Ordinal Regression Model of Parking Search Time

Parking search reduces the quality of parking service, as well as traffic network level of service, due to additionally generated traffic. Parking search also entails other negative effects, primarily ecological, social and economic. Even though the importance of this problem has been noted in the past, there is an impression that this issue has not been sufficiently researched and should be additionally analysed in order to properly understand this phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the factors affecting parking search time that can be influenced through a set of parking management measures. In this paper, an ordinal regression model was developed to estimate these parameters and it was fitted using empirical data collected by interviewing drivers. Main model results show that parking occupancy has the highest impact upon the value of parking search time, indicating the significance of defining proper policies and measures aimed at reaching targeted parking occupancy. Parking frequency is the second parameter observed to be significant, demonstrating the importance of implementing proper parking information systems

Vehicle emission survey and modeling in the context of street network traffic flow modeling

Upotreba transportnih modela za procene emisija predstavlјa važan deo procesa održivog planiranja saobraćaja većih urbanih područja . Procena uticaja saobraćajnih rešenja na životnu sredinu je jedna od tri osnovne komponente održivosti. Prethodna praksa u proceni emisija saobraćajnog toka u Srbiji podrazumevala je upotrebu emisionih modela razvijenih za druga područja (gradove ili države) što omogućava samo relativno poređenje varijanti rešenja. Razvijeni metodološki pristup prikuplјanja i modeliranja je dobra osnova za formiranje modela specifičnog za lokalne uslove koji bi omogućio i apsolutnu kvantifikaciju emisije. Formiranjem konceptualnog modela odnosno metodologije formiranja modela, koji kao ulaz koristi samo podatke o načinu vožnje u svakoj sekundi, za konkretan slučaj matematički je opisana veza emisionog sa mikrosimulacionim transportnim modelom. Za primenu u makro i mezoskopskim modelima potrebno je generisati emisione faktore na nivou prosečnih brzina. Baza podataka na nivou svake sekunde je dobra osnova za generisanje emisionih faktora jer omogućava simuliranje bilo kog ciklusa vožnje. A generisanje emisionih faktora je zasnovano na ciklusima vožnje koji predstavlјaju karakteristično ponašanje vozača u određenim saobraćajnim okolnostima. Upotreba podataka o emisijama vozila na nivou sekunde je bila ograničena na istraživačku zajednicu zbog visoke cene uređaja za merenje. Formiranjem merne instalacije u ovoj disertaciji potvrđena je mogućnost formiranja ekonomične merne metodologije koja će omogućiti formiranje baze podataka o emisijama vozila u realnim uslovima u saobraćajnom toku kao osnova za precizno određivanje emisija vozila u saobraćajnom toku u urbanim područjima. Na taj način se omogućava pristup podacima širem krugu zainteresovanih strana i brži napredak u oblasti istraživanja. Pri formiranju merne instalacije, osnovni problem je bio rešavanje problema kvantifikovanja ukupne količine zagađujućih materija. Problem se svodi na mogućnost transformisanja jedinica u kojima se uobičajeno meri emisija (ppm ili mg / m 3) u apsolutnu količinu emitovanog gasa ( mg / s ). Problem je uspešno rešen upotrebom Pitove cevi za merenje brzine gasa koja predstavlјa sastavni deo merne instalacije. Rad je u osnovi multidisciplinaran. Ističe se ideja upotrebe teorije kontrole sistema u obradi baze podataka o emisijama. Na taj način se daje značajan prilog širenju mogućnosti u obradi prikuplјenih podataka za formiranje modela i mogućnostima budućih istraživanja koja se tiču varijabilnosti i pouzdanosti podataka.The u se of transport models in traffic flow emission estimation is an important part of sustainable transport planning in major urban areas. Impact assessment of the traffic solutions to the environment is one of the three basic components of sustainability. Previous experience in the emission estimations in Serbia show the use of emission models developed for other areas (cities or countries) which allow only relative comparison of variant solutions. Methodological approach of data collection and modelling developed in this Dissertation is a good basis for development of locally specific model that would allow the absolute quantification of emissions. The development of the conceptual model and the modelling methodology, which uses second - by - second driving pattern data as an only input, is mathematically described in conn ection with micro - simulation transport model. Emission factors based on average speed need to be generated for the use in macro and mesoscopic models. Database on a second - by - second basis enables estimation of emission factors for any driving cycle. Drivin g cycles represent typical human behaviour in certain traffic conditions. The use of second - by - second vehicle emission data was limited to the research community because of the high cost of measuring equipment. Measuring installations built in this thesis confirmed the possibility of creating cost - effective measurement methodology. Methodology will allow the establishment of a vehicle emissions database for real traffic conditions as a basis for accurate vehicle emission estimation in the traffic flows in u rban areas. It provides data for a wider range of stakeholders and the advance in this field of research. The main problem was establishing the total amount of emissions. The problem boils down to the possibility of unit’s conversion: turning ppm or mg/m3, usually used in emissions measurements, to absolute amount of gas emitted (mg/s). The problem has been successfully resolved using Pitot's tube to measure gas velocity, which is an integral part of the measuring installation. The work is essentially multi - disciplinary. The idea of using the system control theory in the processing of the emission data is emphasized. The approach contributes to expanding possibilities in emission data processing for modelling purposes. The possibilities for future resea rch related to the variability and reliability of the data are also expande

