Development of physical fitness – gender differences and characteristics

Physical activity, recreational sports as well as competitive sports effect the human body. Changes that occur under training are mainly connected to the adaptation process of body to specific form of activity. But on the other hand, changes that may be observed may lead to body functioning dysregulations that may affect health of sportsmen. Most of the changes are being observed mainly in the functioning of the female body system, despite the fact that they are not gender specific.  In women, the undesirable effect of intensive training and heavy training loads may be inhibition of sexual maturation, withdrawal of the menstrual cycle and its irregularity, as well as resolution of the reproductive system function. That’s why the understanding of gender specific changes are so important for the sportsmen and trainers to understand what may be observed during training and what it may lead to.The aim of this work was to show the basic differences between gender physical fitness development observed during body development and physical training

Physical activity – classification, characteristics and health benefits

Regular physical activity is associated with numerous health benefits for both women and men. By regularly engaging in physical activity, we delay overall mortality and improve well-being in any population. The size of the observed adaptive changes resulting from the implemented physical activity is very large, and its benefits are numerous. Appropriate level of physical activity should be maintained throughout life due to its ability to inhibit the natural aging process and slow down the lesions observed with age. The purpose of this work is to illustrate the natural components of physical fitness and physical activity, with particular emphasis on its impact on health and well-being

Muscle dysfunction during physical activity – muscle rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of striated muscle fibers, which results in the release of muscle cell components into the peripheral circulation. Most cases of rhabdomyolysis are the result of trauma, often a consequence of seizures, alcohol and drug abuse but in some cases it is associated with very intensive physical activity. Proper understanding of muscle rhabdomyolysis can contribute to better preparation of sportsman for the intensive physical activity and to protect his body from episodes of extensive muscle breakdown and prevent their occurrence.            This article is an attempted to summarize and show medical and biochemical basics of muscle rhabdomyolysis with a special attention to the episodes that occurs during physical activity. It may help in prevention of such cases in the future and protects the body of a sportsmen

Physical activity during aging – role of physical activity in muscle atrophy and physical impairment during aging

Regular physical activity and exercise have many beneficial effects for physical and mental health in almost every population. Regular exercises may induce reduction of age-related lean body mass loss and decrease risk of bone fractures. Furthermore it has been observed that regular physical activity may reduce the risk for several chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, and depression. Exercise, however, especially in elderly populations are not done very often. This is due to the lack of awareness of their beneficial effect and the lack of ideas for such type of activity. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge regarding to role and effects of physical exercises on muscle functioning and coordination specially during aging. Before a final recommendation can be made with respect to the possible therapeutically role of physical training in aged people, there is a substantial need for further studies to be performed on this topic

The level of basic motor skills rugby players club "Rugby Unisław"

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of basic motor skills of young players "Club Rugby Unisław" and an indication of the relationship between carrying out tests of physical fitness to the actual effectiveness of the players during the match on the basis of studies and consultations with the coach of the team. For the study indicated were decisive for rugby players, motor skills :, endurance, strength, coordination and flexibility, which matched the appropriate research methods and tests. The tests were conducted using two tests, was tested endurance cardio - respiratory using "beep" test and the speed in the race at 30m, where it has been well studied power measurements athletes.Results: Checking the speed of the players was to have run the 30m distance in the shortest time. The study was attended by 12 players. The test is performed twice. Measurement was made at the time of 5m, 10m and 30 meter. The fastest runner in the fifth meter received a score of 1,168s., The slowest 1,418s. The difference between them was 0,25s. On the second measuring point (10m), the best result was achieved by the test, which was also the fastest on the first accordance with clause measurement of time (5m) and obtained 2,052s. The worst result recorded on a 10m 2,392s. performance difference was 0,34s. On the last point of measurement of time (30m), the best result was achieved by the test, which was not the fastest on the first two measuring points and his total time while trying to 5.319s. The worst result of the test was 0.996s. weaker than the best and was 6,315s. In an attempt to assess the ability of cardiopulmonary also noted considerable discrepancies. The best tested ran 1560m and in accordance with the tables has been rated above normal. Most respondents achieved results at the secondary level. The weakest result in the test is 480 meters. The difference between the best and the worst was examined 1080m.Summary: Most of the players with the best results in tests, as many as five, is in constant composition and regularly scores points. The exception is the two subjects who achieved the weakest results in tests. But they are endowed with considerable strength and good technique game for his age, on a permanent basis, therefore, the main feed and their performance in the game is reflected mainly in the formation of the mill

The impact of individual training macrocycle on the sports results of 14 and 15 year old swimmers

The aim of work was to show the impact of training on the sports results of 14 and 15 - year old swimmers. A hypothesis was that a properly conducted training period significantly improves the athletes' result. The research was carried out on 4 people, one swimmer aged 14 and three athletes aged 15 from the sports club UKS 2 Tczew, based on an overworked training macrocycle in the period from September to March. The training consisted of 10 training units during week (morning and afternoon). The tests included two somatic measurements and a measurement of sports results during official swimming competitions. Based on the results of the research, it has been found that the impact of an individual training macrocycle is a very important factor, shaping the athletes' sports result. The consequence of an appropriate distribution of loads in training units resulted in the better time achievements. As a result, there has been an improvement in deposits during the competition and promotion in sports championship classes

Changes in the level of motor skills of young players as an indicator of the effectiveness of training for the football club "Gedania" Gdańsk

