Melatonin uygulamasının kronik kadmiyum toksikasyonuna maruz kalan sıçanlarda bazı serum i̇mmun-regülatör sitokinler üzerine etkisi

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin treatment on some serum immunoregulatory cytokine levels in rats exposed to chronic cadmium toxicity. For this purpose, animals (n = 32) were divided randomly into four equal groups as untreated control (C), cadmium (Cd), melatonin (Mlt) and Cd + Mlt (CdMlt). The rats in Cd and CdMlt groups received cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (2 mg/kg/day) orally by gastric gavage three times a week for 4 weeks. On the other hand, Mlt (100 mg/kg/day) was orally administrated to Mlt and CdMlt groups five times a week for 4 weeks. C group was not received any treatment. After the treatments, the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were taken to without anticoagulant tubes. Then, levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL- 6, TNF-α, and INFγ in the serum were determined. It was not found any change among the groups according to IL1β, IL-2, and IL-6 levels (p>0,05). Besides, the administration of Mlt ameliorated the TNF-α levels in CdMlt group compared to Cd (p<0,05). IFNγ levels were found the highest in C and Mlt groups compared to Cd (p<0,05). In conclusion, Mlt treatment caused a significant change only in TNF-α levels in rats exposed to Cd.Bu çalışmada kronik kadmiyum toksikasyonuna maruz kalan sıçanlarda melatonin’in bazı serum immun-regülatör sitokin seviyeleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, hayvanlar (n =32); kontrol grubu (K) kadmiyum grubu (Cd), melatonin grubu (Mlt) ve kadmiyum + melatonin grubu (CdMlt) olmak üzere rastgele dört eşit gruba ayrıldı. Cd ve CdMlt gruplarındaki hayvanlara, 4 hafta boyunca haftada üç kez gastrik gavaj yoluyla oral kadmiyum klorür (CdCl2) (2 mg/kg/gün) verildi. Öte yandan Mlt ve CdMlt gruplarına 4 hafta boyunca haftada beş kez oral Mlt (100 mg/ kg/gün) uygulaması yapıldı. Kontrol grubunda yer alan sıçanlara herhangi bir uygulama yapılmadı. Deney periyodundan sonra, sıçanlar sakrifiye edildi ve kan örnekleri antikoagulant içermeyen tüplere alındı. Deneme sonunda serum IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α ve INFγ konsantrasyonları belirlendi. IL-1β, IL-2 ve IL-6 seviyelerinde deney grupları arasında bir değişiklik bulunmadı (p >0,05). Ayrıca, Mlt uygulaması CdMlt grubundaki TNF-α düzeylerini Cd grubuna kıyasla iyileştirdi (p <0,05). IFNγ seviyeleri Cd grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında en yüksek oranda C ve Mlt gruplarında tespit edildi (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, Mlt uygulaması Cd toksisitesine maruz kalan sıçanlarda sadece TNF-α düzeylerinde önemli bir değişikliğe neden olmuştur

Kitosan oligosakkarit (COS) tedavisinin oksidatif stres üzerine etkileri ve kadmiyuma maruz kalan sıçanlarda bağırsak mikroflorası ile i̇lişkisi

