The 42nd Symposium Chromatographic Methods of Investigating Organic Compounds : Book of abstracts

The 42nd Symposium Chromatographic Methods of Investigating Organic Compounds : Book of abstracts. June 4-7, 2019, Szczyrk, Polan

The Role and Tasks of the Territorial Defence Force in the National Security System

The detachments of Territorial Defence Force (TDF, Polish: Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej) are an important element in the new structure of the Polish Army. The article presents the challenges the Territorial Defence Force, a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, are currently facing. The author discusses the origin of TDF as well as the basic normative and legal documents that specify the role and tasks of TDF in the national security system. The principles of recruitment to TDF, the basic criteria laid down for candidates for service and a timeline of TDF development in 2016–2019 are described. Particular attention is paid to the cooperation between TDF and operational forces in case of an armed conflict, which poses a serious challenge to the new type of armed forces. Additionally, research suggests that the range of tasks assigned to TDF indicates their significant role within the crisis management system. This requires the TDF command to work closely with public administration and to gain trust and esteem in local communities in the regions of their operation

Establishing the patron saint of cities, municipalities, districts and provinces

The subject of this article is the procedure for selecting a saint of the Roman Catholic Church patron saint for the city, municipality or wider territory. The establishment of a patron saint is within the competence of the confessional authority, in particular, the bishop and the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sac-raments. The procedure consists of three stages: the election, acknowledgement and affirmation of the patron saint. The church’s current regulations regarding the election of patron saints are contained in two documents of the Holy See. The municipal council, the poviat council and the assembly of the province pass a res-olution on the patron at the stage of his election by the society and the clergy. The above-mentioned authorities do not take part in the next two stages. Entities of territorial self-government only have a supporting vote. They cannot independently establish a patron saint, regardless of the decisions of the ecclesiastical authorities. The position of administrative courts that the resolutions of the constitutive au-thorities of entities of territorial self-government belong to the category of public administration matters is unjustified. The decree of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments is addressed to a given diocese and not to local self-government authorities. The patron saint is established for a city, mu-nicipality, poviat, or for an area that does not have administrative borders. Entities of territorial self-government must respect the autonomy of the church authorities, and public authorities should be impartial in religious matters. Therefore, entities of territorial self-government do not have the competence to establish a patron saint for the promotion of a municipality, district or self-government of the voivodship. However, they can refer to saint persons at the symbolic level, for example, in the coat of arms or the names of streets and squares. This also applies to schools and hospitals run by local self-government authorities

Il concetto di fattoria sullo sfondo delle norme sull’edificazione territoriale

The aim of this paper is an analysis of the concept ‘farm building’ in light of article 41 clause 4 of the Act on Planning and Spatial Development and clarification of certain specific issues. Different interpretations of the same concept are presented, followed by rather impossible to accept consequences of such interpretations grounded in the regulations of construction law and agricultural law. Further, relationships between certain legal categories referred to in the Act, such as an agricultural holding, a dwelling plot, or a barnyard are discussed with an attempt to decide whether a dwelling house alone, if connected with an agricultural holding, may be treated in the same way as a farm building. The importance of the size factor in determining different categories of building permits and conditions has been also noted. Finally, the manner of determining land development conditions for small objects erected in small agricultural holdings is presented.Lo scopo del lavoro è l’analisi del concetto di “fattoria” alla luce dell’art. 61, comma 4 della legge sulla pianificazione ed edificazione territoriale e la risoluzione di una serie di problemi specifici. L’autore presenta diverse interpretazioni di questo concetto e le conseguenze, difficili da accettare, dell’interpretazione riferentesi alla comprensione del concetto discusso sullo sfondo delle norme del diritto edilizio e agrario. Egli descrive anche il rapporto tra la fattoria e le categorie giuridiche quali azienda agricola, appezzamento di terreno destinato all’insediamento e cortile nonché risponde alla domanda se l’edificio abitativo stesso, collegato all’azienda agricola, può essere equiparato alla fattoria. L’attenzione è stata posta anche sull’importanza del criterio territoriale in materia di determinare le condizioni edificatorie per la fattoria. Alla fine è stata presentata la procedura da seguire nel determinare le condizioni edificatorie per gli edifici collocati nelle piccole aziende agricole

Cooperation of Uniform Modulations and State Institutions for Safety in the Cross-Border System

Each state has created own way of managing crisis situations. The measure of effectiveness of the system is tools and principles according to specfi c decisions should be made. Effective crisis management is demonstrated by preparing (in a well-thought-out and organized manner) the forces and means to effectively counteract potential threats. This aim can be achieved by having sufficient knowledge about potential threats, forces and resources, trained specialist, excellent technical condition of the equipment and knowledge about the possibilities of use. The aim of the article is to show and emphasize the essence and significance of the cooperation of separate specialists in uniformed and state institutions, implementing their tasks for security in the cross-border system. It became very important subject in the vision of the idea of illegal migration in recent years in Europ

