98 research outputs found
Transformation process of industrial heritage places. Case study: northern industrial zone of Ayvalık, Turkey
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Panel 2 Paper 2.3: A Discussion on Rural Transformation in Turkey
Rural areas represent an indigenous culture and richness of a native society. The environment made by this society is a product of local culture, built by the use of available local materials, considering local production and lifestyle of the villages. Continuity of rural areas is necessary for safeguarding a specific landscape – which has specific features – on earth with its components. A specific landscape can sustain only with a continuous rural life. For a sustainable rural life, the income source of the inhabitants which is mainly based on production should be continuous.
In Turkey, in rural areas, most of the population used to deal with the agricultural production. However, the number of people living in rural areas has decreased gradually because of the policies applied as a result of the worldwide movements and trends such as industrialization, mechanization, modernization and globalization. These policies affects the national policies and rural areas lost importance and improvement of urban areas become the foremost aim of the state. The outcomes of the changes in national policies threatens rural heritage achieving a positive contemporary transformation.
In this text, the transformation of rural areas in Turkey regarding the applied policies by the government is introduced to understand basics of the problem for conservation of rural areas. The alterations in the agricultural, legal and administrative policies in Turkey are discussed. The regulations made in the policies caused traditional rural practices of small land owners lost their validity by elimination of human force and discovery of new cultivation methods. The common crisis has been the unavoidable migration from rural to urban. This initiated improvisation of the peasants and annihilation of rural life and architecture. This process is also seen in rural areas of foreign countries and discussed on global platforms. Therefore, a general approach for conservation of rural areas is put forward through international charters comparing it with the approaches in Turkey
Repair phases of Suleymaniye complex in damascus
Süleymaniye Complex in Damascus, built on the bank of Barada River as the last stop before the desert on the pilgrimage route extending from the Balkans to Mecca, is one of the works of Hassa Chief Architect Sinan, which was designed according to the basic principles of the Ottoman classical period architecture, and built between 1554 and 1559. Many research has been carried out on the historical and architectural features of the complex, which is composed of the mosque that is also known as the "Takiyah Süleymaniye", double tabhane (hospice) and caravanserais, imaret (soup kitchen), madrasa and arasta (bazaar) structures and these investigations focused on the oriğinal qualities of the mosque and its construction phases. According to the sources, the first phase of the Complex consisting of the mosque, tabhane and imarethane was completed in 1559 and the second phase including the madrasa was completed in 1566, later on, between 1567 and 1596, a Dervish lodge was added to this building group. Although the location of this dervish lodge, which has not reached the present day is unknown, it is anticipated that it was located in the area between the arasta and Barada river. Preserving its original characteristics in the 16th century, the first stage of the Complex is one of the most important Ottoman works in Damascus, both in terms of its architectural layout and construction technique. Although the Madrasa built in the second phase is attributed to Mimar Sinan due to its planimetric features, it resembles local characteristics of Damascus with its architectural elements and details in the construction technique. Süleymaniye Complex, which was visited by Asik Mehmed in the 1590s, was a frequently used, and therefore a well-run social center in good structural condition. Evliya çelebi, who went to Damascus in 1648-1649, defines the Complex as a pleasant rural retreat and even as the last oasis before the desert. Information from these travelers is also supported by the engravings of Damascus by Braun and Hogenberg, dated to 1575, and by Olmert Dapper, dated to 1667. The oldest known repair of the Complex took place after the earthquake of 1759, which caused massive destructions in Damascus. The repaired parts of the Complex can be identified from