The main objective of the study was to assess the quality of training of the football club "Gedania 1922" Gdańsk. This object is achieved by analyzing the theoretical information regarding football as a sport, club activities examined and the analysis of periodic fitness tests conducted four times from January 2015 to January 2016 on a group of forty boys aged 10-11 years attending football training in "Gedania" club. In order to know the level of efficiency of the overall respondents made attempts involving the running for 5, 15 and 30 meters, the long jump with space and running zigzag "on the envelope" without the ball. In turn, the efficiency of the special subject assessment using: running zigzag "on the envelope" with the ball, the ball hits the bench with a distance of 3 meters in 30 seconds and juggling. The study revealed that in terms of the whole period considered for all classes that make up the physical test has been to improve the average results obtained by the test participants, the particularly preferred changes were found in regards specific fitness. The study revealed that in terms of the whole period considered for all classes that make up the physical test has been to improve the average results obtained by the test participants, the particularly preferred changes were found in regards specific fitness. The test results also allowed efficiency to notice certain problem areas or requiring improvement. Nevertheless, the overall results of the research allowed to draw final conclusions about the quality of football training the children in the club Gedania Gdańsk

The impact of spa treatment on quality of life of elderly people

Wardeńska Marta, Perzyńska Agnieszka, Kochanowicz Magdalena, Pabianek Łukasz, Trela Ewa, Zukow Walery. The impact of spa treatment on quality of life of elderly people. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(3):341-360. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.343945 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4293 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.02.2017. Revised 23.02.2017. Accepted: 24.02.2017. WPŁYW LECZENIA UZDROWISKOWEGO NA JAKOŚĆ ŻYCIA OSÓB STARSZYH The impact of spa treatment on quality of life of elderly people Marta Wardeńska a, Agnieszka Perzyńska a, Magdalena Kochanowicz b, Łukasz Pabianek c, Ewa Trela a, Walery Zukow c a Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland b Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland c Institute of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Key words: quality of life, spa, spa treatment, aging Słowa kluczowe: jakość życia, uzdrowisko, leczenie uzdrowiskowe, starość STRESZCZENIE Celem pracy była ocena wpływu korzystania z leczenia uzdrowiskowego na jakość życie osób starszych. Badaniem objęto 18 kobiet i 22 mężczyzn po 60. życia. Posłużono się metodą sondażu diagnostycznego - kwestionariusza ankiety zawierającego pytania zamknięte oraz otwarte, dotyczące subiektywnej oceny własnej jakości życia, a także leczenia uzdrowiskowego i jego wpływu na zdrowie oraz samopoczucie. Badanie to pozwoliło na stwierdzenie, iż dzięki leczeniu sanatoryjnemu, jakość życia kuracjuszy po 60. roku życia wyrażona ich subiektywną oceną poprawia się. Potwierdza to hipotezę zakładającą, że osoby starsze chętnie korzystające z leczenia uzdrowiskowego cechują się wyraźnie wyższą jakością życia. SUMMARY The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the spa treatment on the quality of life of the older people. The study included 18 women and 22 men over 60 years of age. Method used was diagnostic survey - a questionnaire containing closed and open questions, on the subjective assessment of their own quality of life, as well as spa treatment and its impact on health and well-being. This study lead to a conclusion that due the spa treatment, the quality of life of patients over 60 ages expressed their subjective assessment improves. This confirms the hypothesis that older people using spa treatment are characterized by a significantly higher level of quality of life

Changes in the level of motor skills of football players "Flisak" Złotoria club after the period of special preparation

The main objective of the study was to analyze and assess the changes in motor skill level of football players after the period of special preparation. This goal was accomplished by discussing theoretical information on the above issues as well as the results of a study conducted jointly with a group of 54 trainers at Flisak Złotoria Club (18 football players aged 11-12, 13-17 and over 17 years). In the course of the research it was shown that the football training at Flisak Złotoria in the special subperiod contributed to a slight improvement in general level and special fitness. Irregularities have been observed in young men's swing and seniors' swing, but due to the marginal nature of negative changes they should not cause a negative assessment of the quality of training in the examined club (though an in-depth analysis of training programs is required for the preparatory period). It also seems reasonable to look for solutions that will increase the efficiency of special fitness training. There was no constant correlation between the age of the respondents and the results of the training. In the course of the research conducted among youngsters, juniors and seniors, it was stated above all that the special preparation sub-period had a very limited but positive impact on the overall fitness level of football players, as confirmed by the improvement in the average scores obtained in 7 out of 9 Exercises. The fact that, as the empirical data show, the marginal reduction of the Seniors' speed over short distances (a decrease of the average running time of 15 meters by 0.21%) and the youthfulness (decrease of the length of the jump by 0.99 %)

The Periodical inspection in training young players in "UKS Football School" Chelmno

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the training process at the level of motor skills among junior footballers and footballers team, "UKS School Football" Chelmno. Tests were conducted in the seven-month period of time. Analysis of selected samples also had the task to confirm the validity of conducting such activities in the current and periodic inspections in the process of training players. RAST test was conducted, BEEP test and control gear for a distance of 30m from the measurement of lap 5 and 10m. Both age groups improved their scores in both tests, speed events, as well as endurance. The average score on the run for 30 m among footballers was a first attempt 5.10 s, and in the second it was already 5.04 seconds. Juniors in the first study received a mean score of 4.41 s, and in the second 4.36 seconds. Also improved RAST test, where the average power in one section in the older group was 7.3 W / kg in the first trial and 8.1 W / kg in the second sample. Younger achieved the same result in both trials and was 5 W / kg. BEEP test also brought the expected improvement in results. Research and analysis verified the positive quality of training young footballers of the Club of Chelmno at the same time confirms the use of the described research tools in the process of checking in sports