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) treatment on oxidative stress and its relation with intestinal microflora in rats exposed to chronic cadmium toxicity. Animals were randomly divided into four groups as control (C; n=8), cadmium (Cd; n=8), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS; n=8), cadmium+chitosan oligosaccharide (Cd+COS; n = 8). After, cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (2mg /kg/ day) was orally administered to Cd and Cd+COS groups three times a week for 4 weeks. Chitosan oligosaccharide (200 mg/kg/day) was also orally administered to COS and Cd+COS groups five times a week for 4 weeks. After completion of the experiment, serum TAS, TOS levels, plasma ALT, AST, GGT, T.pro, Alb, Bil, Creat and BUN values were measured. Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. counts were also detected. Serum TOS values were detected extremely higher in Cd group animals when compared COS group (p <0,05). In the small intestine of the Cd group animals, Cd administration caused a 0.66 log decrease in the Lactococcus spp. count. In conclusion, it was found that the antimicrobial effect of both compounds decreased as a result of COS-Cd chelating in Cd + COS group.Bu çalışmanın amacı, kronik olarak Cd’a maruz kalan ratlarda kitosan oligosakkarit’in (COS) oksidatif stress ve bağırsak mikroflorası üzerine etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Hayvanlar rastgele olacak şekilde; kontrol (C; n=8), kadmiyum (Cd; n=8), kitosan oligosakkarit (COS; n=8) ve kadmiyum+kitosan oligosakkarit (Cd+COS; n=8) gruplarına ayrıldı. Daha sonra, kadmiyum klorid (CdCl2) (2mg/kg/day) Cd ve Cd+COS gruplarındaki hayvanlara haftada 3 kez 4 hafta boyunca oral yoldan verildi. Kitosan oligosakkarit de (200 mg/kg/day) COS ve Cd+COS grubundaki hayvanlara haftada 5 kez 4 hafta boyunca oral olarak uygulandı. Deneme sonunda, serum TAS, TOS seviyeleri, plasma ALT, AST, GGT, T.pro, Alb, Bil, Creat ve BUN değerleri ölçüldü. Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus spp. ve Lactobacillus spp. sayılarıda belirlendi. Serum TOS seviyeleri Cd grubundaki hayvanlarda COS grubundakilere oranla önemli derecede yüksek bulundu (p <0,05). Cd grubundaki hayvanların ince bağırsaklarında, kronik Cd uygulaması Lactococcus spp. sayısında 0.66 log’lık bir düşüşe sebep oldu. Sonuç olarak, her iki bileşiğin antimikrobiyel etkinliği şelat oluşumuna bağlı olarak (COS-Cd) Cd+COS grubundaki hayvanlarda azalma gösterdi

Djelotvornost peroralne primjene melatonina u ublažavanju neurotoksičnosti izazvane kadmijem u Wistar štakora

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oral melatonin on oxidative/antioxidative parameters and histopathological changes in the hippocampal tissue of Cd-exposed Wistar rats, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6 and IL-10), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups as follows: untreated control (n=8), cadmium (Cd) (n=8), melatonin (Mlt) (n=8), and Cd+Mlt (CdMlt) (n=8). Cd (2 mg/kg) was administered orally by gastric gavage three times a week and Mlt (100 mg/kg) five times a week. The control group received standard feed and water only. After four weeks of treatment, the animals were decapitated and tissue samples taken for biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Mlt caused a significant increase in GSH levels and SOD and CAT activities in the CdMlt group compared to the Cd group. Tissue TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the Cd group than other groups (P<0.05). This effect was significantly countered by Mlt in the CdMlt group (P<0.05). GABA concentrations were significantly higher in the Mlt than other groups (P<0.05). Our findings clearly evidence the protective effects of melatonin against Cd-induced neurotoxicity in rats.Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi djelovanje peroralne primjene melatonina na razine malondialdehida (MDA), glutationa (GSH), čimbenika nekroze tumora alfa (TNF-α), interleukina 6 i 10 (IL-6 i IL-10), enzimske aktivnosti katalaze (CAT), superoksid dismutaze (SOD) i acetilkolinesteraze (AChE) te na koncentraciju gama-aminomaslačne kiseline (GABA) u hipokampusnom tkivu Wistar štakora izloženih kadmiju (Cd). Također je cilj bio utvrditi histopatološke promjene u cerebralnom korteksu štakora. U tu je svrhu istraživanje obuhvatilo 32 mužjaka, nasumce raspoređena u četiri skupine: kontrolnu (n=8), skupinu koja je primala samo Cd (n=8), skupinu koja je primala samo melatonin (Mlt) (n=8) i skupinu koja je istodobno primala Cd + Mlt (n=8). Štakori u Cd i CdMlt skupinama primali su Cd u dozi od 2 mg/kg gavažom na usta triput na tjedan odnosno melatonin u dozi od 100 mg/kg na isti način pet puta na tjedan. Kontrolna je skupina primala samo vodu. Nakon četverotjednog tretmana životinje su dekapitirane te su uzeti uzorci tkiva za biokemijsku i histopatološku analizu. Primjena melatonina dovela je u CdMlt skupini do rasta razina GSH i SOD te aktivnosti katalaze u odnosu na skupinu koja je primala samo Cd. Potonja je pak iskazala značajno više tkivne razine TNF-α i IL-6 od ostalih skupina (P<0,05). Primjena melatonina dovela je do njihova značajnog sniženja u CdMlt skupini (P<0,05). Koncentracije GABA bile su pak značajno više u skupini na melatoninu nego u ostalim skupinama (P<0,05). Naši rezultati potvrđuju da melatonin štiti od neurotoksičnosti izazvane kadmijem u štakora