the records of exploration and expenditures related to the repairs carried out in Damascus after the earthquake. The Bartlett engraving of 1836 and the photographs from the end of the 19th century and the beğinning of the 20th century show that the surroundings of the Complex were completely empty, like a summer resort area. In the work of Cengizkan, it is reported that in the last years of the Ottoman Empire, in a short period of time between 1915 and 1928, the construction and maintenance-repair works accelerated in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula, which would be separated from the state territory. In the memorials of this period written by Architect Mehmet Nihat Nigisberk, published by Cengizkan, the repair works of Süleymaniye Mosque, Süleymaniye Madrasa and Imâret were described in detail. However, the growth of Damascus, started in the 1930s and increased after 1960, changed the close relations of the Complex with its environment even though it maintained its spatial arrangement and original function. The whole Complex, locally called as Takiyah Süleymaniye, which became part of the urban inner city during this period, was affected by disasters such as earthquakes and floods happened in Damascus. It has also undergone various repairs at different times according to contemporary needs and has faced serious structural problems, especially in the last thirty years, as a result of decreasing ground water level in the areas along the Barada River. This work aims to analyse the construction and repair phases of the Complex by classifying them into six chronological periods starting from its construction and to share the results obtained from recent publications by associating the findings and traces from the buildings with the historical documents and investigations in the international platform. While the evaluations on the repairs and interventions in the first five periods are based on the limited information and visual documentation where available, the assessments of the condition of the Complex in 2005 are based on field observations and archive research made by the authors. Along with contributing to the monitoring of changes took place in the Complex from its design phase that started with Mimar Sinan in 1554 until present day, it is also expected that this work would help in understanding the processes of building production and interventions in different periods.Balkanlardan Mekke’ye uzanan hac yolu üzerinde, Şam’ın Barada nehri kıyısında, çölden önceki son durak noktası olarak inşa edilen Şam Süleymaniye Külliyesi, Hassa Mimarbaşı Sinan’ın Osmanlı klasik dönem mimarisinin temel ilkelerine göre tasarladığı, 1554–59 yılları arasında inşa edilen eserlerinden biridir. “Süleymaniye Tekkesi” olarak da bilinen cami, çifte tabhane ve kervansaraylar, imaret, medrese ve arasta yapılarından oluşan külliyenin tarihi ve mimari özellikleriyle ilgili bugüne kadar pek çok araştırma yapılmış olup bunlar, külliyenin özgün niteliklerini ve inşa aşamalarını aktarır. Kaynaklara göre Külliyenin cami, tabhane ve imaretten oluşan ilk aşaması 1559’da, medreseyi içeren ikinci aşaması ise 1566’da tamamlanmış; 1567-1596 arasında bu yapı grubuna bir de Derviş Dergâhı eklenmiştir. Günümüze ulaşamayan bu dergâhın konumu bilinmemekle birlikte, arasta ile Barada nehri arasında olması beklenir.Halen 16. yüzyıldaki özgün niteliklerini koruyan Külliyenin ilk aşaması, gerek mimari düzeni gerekse yapım tekniği açısından Şam’daki en önemli Osmanlı eserlerinden biridir. İkinci aşamada inşa edilen Medrese planimetrik özellikleriyle Mimar Sinan’a atfedilmekle birlikte; mimari elemanları ve inşa tekniğindeki ayrıntılarıyla Şam’a ait yerel özellikler taşır.Âşık Mehmed’in 1590’lı yıllarda ziyaret ettiği Süleymaniye Külliyesi yoğun kullanılan, dolayısı ile iyi işletilen ve yapısal açıdan da iyi durumda bir sosyal merkezdir. 1648-1649’da Şam’a giden Evliya Çelebi de Külliyeyi sayfiye yeri benzeri, hoş kırsal bir dinlenme yeri, hatta çöle gelmeden önceki son vaha olarak tanımlar. Bu seyyahların aktardıkları bilgiler, 1575 tarihli Braun ve Hogenberg ile 1667 tarihli Olfert Dapper’in Şam gravürlerinden de okunur.Külliye ile ilgili bilinen en eski onarım, Şam’da büyük yıkıma yol açan 1759 depreminden sonradır. Deprem sonrası Şam’da yapılacak onarımlara ilişkin keşif ve harcama kayıtlarından Külliyenin hangi bölümlerinde onarım yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. 