Muscle cellular characteristics of male kids from Turkish indigenous goat breeds

Indices of the transcriptional and translational capacity of muscle cells are directly related to growth in various livestock species. The main aim of this study was, therefore, to determine cellular characteristics and their relationship with metric measurements and muscle fibers number in longissimus-dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) skeletal muscles from male kids born to Angora, Hair, Honamli and Kilis breeds. Kilis kids had significant lower (except for Hair kids) muscle cross-sectional area (MSCA) in LD and ST muscles (p<0.05). Also depth and length (except for Angora kids) of ST muscle were significantly lower (p<0.05) in Kilis kids. Honamli kids had a significant higher (p<0.05) concentrations of DNA and RNA in both muscles, while Kilis kids had a significant lower (p<0.05) total protein in ST muscle. Protein:DNA and protein:RNA ratios of Angora kids in both muscles were significantly higher compared to other breeds (p<0.05). There were positive correlations between muscle depth (MD) and protein, MSCA and DNA, MSCA and RNA, MSCA and protein (p<0.05) in LD muscle. Similarly, positive correlations between MD and protein, muscle length (ML) and RNA, ML and protein, MSCA and protein (p[removed

AISI 2507 Süper Dubleks Paslanmaz Çeliğinin Hibrit Soğutma/Yağlama Yöntemleri Altında Tornalanmasında Yüzey Kalitesinin İncelenmesi

Son yıllarda ekolojik soğutma/yağlama yöntemleri sürdürülebilir imalat için metal işleme operasyonlarında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu yöntemlerin başında ise birbirine göre üstün özelliklerin bir araya getirildiği hibrit soğutma/yağlama yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı çalışmalar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; AISI 2507 dubleks paslanmaz çeliğinin Minimum Miktarda Yağlama (MMY), kriyojenik soğutma (Kry) ve hibrit (Kry+MMY) soğutma/yağlama koşulları altında tornalanmasında, yüzey kalitesi incelenmiştir. İşlenen yüzeylerin kalitesinin belirlenmesinde yüzey pürüzlülük (Ra), iki boyutlu yüzey görüntüleri ve üç boyutlu yüzey topografyaları kullanılmıştır. Deneyler üç farklı soğutma/yağlama koşulunda (MMY, Kry ve Kry+MMY), kesme hızında (80, 120 ve 160 m/dak) ve ilerlemede (0,16-0,20 ve 0,24 mm/dev) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deney tasarımında ve optimum koşulların belirlenmesinde Taguchi L27 tasarımı kullanılmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlara etki eden faktörler ve faktörlerin etki oranlarını belirlemek için varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Deney sonuçlarına göre yüzey kalitesi için optimum koşullar, Kry+MMY hibrit soğutma/yağlama koşulu, 160 m/dak kesme hızı ve 0,16 mm/dev ilerleme olarak belirlenmiştir. En iyi Ra değeri (1,151 µm) A3, B3, C1 koşulunda, en kötü Ra değeri ise (-2,861 µm) A2, B1, C3 koşulunda elde edilmiştir

Macromolecules Influence Cellular Competence and Expression Level of IGFs Genes in Bovine Oocytes In Vitro

Simple Summary The macromolecule content of culture media can affect the maturation competence of oocytes, which influences the subsequent in vitro development of embryos. This study was designed to determine the effects of macromolecules on cellular competence and the transcript level of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) and their receptors in bovine oocytes. The current study showed that bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fetal calf serum (FCS) improved nuclear maturation and protein biosynthesis (especially FCS). Polyvinyl alcohol did not support the antioxidant defense mechanism due to decreased glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity. The expression of the IGF1 gene could not be detected in all experimental groups, but BSA and FCS increased the transcript level of the IGF2 gene. Moreover, oocyte maturation with BSA increased the transcript level of the IGF1R gene, whereas the transcript level of the IGF2R gene was similar among macromolecule supplementation groups. The BSA and FCS could improve in vitro bovine oocyte development due to supporting cellular characteristics. In vitro maturation (IVM) of mammalian oocytes, which influences subsequent in vitro development of embryos, is affected by the macromolecule content in culture media for the success of oocyte maturation competence, in which the cytoplasmic and nuclear reprogramming events occur. The insulin-like growth factor family (IGFs) promotes the maturation of bovine oocytes and the expansion of cumulus cells and also inhibits apoptosis. This study was, therefore, designed to examine the effects of macromolecules (bovine serum albumin, BSA; fetal calf serum, FCS; and polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) on in vitro nuclear maturation, total cellular protein, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activity, and the gene expression level of IGF1, IGF2, and their receptor in bovine oocytes. Oocytes obtained from bovine ovaries were cultured in bicarbonate-buffered medium 199 supplemented with 4 mg/mL BSA, 10% FCS, 1 mg/mL PVA, and without macromolecule supplement (control) during 22 h in the air with a humidified atmosphere and 5% CO2 at 38.5 degrees C temperature. Supplementation of BSA and FCS increased (chi(2) = 9.84; p < 0.05) the percentages of oocytes that reached metaphase II compared to the control and PVA. The amount of protein per ml of cell extracts of oocytes matured in FCS supplemented culture media was higher (p < 0.05) than the oocytes in the PVA and control. The levels of GPx enzyme activity in cell extracts isolated from oocytes in each experimental group did not change over time, but the GPx enzyme activity in oocytes matured in PVA-supplemented culture media was lower (p < 0.05) than in oocytes in the other experimental groups. Transcript for the IGF1 gene was not detected in all experimental groups, but the supplementation of BSA and FCS significantly elevated the transcript level of the IGF2 gene. In addition, the maturation of oocytes with BSA-supplemented media increased the transcript level of the IGF1R gene, whereas the transcript level of the IGF2R gene was similar among macromolecule supplementation groups. The current study concluded that BSA and FCS could improve in vitro bovine oocyte development due to supporting nuclear maturation and increasing the total cellular protein content, GPx enzyme, and transcript activity

