Veri madenciliği ile birliktelik kurallarının bulunması

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Teknolojik gelişmeler ile birlikte günümüzde her alanda sürekli olarak şirketler ve kurumlar özellikle müşteri ve satış verilerini depolamaktadırlar. Bu verilerden veri madenciliği teknikleri uygulanarak önceden bilinmeyen, veri iç inde gizli, anlamlı, potansiyel olarak kullanışlı ve değerli bilgiler elde edilmek istenmektedir. Birliktelik-ilişki kuralıda bu tekniklerden biridir. Birliktelik-ilişki kuralı, hareket verileri içinde birlikte hareket eden öğelerin keşfedilmesi, keşfedilen bu bağıntılar ile geleceğe yönelik tahminler üretilmesini sağlar.Apriori algoritması, veri madenciliğinde sık geçen öğelerin keşfedilmesi için kullanılan en çok bilinen birliktelik-ilişki kuralı algoritmasıdır, temel olarak iteratif bir yapıya sahiptir. Sık geçen öğeleri bulmak için birçok kez veritabanını taramak gerekir, bu taramalar aşamasında Apriori algoritmasının birleştirme, budama işlemleri ve minimum destek ölçütü yardımı ile birliktelik ilişkisi olan öğeler bulunur.Bu tez kapsamında, veritabanlarında bilgi keşfi süreçleri, veri madenciliği, veri madenciliğinde kullanılan birliktelik-ilişki kuralı ve Apriori algoritması hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.Uygulama bölümünde, gerçek veriler kullanarak Birliktelik Kuralları yöntemi ile Pazar Sepeti Çözümlemesi uygulaması yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar tartışılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı; Veritabanlarında Bilgi Keşfi, Veri Madenciliği ve Birliktelik Kuralları'nı ayrıntılı olarak incelemek, veri madenciliğinde istatistiksel çözümlemeye ağırlık vererek bir pazar sepeti çözümlemesi uygulaması gerçekleştirip sonuçları değerlendirmektir.Anahtar kelimeler: Veri madenciliği, birliktelik kuralları, apriori algoritmasıIn this time period, many of companies and corporates specially store customer and sales data in databases together with technological developments. They want to obtain previously unknown, implicit, meaningful, and potentially useful information from data in databases with data mining techniques. Association rule mining is one kind of data mining techniques which discovers strong association or correlation relationships among a large of data items.The Apriori algorithm is the most popular association rule algorithm which discovers all frequent itemsets in large database of transactions. This algorithm uses iterative approach to count the frequent itemsets. Using this algorithm, candidate patterns which receive sufficient support from the database and the algorithm uses aprior gen actions join and prune to find all frequent itemsets.In this thesis, processes of knowledge discovery in databases, data mining, association rule and Apriori algorithm are explained.In the application, by using real data, market basket analysis application has performed by association rules and the results have been discussed. The aim of the study is to analyze knowledge discovery in databases, data mining and association rules, to carry out a market basket analysis by emphasizing on statistical analysis and to evaluate the results of the application.Key Words: Data Mining, Association Rules, Apriori Algorithm

Okul Etkililiğini Belirlemede Kullanılan Katma-Değerli Değerlendirme Yaklaşımının Uygulanması

The aim of this study was to introduce the value-added assessment model, one of the approaches used in school and teacher evaluation, and to demonstrate its implementation on a real data set. In the study, success ratings for the schools were assessed through the value-added assessment model using TEOG (transition from primary to secondary education) exam scores of 539 secondary schools in Şanlıurfa province of Turkey. The school ratings based on the exam averages were also included. The differences were found between the ratings based on the value-added scores obtained in the study and the traditional ones depending only on the exam averages. It was concluded that it was not accurate to evaluate the school success solely by a specific exam average, and the value-added assessment approach, revealing how much the schools were differentiated from one exam to another, was decided to offer more objective results. The present study, serving as a model for the use of value-added assessment approach in Turkey, offers suggestions to assist school and teacher evaluation to be planned in the future.Çalışmanın amacı okul ve öğretmen değerlendirmesinde kullanılan yaklaşımlardan biri olan katma-değerli değerlendirme modelinin tanıtılması ve gerçek bir veri üzerinden uygulamasının gösterilmesidir. Bu çalışmada Şanlıurfa ilindeki 539 okula ait TEOG sınav puanları kullanılarak katma-değerli değerlendirme modeli vasıtasıyla okullar arasında başarı sıralaması yapılmıştır. Bunun yanında sadece ortalamalara bakılarak yapılan okul sıralamaları da sunulmuştur. Çalışmada elde edilen katma-değer puanlarına dayalı sıralamalar ile sadece ortalamalara dayalı yapılan geleneksel sıralamalar arasında farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sadece bir sınav üzerinden okul ortalamalarına bakarak okulların başarısının değerlendirilmesinin doğru olmadığı okulların bir sınavdan diğerine ne kadar değişim gösterdiğini yansıtan katma-değerli değerlendirme yaklaşımının daha objektif sonuçlar sunduğu görülmüştür. Katma-değerli değerlendirme yaklaşımının Türkiye’de kullanımına örnek teşkil eden bu çalışma ileride yapılması planlanan okul ve öğretmen değerlendirmelerine yardımcı olacak önerilerde bulunmaktadır

