Mares pregnancy and parturition

Spolnu zrelost kobile dosežu u dobi od 12 do 18 mjeseci starosti. Promjene koje dolaze s pojavom puberteta pod utjecajem su raznih hormona koje luče organi spolnog sustava. Spolni ciklus naziv je za vremensko razdoblje između dvije uzastopne ovulacije. To razdoblje traje u prosjeku 21 dan. S povećavanjem dužine dana u proljeće, kobile se počinju tjerati. Spolni žar traje prosječno 5 dana, pa je od velike važnosti pravovremeno uočiti znakove tjeranja kobila da bi se inseminacija odvila pravodobno. Prvi pripust ili osjemenjivanje treba u hladnokrvnih pasmina obaviti u dobi od dvije do tri godine, dok kod toplokrvnih pasmina u dobi od tri do četiri godine. Gravidnost počinje spajanjem spermija i jajne stanice u jajovodu, a završava porodom. Trajanje gravidnosti u kobila iznosi prosječno oko 334 do 336 dana. Dijagnoza graviditeta ima posebnu ulogu u suvremenom uzgoju i reprodukciji konja, a najčešće se korist pretraga uz pomoću ultrazvuka, te rektalna pretraga. Porod dijelimo u 3 stadija i to: stadij otvaranja, stadij istiskivanja ploda, te stadij istiskivanja posteljice.Mares enter into puberty at the age of 12 to 18 months. Changes that become in puberty are under the influence of hormones released by reproductive system. Estrous cycle is a term for period between two consecutive ovulations. This period lasts in average 21 days. Estrous cycle in mares begins by the increasing of length of the day in the spring. The estrous phase (in heat) lasts for in average 5 days, so it is of great importance to notice the signs of the estrous phase in a timely manner so that the insemination would be at the right time. First insemination, in occidental horse breeds, needs to be done after two to three years of age, while in oriental horse breeds after three to four years of age. Pregnancy begins with binding the sperm and the egg cell in the oviduct, and ends with the birth (foaling). The duration of pregnancy in the mares is approximately 334 to 336 days. Pregnancy diagnosis has a special role in modern horse breeding and reproduction of horses. Foaling is divided into three stages: the stage of cervix opening, the stage of delivering of foal and the stage of delivery of placenta (afterbirth)

Mares pregnancy and parturition

Spolnu zrelost kobile dosežu u dobi od 12 do 18 mjeseci starosti. Promjene koje dolaze s pojavom puberteta pod utjecajem su raznih hormona koje luče organi spolnog sustava. Spolni ciklus naziv je za vremensko razdoblje između dvije uzastopne ovulacije. To razdoblje traje u prosjeku 21 dan. S povećavanjem dužine dana u proljeće, kobile se počinju tjerati. Spolni žar traje prosječno 5 dana, pa je od velike važnosti pravovremeno uočiti znakove tjeranja kobila da bi se inseminacija odvila pravodobno. Prvi pripust ili osjemenjivanje treba u hladnokrvnih pasmina obaviti u dobi od dvije do tri godine, dok kod toplokrvnih pasmina u dobi od tri do četiri godine. Gravidnost počinje spajanjem spermija i jajne stanice u jajovodu, a završava porodom. Trajanje gravidnosti u kobila iznosi prosječno oko 334 do 336 dana. Dijagnoza graviditeta ima posebnu ulogu u suvremenom uzgoju i reprodukciji konja, a najčešće se korist pretraga uz pomoću ultrazvuka, te rektalna pretraga. Porod dijelimo u 3 stadija i to: stadij otvaranja, stadij istiskivanja ploda, te stadij istiskivanja posteljice.Mares enter into puberty at the age of 12 to 18 months. Changes that become in puberty are under the influence of hormones released by reproductive system. Estrous cycle is a term for period between two consecutive ovulations. This period lasts in average 21 days. Estrous cycle in mares begins by the increasing of length of the day in the spring. The estrous phase (in heat) lasts for in average 5 days, so it is of great importance to notice the signs of the estrous phase in a timely manner so that the insemination would be at the right time. First insemination, in occidental horse breeds, needs to be done after two to three years of age, while in oriental horse breeds after three to four years of age. Pregnancy begins with binding the sperm and the egg cell in the oviduct, and ends with the birth (foaling). The duration of pregnancy in the mares is approximately 334 to 336 days. Pregnancy diagnosis has a special role in modern horse breeding and reproduction of horses. Foaling is divided into three stages: the stage of cervix opening, the stage of delivering of foal and the stage of delivery of placenta (afterbirth)