Il paesaggio e la sua tutela nel processo di riassetto. Alcune questioni scelte

Ukształtowanie terenu jest elementem powierzchni ziemi. Celem rozważań jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy i w jakim zakresie ustawodawca poddaje ochronie ukształtowanie terenu w procesie jego zagospodarowania, czy ochrona obejmuje tylko naturalne ukształtowanie terenu, czy także możliwość jego ulepszenia. W konkluzji artykułu stwierdzono, że ukształtowanie terenu wpływa na walory użytkowe i przyrodnicze powierzchni ziemi. Ustawodawca nie zabrania zmian ukształtowania terenu odpowiednich do jego przeznaczenia, z zachowaniem zasad prawidłowej gospodarki. Zamiarem ustawodawcy nie jest bezwarunkowe zachowanie naturalnego ukształtowania terenu. Liczą się także jego walory użytkowe. Dlatego ustawodawca zezwala na przekształcenie form terenowych, jeśli jest to korzystne i podnosi walory użytkowe terenu oraz nie wpływa negatywnie na grunty sąsiednie i środowisko.Il paesaggio è un elemento della superficie terrestre. L’articolo si propone di rispondere alla domanda se e in quale misura il legislatore riesca a tutelarlo nel processo di riassetto, e se la tutela offerta riguardi solo il profilo naturale del terreno oppure anche la possibilità di sottoporlo a rimodellamenti migliorativi. Nella parte conclusiva, l’autore afferma, tra l’altro, che il paesaggio influisce sui valori utilitaristici e aspetti naturalistici della superficie terrestre. Il legislatore non vieta trasformazioni del paesaggio, se esse sono in linea con la destinazione d’uso e se i principi di corretta gestione vengono garantiti. Non è intenzione del legislatore preservare il paesaggio in modo incondizionato. Contano anche i suoi valori utilitaristici. Pertanto, il legislatore consente trasformazioni territoriali, se esse sono vantaggiose, aumentano i valori utilitaristici del terreno e non hanno un impatto negativo sul terreno limitrofo e sull’ambiente.Landscape is an element of the earth’s surface. The aim of the considerations is to answer the question if and to what extent the legislator subjects landscape to protection in the process of land development, whether this protection covers only the natural shape of the terrain or whether it also includes the possibility of its improvement. In conclusion, the author states, among other things, that the formation of the land affects the usable and natural values of the earth’s surface. However, changes to the shape of the terrain made appropriately to its intended use are not forbidden, provided that the principles of sound land management are observed. It is not the legislator’s intention to preserve the natural landform unconditionally. What matters is also its foreseen utility and values. Therefore, transformation of landforms may be permitted on condition that it is beneficial, increases the utility of the land and does not adversely affect any of the adjacent land or the environment

Il concetto di fattoria sullo sfondo delle norme sull’edificazione territoriale

The aim of this paper is an analysis of the concept ‘farm building’ in light of article 41 clause 4 of the Act on Planning and Spatial Development and clarification of certain specific issues. Different interpretations of the same concept are presented, followed by rather impossible to accept consequences of such interpretations grounded in the regulations of construction law and agricultural law. Further, relationships between certain legal categories referred to in the Act, such as an agricultural holding, a dwelling plot, or a barnyard are discussed with an attempt to decide whether a dwelling house alone, if connected with an agricultural holding, may be treated in the same way as a farm building. The importance of the size factor in determining different categories of building permits and conditions has been also noted. Finally, the manner of determining land development conditions for small objects erected in small agricultural holdings is presented.Lo scopo del lavoro è l’analisi del concetto di “fattoria” alla luce dell’art. 61, comma 4 della legge sulla pianificazione ed edificazione territoriale e la risoluzione di una serie di problemi specifici. L’autore presenta diverse interpretazioni di questo concetto e le conseguenze, difficili da accettare, dell’interpretazione riferentesi alla comprensione del concetto discusso sullo sfondo delle norme del diritto edilizio e agrario. Egli descrive anche il rapporto tra la fattoria e le categorie giuridiche quali azienda agricola, appezzamento di terreno destinato all’insediamento e cortile nonché risponde alla domanda se l’edificio abitativo stesso, collegato all’azienda agricola, può essere equiparato alla fattoria. L’attenzione è stata posta anche sull’importanza del criterio territoriale in materia di determinare le condizioni edificatorie per la fattoria. Alla fine è stata presentata la procedura da seguire nel determinare le condizioni edificatorie per gli edifici collocati nelle piccole aziende agricole

Acquisto di appezzamenti di terreno facenti parte dell’azienda agricola ceduta allo Stato secondo la normativa pensionistica e di invalidità