4-Chloro-2-[(4-chloro­benzyl­idene)amino]­phenol

In the title Schiff base compound, C13H9Cl2NO, the mol­ecule displays an E conformation about the imine C=N double bond, with a dihedral angle of 8.09 (11)° between the two benzene rings. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by a single O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, giving one-dimensional chains which extend along (100)

DP600 Çeliğine Uygulanan Kesme ve Hassas Kesme İşleminin Sonlu Elemanlar Yöntemi Kullanılarak İncelenmesi

Otomotiv sanayii başta olmak üzere, metal şekillendirme işlemlerinin yapıldığı sektörlerde kesme işlemi yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Kesme işleminden sonra gerçekleştirilen form verme işleminde istenmeyen yırtılmalar oluşmaktadır. Bu oluşumlar kesme işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra oluşan ve istenmeyen mikro ve makro düzeyde çatlaklardan kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kesme işleminde oluşan çatlakları minumum seviyeye indirmeye çalışılmıştır. Soğuk şekillendirme esnasında malzemede oluşan mikro ve makro boyuttaki çatlakları önlemek için her geçen gün kullanımı artan hassas kesme yönteminin önemini simufact forming V16 sonlu elemanlar yöntemi (SEY) programı kullanılarak sanal ortamda hem kesme hem de hassas kesme yöntemi deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneylerde, yüksek mukavemetli çeliklerden olan 1 mm kalınlığındaki çift fazlı DP600 sac malzeme kullanılmıştır. Sanal ortam deneylerinde kullanılan malzemeye ait akma noktası, çekme dayanımı, % uzama değerleri çekme testlerinden elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayyıldız figürlü kalıp tasarlanmış ve sanal ortam deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneyler sonucunda kesme yönteminin ve hassas kesme yönteminde kullanılan farklı yükseklikteki v çentikli baskı bileziğinin malzemede meydana getirdiği gerilme, kavislenme genişliği ve derinliği, çapak yüksekliği değerleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca v çentikli baskı bileziği hassas kesmedeki önemi ortaya konmuştur

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{[(E)-(3-cyclo butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino] meth yl}phenol

The title compound, C13H14N4O, was developed using the reaction of salicyl aldehyde and 3-amino-5-cyclo butyl-1,2,4-triazole in ethanol under microwave irradiation. This eco-friendly microwave-promoted method proved to be efficient in the synthesis of 2-{[(E)-(3-cyclo butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino] meth yl}phenol in good yields and purity. The title compound is a Schiff base that exists in the phenol-imine tautomeric form and adopts an E configuration. The three independent mol ecules in the asymmetric unit (A, B and C) are not planar, the cyclo butyl and the phenol-imine rings are twisted to each other making a dihedral angle of 67.8 (4)° in mol ecule A, 69.1 (2)° in mol ecule B and 89.1 (2)° in mol ecule C. In each mol ecule an intra molecular O - H⋯N hydrogen bond is present, forming an S(6) ring motif. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to investigate the contributions of the different inter molecular contacts within the supra molecular structure. The major inter actions are H⋯H (53%), C⋯H (19%) and N⋯H (17%) for mol ecule A, H⋯H (50%), N⋯H (20%) and C⋯H (20%) for mol ecule B and H⋯H (57%), C⋯H (14%) and N⋯H (13%) for mol ecule C

THE EFFECTS OF BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS OF ATHLETES