Krmiva s povećanim sadržajem antocijanina u hranidbi životinja

The word anthocyanin comes from the Greek words Anthos, meaning flower, and kyanose, meaning blue. Anthocyanins give red, purple, and blue colors to plants. In acidic conditions, they appear as red pigments and in alkaline conditions, they appear as blue pigments. The intensive nature of agricultural (animal) production, with a high density of individuals in animal production facilities, very often contributes to the occurrence of disorders and diseases in animals that threaten this production. A major problem for the animal organism is the effects and consequences of oxidative stress or excessive production of free radicals, which are the main cause of metabolic disorders in cows in the transition period, and antioxidants can prevent or at least mitigate these conditions. Anthocyanins as a source of natural antioxidants play an important role in increasing the antioxidant potential that protects the cell against oxidative damage. Some anthocyanin species may have an enhancing effect on mRNA expression and superoxide dismutase activity. The bioavailability of anthocyanins is relatively low due to poor absorption in the digestive tract. In our region, colored corn, wheat, barley, and sorghum can be used as anthocyanin sources in the domestic animal diet, black soybean, rye, and black and red rice also have high anthocyanin content. Purple corn can accumulate much more anthocyanins than commercial corn varieties.Krmiva s povećanim sadržajem antocijanina u hranidbi životinja. Riječ antocijanin dolazi od grčkih riječi anthos, što označuje cvijet te kyanose što označuje plavu boju. Antocijanini biljkama daju crvenu, ljubičastu i plavu boju. U kiselim uvjetima se pojavljuje kao crveni pigment, a u lužnatim kao plavi pigment. Intenzivan način poljoprivredne (stočarske) proizvodnje s velikom gustoćom jedinki unutar proizvodnih objekata za životinje vrlo često pridonosi pojavi poremećaja i bolesti životinja koje ugrožavaju tu proizvodnju. Veliki problem za životinjski organizam su učinci i posljedice oksidacijskog stresa, odnosno prekomjerne proizvodnje slobodnih radikala koji su glavni uzrok metaboličkih poremećaja kod krava u prijelaznom razdoblju, a antioksidansi mogu spriječiti ili barem ublažiti ta stanja. Antocijanini kao izvor prirodnih antioksidanata imaju važnu ulogu u povećavanju antioksidacijskog potencijala koji štiti stanicu od oksidacijske štete. Biodostupnost antocijanina je relativno niska s obzirom na relativno slabu apsorpcija u probavnom sustavu životinja. Neke vrste antocijanina mogu imati pospješujući učinak na ekspresiju mRNA i aktivnost superoksid dismutaze. Na našem području kao izvor antocijanina u hranidbi domaćih životinja ponajviše se može koristiti ljubičasti kukuruz, ljubičasta pšenica, ljubičasti ječam te ljubičasti sirak, ali valja spomenuti i crnu soju, raž te crnu i crvenu rižu koji također posjeduju značajni sadržaj antocijana. Ljubičasti kukuruz ima sposobnost nakupljanja značajno više antocijanina u odnosu na komercijalne sorte običnog kukuruza