1836 yılına ait Bartlett gravürüyle, 19. yy sonu ve 20. yy başına ait fotoğraflarda Külliyenin çevresi tümüyle boş, bir sayfiye alanı görüntüsündedir. Cengizkan’ın çalışmasında, Osmanlının son yıllarında, 1915-1928 yılları arasında Devlet topraklarından kısa sürede ayrılacak olan Orta Doğu ve Arabistan Yarımadası’nda, inşaat ve bakım-onarım çalışmalarına hız verildiği bildirilir. Cengizkan tarafından yayınlanan Mimar Mehmet Nihat Nigisberk’in bu döneme ait anılarında, Süleymaniye câmii, Süleymaniye medresesi ve imâretinin onarımına ilişkin yapılan onarım çalışmaları ayrıntılı olarak tariflenmiştir.Ancak Şam’ın 1930’larda başlayan ve 1960’lardan sonra artan büyümesi, mekânsal düzeni ve özgün işlevini koruyan Külliyenin yakın çevre ilişkilerini değiştirir değiştirmiştir. Bu süreçte bir kent içi külliyesine dönüşen Süleymaniye Tekkesi; Şam’da meydana gelen deprem ve sel gibi afetlerden etkilenmiş; güncel gereksinimlere göre farklı dönemlerde çeşitli onarımlar geçirmiş ve özellikle son otuz yılda, Barada nehri kıyısındaki alanlarda zemin suyu seviyesinin düşmesi sonucunda, ciddi yapısal sorunlarla karşı karşıya gelmiştir.Bu çalışma, arşiv ve literatür araştırma sonuçları ile yapılardaki tespit ve izleri ilişkilendirerek, Külliyenin inşa ve onarım aşamalarını, ilk yapım tarihinden itibaren 6 dönem halinde kronolojik bir düzen içinde dönemlere ayırarak incelemeyi ve son yayınlardan da yararlanılarak varılan sonuçları uluslararası platformda paylaşmayı amaçlar. İlk dört beş dönemdeki onarım ve müdahalelerle ilgili değerlendirmeler bulunabilen sınırlı bilgi ve görsel belgeyi esas alırken; 2005 yılındaki duruma ilişkin tespit ve değerlendirmeler yazarların yaptıkları gözlem ve arşiv araştırmalarına dayanır. Bu çalışmanın, 1554 yılında Mimar Sinan’la başlayan tasarım aşamasından günümüze, eserdeki değişimlerin izlenmesine katkısının yanı sıra; farklı dönemlerdeki yapı üretim ve müdahale süreçlerinin anlaşılmasına yardımcı olması beklenmektedir
Potential of biological mortar for micro-crack remediation of calcareous stones in historical monuments
Since the early ages, first human beings, then architects and civil engineers have preferred stones for the construction of historic monuments and buildings due to their durable nature. But in the course of time, these stones have inescapably been faced with different kinds of weathering processes because of several biotic and abiotic weathering factors. In calcareous stones, micro-cracks/fissures are the common deterioration forms resulting from these weathering processes, and in the long term, they affect the durability of the structure. The survival of monuments and buildings is substantially related with the protection and the conservation of the materials from which they are constructed. To this end, several treatment approaches have been developed for the micro-crack remediation of these materials but there is still room for improvement to fulfill multiple aspects of remediation studies. Although many studies and applications can be found on biomineralization techniques and approaches, few studies have been conducted on biological mortars. This review highlights the potential of biological mortar acquired through biomineralization as an alternative bio-based repair material for the healing of micro-cracks of historic calcareous stones. Promising findings from laboratory analyses and field observations of biological mortars are given with a brief discussion on limitations, challenges, and future works in relation with remediation of micro-cracks of stones
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A practice-oriented model for pushover analysis of a class of timber-framed masonry buildings
Timber-Framed (TF) masonry is a structural system characterized by high complexity and diversity. Limited experimental and analytical research has been carried out so far to explore their earthquake response, partly due to the complexity of the problem and partly due to the scarcity of TF buildings across the world. Here, a new practice-oriented non-linear (NL) macro-model is presented for TF masonry structures, based on the familiar diagonal strut approach with NL axial hinges in the struts. The constitutive law for the hinges (axial force vs. axial deformation) is derived on the basis of an extensive parametric analysis of the main factors affecting the response of TF masonry panels subjected to horizontal loading. The parameters studied are related to the geometric features of the panel and the strength of wood as well as the connections of the timber elements. The parametric analysis is performed using a micro-model based on Hill-type plasticity and it is shown that in the studied X-braced walls the masonry infills do not make a significant contribution to the lateral load resistance. Empirical expressions are proposed for the yield and maximum displacement and shear of a horizontally loaded TF panel. The model is verified against available experimental data, and is found to capture well the envelopes of the experimental loops. The model is readily applicable to NL static analysis (pushover) analysis for the assessment of the lateral load capacity of TF masonry buildings, as the number of input parameters for deriving the constitutive law has been limited to only five