Celem artykułu jest rozstrzygnięcie problemów związanych z dochodzeniem roszczeń o nabycie gruntu pod budynkami, wchodzącymi niegdyś w skład gospodarstwa rolnego. Przyjęte przez ustawodawcę rozwiązania nie harmonizują z regulacjami dotyczącymi nabywania nieruchomości przez inne grupy społeczne. Wadliwym rozwiązaniem jest dochodzenie roszczeń w trybie administracyjnym i brak ograniczeń czasowych do zgłaszania roszczeń. Właściwym rozwiązaniem byłoby przyznanie rolnikom i ich następcom ustawowego pierwszeństwa w nabyciu gruntu z budynkami. Pierwszeństwo takie powinno być realizowane w toku procedury sprzedaży.L’articolo si propone di discutere le problematiche in materia di rivendicazioni legate all’acquisto di terreni su cui si trovano i fabbricati che un tempo facevano parte di un’azienda agricola, poi ceduta allo Stato in cambio di prestazioni pensionistiche e di invalidità. Le soluzioni adottate dal legislatore non risultano essere in armonia con la normativa in materia di acquisto di immobili da parte di altri gruppi sociali. Ad essere difettosa è la soluzione di perseguire le rivendicazioni in modalità amministrativa, nonché la mancanza di scadenze per la presentazione delle stesse. Una soluzione adeguata sarebbe quella di concedere agli agricoltori e ai loro successori la priorità, stabilita dalla legge, nell'acquisire terreni con i fabbricati. Tale priorità dovrebbe essere esercitata durante la procedura di vendita.The purpose of this article was to resolve problems related to the claims concerning the purchase of land on which the buildings which were once part of an agricultural holding transferred to the State for pension benefits. The solutions adopted by the legislator do not harmonise with the regulations governing the acquisition of land by other social groups. An administrative claim procedure and the absence of time limits for the filing of claims are a shortcoming. The right solution would be to giving farmers and their successors statutory priority in the acquisition of land with buildings. Such priority should be implemented during the sale procedure

Bureaucratic Disposal of Matters

The article presents the issue of a bureaucratic disposal of matters by public administration authorities. The letter of dissatisfaction was introduced into Polish law as early as 1950. It was an expression of a negative attitude towards red tape. The prohibition of a bureaucratic disposal of matters is a guideline for the entire public sector. Bureaucracy is the negative behavior of officials: learned helplessness, routine, prejudices against applicants, assurance, conformism, and excessive formalism. The legislator’s pejorative assessment does not refer to bureaucracy itself, but to red tape as a dysfunction of bureaucracy. Red tape is the result of organizational culture. The article presents the model of Weberian bureaucracy and a critique of it. The provisions obliging officials to act in an fair, impartial, reasonable and proper manner are discussed, and the example is given of proper, open, efficient and independent European Union administration. The tool that determines bureaucracy is the document. The creation of excessive amounts of documents, as a manifestation of bureaucracy (red tape), is closely related to the development of office techniques. However, the development of information technology and the dissemination of electronic communication channels have changed the face of bureaucracy. The direct contact between an official with an applicant is changing into screen-level bureaucracy, with the claimant’s application being handled by the IT system. The official’s discretionary power has Hus been significantly reduced. The development of e-administration eliminates inappropriate actions of officials. However, a new type of bureaucracy is emerging by IT experts. Art. 227 of the Code of Administrative Proceedings can become a protective measure against theformalism of e-government

System bezpieczeństwa państwa wobec współczesnych zagrożeń cywilizacyjnych

Druga dekada XXI wieku to okres jednych z największych zagrożeń dla współczesnej cywilizacji. Po zamachu na World Trade Center z 11 września 2001 roku jesteśmy w stanie permanentnego zagrożenia i stanie wojny z terroryzmem. Jednym z największych współczesnych zagrożeń szczególnie dla państw europejskich jest migracja ludności z państw Bliskiego Wschodu i północnej Afryki. W artykule opisano współczesne zagrożenia od migracji ludności muzułmańskiej poprzez ataki terrorystyczne, aż po handel narkotykami. Zaprezentowano również zagrożenia, które stanowią jednocześnie największe globalne wyzwania dla systemu bezpieczeństwa Europy. Opisany został także system bezpieczeństwa RP, który reguluje jego organizację w Polsce i jednocześnie odnosi się do współczesnych wyzwań i zagrożeń, a który opracowany został w 2014 roku w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa RP.The second decade of the 21st century is a period of ones of the greatest threats to the contemporary civilization. After the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center we are in the state of the permanent threat and the state of the war on terror. A migration of the population from the states of the Middle East and north Africa is one of the greatest contemporary threats particularly to the European countries. The article describes contemporary threats from the migration of the Muslim population through terrorist attacks, until the drug trafficking. The threats that constitute simultaneously the biggest global challenge for the security system of Europe were also presented. Moreover, the security system of the Republic of Poland drawn up in 2014 in the Safety Strategy of the Republic of Poland whose task is to regulate the system organization as well as to deal with the contemporary challenges and threats was described