Use of various feeds with increased anthocyanin content in animal feeding

Riječ antocijan dolazi od grčkih riječi anthos, što označuje cvijet te kyanose što označuje plavu boju. Antocijani biljkama daju crvenu, ljubičastu i plavu boju. U kiselim uvjetima se pojavljuje kao crveni pigment, a u lužnatim kao plavi pigment. Antocijani kao izvor prirodnih antioksidanata imaju važnu ulogu u povećavanju antioksidacijskog potencijala koji štiti stanicu protiv oksidacijske štete. Visoko proizvodne mliječne krave doživljavaju oksidativni stres koji je uzrokovan aktivnim kisikom. Biodostupnost antocijana je relativno niska iz razloga što je apsorpcija u probavnom sustavu slaba. Neke vrste antocijana mogu imati pospješujuće učinke na ekspresiju mRNA i aktivnost superoksid dismutaze. Na našem području kao izvor antocijana u hranidbi domaćih životinja ponajviše se može koristiti ljubičasti kukuruz, ljubičasta pšenica, ljubičasti ječam te ljubičasti sirak, ali valja spomenuti i crnu soju, raž te crnu i crvenu rižu koji također posjeduju značajni sadržaj antocijana. Ljubičasti kukuruz ima sposobnost akumuliranja mnogo više antocijana nego komercijalne sorte običnog kukuruza.The word anthocyanin comes from the Greek words anthos, which means flower, and kyanose, which means blue. Anthocyanins gives plants red, purple and blue colors. In acidic conditions it appears as a red pigment, and in alkaline form as a blue pigment. Anthocyanins as a source of natural antioxidants plays an important role in increasing the antioxidant potential that protects the cell against oxidative damage. Highly produced dairy cows experience oxidative stress that is caused by active oxygen. The bioavailability of anthocyanins is relatively low due to poor absorption in the digestive system. Some anthocyanin species may have enhancing effects on mRNA expression and superoxide dismutase activity. In our area, purple corn, purple wheat, purple barley and purple sorghum can be used as a source of anthocyanins in the feeding of domestic animals, but it is also worth mentioning black soy, rye and black and red rice, which also have a significant content of anthocyanins. Purple corn has the ability to accumulate much more anthocyanins than commercial varieties of ordinary corn

Mares pregnancy and parturition

Spolnu zrelost kobile dosežu u dobi od 12 do 18 mjeseci starosti. Promjene koje dolaze s pojavom puberteta pod utjecajem su raznih hormona koje luče organi spolnog sustava. Spolni ciklus naziv je za vremensko razdoblje između dvije uzastopne ovulacije. To razdoblje traje u prosjeku 21 dan. S povećavanjem dužine dana u proljeće, kobile se počinju tjerati. Spolni žar traje prosječno 5 dana, pa je od velike važnosti pravovremeno uočiti znakove tjeranja kobila da bi se inseminacija odvila pravodobno. Prvi pripust ili osjemenjivanje treba u hladnokrvnih pasmina obaviti u dobi od dvije do tri godine, dok kod toplokrvnih pasmina u dobi od tri do četiri godine. Gravidnost počinje spajanjem spermija i jajne stanice u jajovodu, a završava porodom. Trajanje gravidnosti u kobila iznosi prosječno oko 334 do 336 dana. Dijagnoza graviditeta ima posebnu ulogu u suvremenom uzgoju i reprodukciji konja, a najčešće se korist pretraga uz pomoću ultrazvuka, te rektalna pretraga. Porod dijelimo u 3 stadija i to: stadij otvaranja, stadij istiskivanja ploda, te stadij istiskivanja posteljice.Mares enter into puberty at the age of 12 to 18 months. Changes that become in puberty are under the influence of hormones released by reproductive system. Estrous cycle is a term for period between two consecutive ovulations. This period lasts in average 21 days. Estrous cycle in mares begins by the increasing of length of the day in the spring. The estrous phase (in heat) lasts for in average 5 days, so it is of great importance to notice the signs of the estrous phase in a timely manner so that the insemination would be at the right time. First insemination, in occidental horse breeds, needs to be done after two to three years of age, while in oriental horse breeds after three to four years of age. Pregnancy begins with binding the sperm and the egg cell in the oviduct, and ends with the birth (foaling). The duration of pregnancy in the mares is approximately 334 to 336 days. Pregnancy diagnosis has a special role in modern horse breeding and reproduction of horses. Foaling is divided into three stages: the stage of cervix opening, the stage of delivering of foal and the stage of delivery of placenta (afterbirth)