Placental Characteristics Classification of Various Native Turkish Sheep Breeds

Simple Summary The aim of this study was to classify placental characteristics of Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Karayaka, Awassi, Malya, and Bafra native sheep breeds using the hierarchical clustering method. As a result, six breeds were separated into three clusters: the first cluster consisted of Bafra, Karayaka, and Awassi breeds; the second consisted of Akkaraman and Malya breeds; and the third cluster included only the Morkaraman breed. The aim of this study was to classify placental characteristics of Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Karayaka, Awassi, Malya, and Bafra sheep breeds using the hierarchical clustering method. In total, 240 individual data records were used as experimental material. Placental characteristics such as total cotyledon surface area, small and large cotyledon length, small cotyledon depth, etc. were used as explanatory variables to classify the breeds' characteristics. Hierarchical clustering was used with the nearest neighbour method with Euclidean distance in order to classify the sheep breeds' variations. As a result, six breeds were separated into three clusters: the first cluster consisted of Bafra, Karayaka, and Awassi breeds; the second consisted of Akkaraman and Malya breeds; and the third cluster included only the Morkaraman breed. Bafra and Karayaka were pointed as the nearest breeds, with a similarity of 98.7% in terms of placental characteristics. The similarity rate of the Akkaraman and Malya breeds was at a level of 97.5%, whereas it was 96.8% for Bafra, Karayaka, and Awassi breeds. The similarity of Akkaraman, Karayaka, Awassi, Malya, and Bafra sheep breeds was estimated as 95.7%. The overall similarity was found to be at a level of 93.2% among sheep breeds. The outcomes of the study might be useful as a selection tool for reproductivity and can be used to select the breed to be reared

Orta güçlü-genişbant zarf takip metodu radyo frekans güç yükselteci dizaynı.

An inevitable trade-off between efficiency and linearity challenges RF researchers more than ever in today’s wireless communication systems. The reason is the tight linearity requirements of the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) signals. Linearity is crucial because modern communication systems transmit non-constant envelope modulation signals. Efficiency is also crucial because portable systems have limited source of power and dissipated heat power increases cooling system cost. Various power amplifier architectures have been demonstrated to achieve high efficiency for high PAPR signals. One of them has different property. This one is fundamentally immune to changes in the frequency of the carrier; it depends only on the envelope of the RF signal. This dissertation focuses on the design of Envelope Tracking Power Amplifier (ETPA) for enabling broadband wireless communication with high efficiency. First, load and supply modulation techniques are reviewed. In second chapter, main blocks of ETPA are described and efficiency formulas are given. Then, 10W LDMOS RFPA is designed with the help of CAD programs and implemented on the PCB. In third chapter, hybrid envelope amplifier topology is introduced to maximize efficiency for large back-offs and implemented on the PCB. Finally, ET system is tested with 5 MHz-WCDMA with 9.7 dB PAPR. Drain efficiency and ACPR measurements are tabulated. To better understand the ET operation, simulations with ADS are done. Comparison table of constant supply voltage RFPA and ET PA is added to show the efficiency enhancement.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Investigation of The Effect of Vinasse Emerged in Bioetonal Production Stage from Sugar Beet on Biogas Production