Introduction and Aim: Psychological skills are one of the determining factors in an individual's sportive performance. The psychology of the athlete before, during and after the competition directly affects his or her performance in the competition. According to the theory of self- determination, satisfying the individual's basic psychological needs is necessary for individual growth, integration, development, mental health and wellbeing. It has become necessary to conduct a research on how effective the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in the development of psychological skills affecting the performance of the athlete during the competition can be achieved by going out of this theoretical way. In this context, it is aimed at investigating the effect of basic psychological needs on psychological skills of athletes.Method: A total of 150 athletes, 39 females and 111 males, participated in the research in various sports branches. “Assessment of Psychological Skills by Athletes Inventory” and “Basic Psychological Needs Inventory” have been conducted to athletes. Descriptive statistical analysis, t test, ANOVA and linear regression analysis have been used in the analysis of the data. Findings: As a result of the analyses, there is no significant difference on the gender basis according to the scores obtained from the “Assessment of Psychological Skills by Athletes Inventory”, while there is a significant difference in favor of the national athletes in terms of being national athletes (p=.004). Additionally, a linear regression analysis has been conducted to designate the extent to which the psychological needs of the athletes explain their psychological skills. According to the results, the basic psychological needs explains 22.1% of the total variance related to the psychological skills of the athletes (β=.479, t=6.629, p=.000). Result: Accordingly, it can be said that satisfying basic psychological needs will contribute to the development of basic psychological skills.  Article visualizations

Investigation of factors predicting job satisfaction of school counsellors in Turkey

Job satisfaction can be defined as individuals' perceptions of satisfaction towards their profession. This concept is also considered to be important for the school counselling profession because school counsellors’ high level of job satisfaction is assumed to have positive effects not only on them but also on their students and accordingly on the education system. Therefore, it is thought that it is important to examine the factors that predict job satisfaction of school counsellors. For this purpose, this study was conducted on 194 (female=145 and male=49) school counsellors in Turkey. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was a significant positive relationship between school counsellors’ job satisfaction and professional self-esteem. In addition, job satisfaction of school counsellors working in the private sector was found to be higher than those working in the public sector. It was found that job satisfaction of school counsellors did not differ significantly according to gender, age and school level variables

Preliminary Checking of Some Turkish Diatomaceous Earth Similarities with Commercial Diatomaceous Earths under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Diatoms are dead bodies of unicellular algae’s and made up of fossilized diatoms in aquatic ecosystems. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a dust varying in color depending on composition, from white-grey to yellow to red and active ingredient is amorphous silicon dioxide. DEs are commonly used for purification of water, the purification of juices, separation of various oils and chemicals and also used as an insecticide. Mode of action as insecticide which damage occurs to the insects protective wax coat on the cuticle, mostly by sorption and to a lesser degree by abrasion, or both. The result is the loss of water from the insect's body through desiccation resulting in death. The efficacy of DE against insects depends on different physical and morphological characteristics of the diatoms. In present study, image properties of 10 different Turkish DE samples under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were checked and compared similarities with commercial DEs, namely Protector, SilicoSec, Insecto and Pyrisec. SEM image analysis indicated that there were variations in shape and size of dead bodies of diatoms in Turkish and commercial DEs. The shapes of dead bodies of diatoms in Turkish local DE’s named as CBN and BGN were found very similar with those in commercial DE, Silicosec. Local DE coded as DC has a round shape and looks similar to commercial DE of Pyrisec while local DE coded as CAN has triangle shape and its shape was different from those of all other DE samples

1,1′-Bis(3-methyl-3-phenyl­cyclo­but­yl)-2,2′-(aza­nedi­yl)diethanol

The title mol­ecule, C26H35NO2, contains two cyclo­butane rings that adopt butterfly conformations and are linked by a –CH(OH)CH2NHCH2CH(OH)– bridge. In the crystal, N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds together with C–H⋯π inter­actions link the molecules

Information-theoretic noisy band detection in hyperspectral imagery (Hiperspektral görüntülerde gürültülü bantların bilişim kuramsal tespiti)

Hyperspectral imagery consists of hundreds of successive bands that carry spectral information about the underlying materials at various wavelengths. However, due to practical factors such as atmospheric effects and sensor characteristics, some spectral bands contain high amounts of noise. In this paper, an effective information-theoretic algorithm based on mutual information that automatically detects such noisy bands is proposed. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach is validated on hyperspectral images collected by the AVIRIS and TELOPS sensors. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the other algorithms in the literature