Foliar-applied glyphosate substantially reduced uptake and transport of iron and manganese in sunflower (helianthus annuus L.) plants

Evidence clearly shows that cationic micronutrients in spray solutions reduce the herbicidal effectiveness of glyphosate for weed control due to the formation of metal-glyphosate complexes. The formation of these glyphosate-metal complexes in plant tissue may also impair micronutrient nutrition of nontarget plants when exposed to glyphosate drift or glyphosate residues in soil. In the present study, the effects of simulated glyphosate drift on plant growth and uptake, translocation, and accumulation (tissue concentration) of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were investigated in sunflower ( Helianthus annuusL.) plants grown in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. Glyphosate was sprayed on plant shoots at different rates between 1.25 and 6.0% of the recommended dosage (i.e., 0.39 and 1.89 mM glyphosate isopropylamine salt). Glyphosate applications significantly decreased root and shoot dry matter production and chlorophyll concentrations of young leaves and shoot tips. The basal parts of the youngest leaves and shoot tips were severely chlorotic. These effects became apparent within 48 h after the glyphosate spray. Glyphosate also caused substantial decreases in leaf concentration of Fe and Mn while the concentration of Zn and Cu was less affected. In short-term uptake experiments with radiolabeled Fe (59Fe), Mn (54Mn), and Zn (65Zn), root uptake of 59Fe and 54Mn was significantly reduced in 12 and 24 h after application of 6% of the recommended dosage of glyphosate, respectively. Glyphosate resulted in almost complete inhibition of root-to-shoot translocation of 59Fe within 12 h and 54Mn within 24 h after application. These results suggest that glyphosate residues or drift may result in severe impairments in Fe and Mn nutrition of nontarget plants, possibly due to the formation of poorly soluble glyphosate-metal complexes in plant tissues and/or rhizosphere interactions

Glyphosate inhibition of ferric reductase activity in iron deficient sunflower roots

Iron (Fe) deficiency is increasingly being observed in cropping systems with frequent glyphosate applications. A likely reason for this is that glyphosate interferes with root uptake of Fe by inhibiting ferric reductase in roots required for Fe acquisition by dicot and nongrass species. This study investigated the role of drift rates of glyphosate (0.32, 0.95 or 1.89 mM glyphosate corresponding to 1, 3 and 6% of the recommended herbicidal dose, respectively) on ferric reductase activity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) roots grown under Fe deficiency conditions. Application of 1.89 mM glyphosate resulted in almost 50% inhibition of ferric reductase within 6 h and complete inhibition 24 h after the treatment. Even at lower rates of glyphosate (e.g. 0.32 mM and 0.95 mM), ferric reductase was inhibited. Soluble sugar concentration and the NAD(P)H oxidizing capacity of apical roots were not decreased by the glyphosate applications. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the effects of glyphosate on ferric reductase activity. The nature of the inhibitory effect of glyphosate on ferric reductase could not be identified. Impaired ferric reductase could be a major reason for the increasingly observed Fe deficiency in cropping systems associated with widespread glyphosate usage

Muscari inundatum (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from southern Anatolia

A new species, Muscari inundatum (Asparagaceae) from Turkey, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to M. neglectum and M. adilii, but differs mainly by its shouldered fertile flowers with erect to slightly recurved lobes at maturity. in this study, a comprehensive description, diagnostic characters, original photographs, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, identification key, and taxonomic comments on the new species are presented.Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University [BAP-2019.03.01.1428]; Research Fund of Ege UniversityEge University [2007BIL016]; Turkish Research Council (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [106T598]We would like to thank Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, which supported the field studies of the first author of this study (project no: BAP-2019.03.01.1428), and Research Fund of Ege University (project no: 2007BIL016) and Turkish Research Council (TUBITAK project no: 106T598) for financial supporting the second author. We also thank to Sahsanem Usal for drawing the new species. We are also grateful to the directors and curators of AEF, AIBU, ANK, BM, BULU, Cukurova University, DUOF, E, EGE, Gaziantep University, G, GAZI, HUB, ISTE, ISTF, IZ, IZEF, K, MARE and Sakarya University herbariums for allowing the first author to examine the herbarium samples

Contributions to the Illustrated Turkish Flora 2: A new yellowstar from Inner Anatolia [Gagea goekyigitii (Liliaceae)]

İç Anadolu’nun Karaman ilinden tespit edilen Gagea goekyigitii Eker & Tekşen yeni tür olarak tanımlanmıştır. Gagea Salisb. (Sarıyıldız) cinsinin Didymobulbos seksiyonu üyesi olan türün betimi, coğrafik dağılımı, habitat özellikleri ve yakın türler ile taksonomik ilişkileri verilmiştir.Gagea goekyigitii Eker & Tekşen identified in Karaman province of Central Anatolia is described as a new species. The description of species, geographical distribution, habitat characteristics and taxonomic associations of the close species, belonging to Didymobulbos section in the genus Gagea, are given

Fritillaria umitkaplanii (Liliaceae), a new species from south Anatolia

Fritillaria umitkaplanii Eker & Tekşen sp. nov. (Liliaceae) is described as a new species from Turkey. It is morphologically similar to F. armena, F. pinardii and F. assyriaca, but differs from F. armena mainly by its canaliculate and broader leaves, perigone colour and shape, thin filament and anther colour; from F. pinardii by its canaliculate leaves, perigone colour, nectary characteristics, unbranched style and thin filament; and from F. assyriaca by its median leaves and bract longer than inflorescence, shape of median leaves, perigone colour, thin filament and style. Diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, identification key, observations and taxonomic comments regarding the new species are given

Last two hundred individuals: rediscovery of Scilla mesopotamica Speta (Hyacinthaceae), a threatened endemic species in Turkey

In this paper, the rediscovery of endemic and long missing species, Scilla mesopotamica Speta which had been only known from the type gathering, is given. The species has not been collected again after Sintenis in 1888, whose specimens served Speta for description of the new taxon. In 2004, the authors found it in a steppic rocky area, near Halfeti in Şanliurfa province, South East Anatolia, Turkey. After analyzing Sintenis' original collection notes, they concluded that this area is identical with the type locality. S. mesopotamica has an extremely limited distribution and is represented by less than 200 specimens in the single known population that covers less than 50 m2. Taxonomy of the species, detailed description with illustrations, geographical distribution, habitat, ecology and status of IUCN extinction risk and some comments on conservation of the plant are also presented

Tulipa cinnabarina subsp toprakii (Liliaceae), a new subspecies from southwestern Anatolia

WOS: 000383383600007A new subpecies, Tulipa cinnabarina subsp. toprakii subsp. nov. (Liliaceae) from Turkey is described. Diagnostic characters, descriptions, detailed illustrations, geographical distribution, conservation status and ecological observations on the new taxon are provided. It is also compared with the closely related Tulipa cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [133Z072]; Research Fund of Ege UniversityEge University [2014BIL004]We are grateful to the curators of the following herbaria for allowing us access to their Tulipa material for study: AIBU, AEF, ANK, BM, ISTE, ISTF, GAZI, E, EGE, FUH, HUB, K, KNYA, NGBB and VANF. The authors are indebted to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), under Project number: 133Z072, Research Fund of Ege University (project number: 2014BIL004), for the financial support