from the very beginning to today's telephone exchanges and their parts, which enable the complete transmission of speech, data and signaling. Furthermore, the paper describes signaling techniques, which are divided into the associated channel signaling and common channel signaling. In addition to defining the SS7 signaling system as an international signaling standard with CCS type of signaling between switching nodes, paper also describes the development of networks and the separation of the control and transmission part of the network. As part of the SS7 system, the ISUP protocol is described in the paper, which is intended for applications in channel-switched data networks and for analog and analog-digital networks, enabling signaling functions for ISDN services. The components of the ISUP messages and the ISUP message stack are described below. In the last chapter we come to the topic of the subject work, the BICC protocol, which is an upgrade to the already described ISUP protocol. The most important upgrade of the BICC protocol is a completely separate call control from the switching control in the PSTN/ISDN network. The architecture of the BICC protocol and its development are further described. Switching setup procedures in ATM and IP networks are described along with the types of switching for individual cases, as well as the structure and stack of BICC messages. The last segment of the theoretical part of the paper describes the H.248 protocol, which was developed as a connection between a media gateway and a media gateway controller. It was introduced due to the need to reduce the number of protocols used in IP telephony, which caused the process to slow down. At the very end of the work, there is a practically recorded signaling via the BICC protocol when establishing a call between the fixed and mobile network

BICC signalisation

Predmetni rad započinje uvodnim opisom povijesti razvoja telekomunikacijskih sustava od samih početaka sve do današnjih telefonskih centrala i njihovih dijelova, koji omogućuju cjelokupan prijenos govora, podataka i signalizacije. Nadalje u radu su opisane signalizacijske tehnike, koje dijelimo na signalizaciju po pridruženom kanalu te signalizaciju po zajedničkom kanalu. Uz definiranje signalizacijskog sustava SS7 kao međunarodni signalizacijski standard CCS vrstom signalizacije između komutacijskih čvorova opisan je ukratko razvoj mreža te razdvajanje upravljačkog i prijenosnog dijela mreže. Kao dio SS7 sustava u radu je opisan ISUP protokol, koji je namijenjen za primjene kod kanalno komutiranih podatkovnih mreža te za analogne i analogno digitalne mreže, omogućavajući signalizacijske funkcije za ISDN usluge. Nadalje opisani su sastavni dijelovi ISUP poruka te stog ISUP poruke. U zadnjem poglavlju dolazimo i do teme predmetnog rada BICC protokola, koji je nadogradnja na već opisani ISUP protokol. Najbitnija nadogradnja BICC protokola je u potpunosti odvojena kontrola poziva od kontrole prospajanja u PSTN/ISDN mreži. Nadalje opisana je arhitektura BICC protokola te razvoj istog. Postupci podešavanja prospajanja u ATM i IP mrežama opisani su uz vrste prospajanja za pojedine slučajeve, kao i struktura i stog BICC poruka. Posljednji segment teorijskog dijela rada opisuje protokol H.248, koji je razvijen kao veza između media gateway-a i media gateway controller-a. Isti je uveden zbog potrebe za smanjenjem korištenog broja protokola u IP telefoniji, koji su uzrokovali usporavanje procesa. Na samom kraju rada nalazi se praktično snimljena signalizacija preko BICC protokola prilikom uspostavljanja poziva između fiksne i mobilne mreže.The present paper begins with telecommunications system's development description history from the very beginning to today's telephone exchanges and their parts, which enable the complete transmission of speech, data and signaling. Furthermore, the paper describes signaling techniques, which are divided into the associated channel signaling and common channel signaling. In addition to defining the SS7 signaling system as an international signaling standard with CCS type of signaling between switching nodes, paper also describes the development of networks and the separation of the control and transmission part of the network. As part of the SS7 system, the ISUP protocol is described in the paper, which is intended for applications in channel-switched data networks and for analog and analog-digital networks, enabling signaling functions for ISDN services. The components of the ISUP messages and the ISUP message stack are described below. In the last chapter we come to the topic of the subject work, the BICC protocol, which is an upgrade to the already described ISUP protocol. The most important upgrade of the BICC protocol is a completely separate call control from the switching control in the PSTN/ISDN network. The architecture of the BICC protocol and its development are further described. Switching setup procedures in ATM and IP networks are described along with the types of switching for individual cases, as well as the structure and stack of BICC messages. The last segment of the theoretical part of the paper describes the H.248 protocol, which was developed as a connection between a media gateway and a media gateway controller. It was introduced due to the need to reduce the number of protocols used in IP telephony, which caused the process to slow down. At the very end of the work, there is a practically recorded signaling via the BICC protocol when establishing a call between the fixed and mobile network