Seismic performance evaluation of traditional timber Hımış frames: capacity spectrum method based assessment
Timber constructions have been widely suggested to be seismically resistant based on post-disaster reconnaissance studies. This observation has, however, remained to a large extent anecdotal due to the lack of experimental work supporting it, especially for certain timber architectural forms, including traditional timber frame “hımış” structures. To fill this gap, the authors carried out an extensive full-scale testing scheme using frames of various geometrical configurations, tested under reverse-cyclic lateral loading with/without infill (brick and adobe) or cladding (bağdadi and şamdolma) (Aktas et al. in Earthq Spectra 30(4):1711–1732, 2014a, b). The tests concluded that hımış frames had high energy dissipation capabilities due mostly to nailed connections. Infill/cladding significantly helped improve stiffness and lateral load strength of the frames, and timber type did not seem to make a remarkable impact on the overall behaviour. The current paper, on the other hand, uses test data to calculate capacity/demand ratios based on capacity spectrum method and Eurocode 8 to elaborate more on the performance of “hımış” structures under seismic loading. The obtained results are discussed to draw important conclusions with regards to how frame geometry and infill/cladding techniques affect the overall performance
Seismic resistance of traditional timber-frame hımış
Hımış structures have hardly ever found as extensive a role as other traditional timber housing, such as those originating from Japan or Central Europe, within the wide discourse on the seismic performance of timber-frame architecture that has gained significant momentum in the last few decades owing to advancing testing technologies. While the hımış construction technique was perhaps not born as a result of a conscious search for a seismically resistant building form, it was soon widely appreciated for its structural features advantageous under seismic loading - especially from the sixteenth century when it has become a well-established construction technique in part of the Balkans and in today’s Turkey. Despite widely available anecdotal information based on post-disaster studies regarding its performance under earthquakes, robust quantitative data on the seismic behaviour of these structures were practically non-existent until quite recently, and are still somewhat limited. However, we are now able to confirm that hımış constructions do have intrinsic qualities that are very beneficial under seismic action. This paper aims to make a brief review of the current state of our knowledge on structural performance of hımış buildings under earthquake loading, with specific emphasis on infill/cladding techniques, connection details and energy dissipation characteristics
A noteworthy settlement developed in 19th century Ottoman Land: Industrial Landscape of Ayvalık
Heritage in Context: Conservation and Site Management within Natural, Urban and Social Frameworks,İstanbul, pp: 287-316.
Observations on earthquake resistance of traditional timber-framed houses in Turkey
The aim of this study is to establish the earthquake behaviour of traditional timber-framed houses in Turkey and their technical features to serve as a guide in their conservation. This paper first discusses the destructive effects of changing settlement patterns on the traditional building stock and explores earthquake damage on traditional Turkish buildings, analysing the 1894-İstanbul, 1970-Gediz and finally 1999-Kocaeli earthquakes. A short definition is then provided of timber-framed building methods in Anatolia, and the earthquake damages occurring in them are given. The following section briefly discusses the earthquake behaviour of timber-framed constructions in different countries. The paper concludes with the interpretation of features that increase the earthquake resistance of timber-framed buildings, which are related to the selection of land and the use of the lath and plaster technique, timber lintels, braces and nails. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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