Use of various feeds with increased anthocyanin content in animal feeding

Riječ antocijan dolazi od grčkih riječi anthos, što označuje cvijet te kyanose što označuje plavu boju. Antocijani biljkama daju crvenu, ljubičastu i plavu boju. U kiselim uvjetima se pojavljuje kao crveni pigment, a u lužnatim kao plavi pigment. Antocijani kao izvor prirodnih antioksidanata imaju važnu ulogu u povećavanju antioksidacijskog potencijala koji štiti stanicu protiv oksidacijske štete. Visoko proizvodne mliječne krave doživljavaju oksidativni stres koji je uzrokovan aktivnim kisikom. Biodostupnost antocijana je relativno niska iz razloga što je apsorpcija u probavnom sustavu slaba. Neke vrste antocijana mogu imati pospješujuće učinke na ekspresiju mRNA i aktivnost superoksid dismutaze. Na našem području kao izvor antocijana u hranidbi domaćih životinja ponajviše se može koristiti ljubičasti kukuruz, ljubičasta pšenica, ljubičasti ječam te ljubičasti sirak, ali valja spomenuti i crnu soju, raž te crnu i crvenu rižu koji također posjeduju značajni sadržaj antocijana. Ljubičasti kukuruz ima sposobnost akumuliranja mnogo više antocijana nego komercijalne sorte običnog kukuruza.The word anthocyanin comes from the Greek words anthos, which means flower, and kyanose, which means blue. Anthocyanins gives plants red, purple and blue colors. In acidic conditions it appears as a red pigment, and in alkaline form as a blue pigment. Anthocyanins as a source of natural antioxidants plays an important role in increasing the antioxidant potential that protects the cell against oxidative damage. Highly produced dairy cows experience oxidative stress that is caused by active oxygen. The bioavailability of anthocyanins is relatively low due to poor absorption in the digestive system. Some anthocyanin species may have enhancing effects on mRNA expression and superoxide dismutase activity. In our area, purple corn, purple wheat, purple barley and purple sorghum can be used as a source of anthocyanins in the feeding of domestic animals, but it is also worth mentioning black soy, rye and black and red rice, which also have a significant content of anthocyanins. Purple corn has the ability to accumulate much more anthocyanins than commercial varieties of ordinary corn

Use of various feeds with increased anthocyanin content in animal feeding

Riječ antocijan dolazi od grčkih riječi anthos, što označuje cvijet te kyanose što označuje plavu boju. Antocijani biljkama daju crvenu, ljubičastu i plavu boju. U kiselim uvjetima se pojavljuje kao crveni pigment, a u lužnatim kao plavi pigment. Antocijani kao izvor prirodnih antioksidanata imaju važnu ulogu u povećavanju antioksidacijskog potencijala koji štiti stanicu protiv oksidacijske štete. Visoko proizvodne mliječne krave doživljavaju oksidativni stres koji je uzrokovan aktivnim kisikom. Biodostupnost antocijana je relativno niska iz razloga što je apsorpcija u probavnom sustavu slaba. Neke vrste antocijana mogu imati pospješujuće učinke na ekspresiju mRNA i aktivnost superoksid dismutaze. Na našem području kao izvor antocijana u hranidbi domaćih životinja ponajviše se može koristiti ljubičasti kukuruz, ljubičasta pšenica, ljubičasti ječam te ljubičasti sirak, ali valja spomenuti i crnu soju, raž te crnu i crvenu rižu koji također posjeduju značajni sadržaj antocijana. Ljubičasti kukuruz ima sposobnost akumuliranja mnogo više antocijana nego komercijalne sorte običnog kukuruza.The word anthocyanin comes from the Greek words anthos, which means flower, and kyanose, which means blue. Anthocyanins gives plants red, purple and blue colors. In acidic conditions it appears as a red pigment, and in alkaline form as a blue pigment. Anthocyanins as a source of natural antioxidants plays an important role in increasing the antioxidant potential that protects the cell against oxidative damage. Highly produced dairy cows experience oxidative stress that is caused by active oxygen. The bioavailability of anthocyanins is relatively low due to poor absorption in the digestive system. Some anthocyanin species may have enhancing effects on mRNA expression and superoxide dismutase activity. In our area, purple corn, purple wheat, purple barley and purple sorghum can be used as a source of anthocyanins in the feeding of domestic animals, but it is also worth mentioning black soy, rye and black and red rice, which also have a significant content of anthocyanins. Purple corn has the ability to accumulate much more anthocyanins than commercial varieties of ordinary corn