Efficacy of oral transmucosal administrations of phenylbutazone for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and analgesic duration of a single dose of Phenylbutazone (PBZ) administered by the oral transmucosal (OTM) or via the intravenous (IV) route immediately before induction of anesthesia in dogs undergoing elective ovohysterectomy (OVH). Twenty-seven sexually intact female dogs referred for OVH procedure from a local shelter at regular intervals over 3 months, were included in the study. The dogs were administered PBZ and the placebo on the basis of their respective treatment group (20 mg/kg, IV; 20 mg/kg via OTM administration; 1.75 ml/kg IV 0.9% NaCl) before administration of xvlazine. Throughout the study, vital signs were measured at baseline (T-0, before administration of PBZ) and then at 5 (T-1), 10 (T-2), 15 (T-3), 20 (T-4), 25 (T-5), and 30 (T-6) minutes intraoperatively. Postoperative pain was assessed at 0.5, 1,2, 3, 8, and 24 hours after operation. Groups OTM and IV had significantly lower Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) scores (r0.05) than the control group at the 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 8 hours postoperatively. The analgesic (carprofen) was used with all dogs. In conclusion, a single dose of PBZ administered via the OTM route before surgery provided some analgesia but was not enough on its own for the postoperative period. Additionally, PBZ administred via the OTM route did not provide a dissimilar analgesia than the IV route

Effects of adding ground or steamflaked corn and zinc-enriched yeast to grower pellet feed on fattening performance, development of rumen papilla, and some blood parameters in lambs

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ground or steam-flaked corn and zinc-enriched yeast addition to grower pellet feed on fattening performance, rumen papillae development, and some blood parameters in lambs. For this purpose, thirty-six Kivircik male lambs were selected and divided equally into six groups: basal diet containing pellet feed without different corn form and yeast (control), basal diet 80% + ground corn 20% (PGC), basal diet 80% + steam-flaked corn 20% (PFC), PGC + Zn-enriched yeast (PGCZnY), PFC + Zn-enriched yeast (PFCZnY), and control + Zn-enriched yeast (PZnY). They were fed for 56 days according to the diets mentioned above. At the conclusion of the evaluations in fattening performance, rumen papillae development, and some blood parameters, there were no significant differences in body weight gain, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency among the experimental groups. In the PGCZnY group, rumen papillae length was found to be higher than the other experimental groups. At the end of the trial (day 0), leukocyte and lymphocyte counts decreased significantly only in the control group compared with the other groups in the present study. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values, analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the trial, increased significantly in all groups except in the PGCZnY group. Supplementation of Zinc-enriched yeast to ground corn can be used for increasing ruminal papilla length, however decreasing the serum BUN levels in lambs during the fattening perio

Seasonal analysis (Six-Months) of blood parameters of Kyrgyz elite athletics athletes before 2016 Rio Olympics Games

Objective: In this study, exercise-induced changes in blood parameters of Kyrgyz elite athletes were evaluated during 6 months. Methods: Eight male (n = 8) and three female (n = 3) athletes were included. Blood samples were taken at 3 months intervals before and after the exercise (shuttle run). Erythrocyte (RBC), total leukocyte (WBC), platelet (PLT), neutrophil (NOTR), lymphocyte (LNF) count, hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) values, mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and also venous blood pH, PO2, PCO2, SAT O2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, Cl, serum glucose (Glu), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (Trig), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Creat), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were determined. Results: The WBC, LNF, and NOTR values of the male athletes were found high (p < 0.05) after the exercise periods. In male athletes, HDL-C and BUN levels increased (p < 0.05), while Glu levels (p < 0.05) decreased due to exercise in each measurement. An increased pO2, O2SAT, K, and Anion Gap levels, however, decreased pH, pCO2, HCO3, and BE values were determined after the exercise. Conclusion: Our data showed that exercise caused an acute increase in immune system cell counts (WBC, LNF and NOTR), also HDL-C and O2SAT values in male elite athletics athletes, but the six-month period did not cause any significant change in all of the blood parameters.This article has been produced from Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University's KTMU-BAP 2015.FBE.06 scientific research project. The Project was supported by the Olympic Sports Directorate of the Ministry of Sports of Kyrgyzstan and Bishkek Coordinator of Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (T?KA)