Yüksek Lisans TeziBu çalışma şeker fabrikalarında alkol üretimi aşamasında ortaya çıkan şilempenin biyogaz prosesine beslenmesiyle gaz ve reaktör içerisinde meydana gelen değişimleri belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada kullanılan atıkların prosese girerken ve reaktörde reaksiyon aşamalarında; kuru madde oranları, organik kuru madde oranları, pH seviyeleri, FOS/TAC oranları, gazın hidrojen sülfür oranları gibi testler yapılmış ve özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Üretilen gaz 3 adet 1500 kW ve 2 adet 1000 kW olmak üzere toplam 6,5 MW kurulu güçte incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında 10 hafta boyunca herhangi bir şekilde şilempe beslemesi yapılmamıştır. 10. haftadan sonra ise günlük yaklaşık olarak 150 tona yakın şilempe beslemesi yapılmış ve besleme işlemine 10 hafta devam edilmiştir. Motorların maksimum momenti 1000 kW motorlarda 8,61 kg/m2 1500 kW motorlarda 11,64 kgm2 ve devirleri 1500 rpm olan motorlarda elektrik enerjisi üretilmiş ve üretilen enerjiler kayıt altına alınmıştır. Motora giren gazın özellikleri gaz analizörlerinde gözlemlenmiştir Beslemenin yapılmadığı ve yapıldığı dönemlerde reaktör ve enerji analizleri yapılmış ve iki dönem arasındaki üretim ve proses sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre şilempenin prosese beslenmesi ile gaz üretiminde artış gözlemlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda şilempe beslemesinin metan oranında artış yarattığı gözlemlenmiştir.This study was carried out to determine the changes that occur in the gas and reactor when the vinasse, which emerges during the alcohol production stage in sugar factories, is fed to the biogas process. While entering the process of the wastes used in the research and in the reaction stages in the reactor; Tests such as dry matter ratios, organic dry matter ratios, pH levels, FOS/TAC ratios, hydrogen sulfide ratios of the gas were carried out and their properties were determined. The produced gas was examined at a total installed power of 6.5 MW, 3 units of 1500 kW and 2 units of 1000 kW. Within the scope of the study, no food was given to the vinasse for 10 weeks. After the 10th week, approximately 150 tons of vinasse was fed daily and the feeding process continued for 10 weeks. The maximum torque of the motors is 8.61 kg/m2 in 1000 kw motors, 11.64 kg/m2 in 1500 kw motors, and electrical energy is produced in motors with 1500 rpm and the generated energies are recorded. The characteristics of the gas entering the engine were observed in the gas analyzers. In the periods when the feeding was not made and when it was made, reactor and energy analyzes were made and the production and process results between the two periods were compared. According to the results obtained from the study, there was a noticeable increase in gas production with the feeding of the vinasse to the process. At the same time, it was observed that the vinasse feed increased the methane rate

In vitro maturation of bovine oocytes may using royal jelly as protein source in the culture media

The present study investigated the effect of using royal jelly (RJ) as protein source for the culture media that would be used in the nuclear maturation stage of bovine oocytes. Bovine ovaries were collected from local slaughterhouse and then the cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered from visible antral follicles (2 to 8 mm) by aspiration method. The obtained COCs were examined under an inverted microscope. COCs with uniform cytoplasm and homogeneous distribution of cumulus cells were selected for in vitro maturation. COCs were randomly incubated in tissue culture media-199 (TCM-199) with 10% royal jelly (10RJ, n=179) and 10% fotal calf serum (0RJ, n=172 oocytes) for 22h at 39 degrees C under 5% CO2 in humidified air at 95%. The nuclear maturation stages were determined by examining the oocytes under the inverted microscope. The proportion of oocytes reaching metaphase-I (MI) stage in the 0RJ and 10RJ groups was 19% and 20%, respectively. The rate of oocytes reaching the anaphase-I (AI) stage in both groups was determined as 2%. On the other hand, 1% of the oocytes developed up to the telephase-I (TI) stage in both groups. The maturation rate in 10RJ media (78%) was similar when compared with 0RJ media (77%). Methaphase-II (MII) stage oocytes the 10RJ media did not affect the expansion rates of cumulus cells when compared to 0RJ media. Similarly, the ratios in first polar bodies and the maturated oocytes cleaved to 2- cell 48h post activation and were not affected by the use of 10RJ in the culture media. Therefore, these results suggest that royal jelly (%10) can be used as a protein source in the in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes. This study has shown that it will contribute to the studies to be carried out by identifying different protein sources in the in vitro maturation stage.The present study investigated the effect of using RJ as protein source for the culture media that would be used in the nuclear maturation stage of bovine oocytes

New anticoagulants in the treatment of stroke: future promise

Recent evidence is leading to the replacement of vitamin K antagonists, the efficacy of which in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is well established, with better tolerated and more manageable new anticoagulant drugs, with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding, no clear interactions with food, fewer interactions with medications, and no need for frequent laboratory monitoring and dose adjustments. Among new anticoagulants, dabigatran etexilate is a direct, competitive inhibitor of thrombin. It was evaluated for patients with AF in the RE-LY trial, showing lower rates of stroke and systemic embolism at a dose of 150 mg twice daily with similar rates of major hemorrhage compared with warfarin; and non-inferiority compared with warfarin for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism at a dose of 110 mg twice daily, with lower rates of major bleeding. Beside dabigatran, oral factor Ⅹ a inhibitors are also emerging for the prevention of thromboembolic events in AF. Despite the obvious advantages of these new oral anticoagulants over vitamin K antagonists, further information is still needed on how to prioritize the patients deriving the greatest benefit from these novel agents on the basis of patient characteristics or drug pharmacokinetics. There is also a need for assessing their long-term efficacy and safety over decades in the real-world setting