Traffic and environmental street network modelling: Belgrade case study

The paper presents a procedure for modelling transport demand and analyses effects caused by changes in the characteristics of street network exploitation. Based on the effects of the measures predominantly connected with speed restrictions on characteristic sections, the Scenarios resulting in reduced congestion during peak hour and a decrease in harmful effects of traffic were selected. A rough effectivity analysis of transport vehicle kilometres travelled and travel time on the network was carried out. Transportation modeling is the most efficient way to analyze the effects of traffic solutions. Once established, transport model brings only benefits in future projects. Speed reduction strategy was easily simulated using the transportation modeling procedure. Other sustainable transport and mobility management strategies considering sustainable transportation could also be simulated. First published online: 24 jun 201

Modelling the Impact of Rain in Traffic Assignment Procedures

The efficiency of urban transportation system is un-der the influence of weather conditions. It is necessary to incorporate these impacts into transport system analysis, in order to prepare adequate mitigation measures. Trans-port models are often used in different types of transport system analysis and forecasting of its future characteris-tics. This paper focuses on implementation of the impact of rain in transport modelling, particularly into a traffic assignment process as a part of a macroscopic transport model. This aspect of modelling is important because it can indicate parts of the network where this impact leads to a high volume/capacity ratio, which is a good input for defining mitigation measures. Commonly, transport models do not consider weather impacts in its standard procedures. The paper presents a methodology for cali-brating volume-delay function in order to improve traf-fic assignment modelling in case of rain. The impact of different rain categories on capacity and free-flow speed was quantified and implemented in the volume-delay function. Special attention is given to the calibration of the part of volume-delay function for over-saturated traf-fic conditions. Calibration methodology is applicable for different types of volume-delay functions and presents a solid approach to incorporate weather conditions into common engineering practice

Impact of Weather Conditions on Travel Demand – The Most Common Research Methods and Applied Models

This paper presents an overview of the applied research methodologies and developed travel demand models that take weather impact into account. The paper deals with trip generation and modal split as elements of travel demand that best describe changes in the travel behaviour in different weather conditions. The authors herein emphasize the importance of research in local conditions in all climate zones, especially in areas where climate and modal split characteristics are different from those in common research areas. This review is designed as a brief guide on how the impact of weather can be explored in order to encourage conducting research even in the countries where there is no systematic traffic and travel data collection. The stated adaptation technique followed by the panel household travel surveys may be particularly appropriate for those countries. It is concluded that small budgets should not be considered an obstacle, because it is possible to draw reliable conclusions based even on small samples. Moreover, modern research methods enable a cheaper survey process together with the possibility of obtaining higher quality of results. The increasing popularity of research in this field should contribute to the creation of more resilient transport systems all over the world. A special contribution of this paper is the review of research studies carried out in central, western and southern Europe and not mentioned in any review paper before.</p

Customer perception of service quality in public transport

This paper presents the research and analysis process showing that transport system customers have a specific perception of service quality, as an indicator of transport system. Determining satisfactory level of service quality implies knowledge of travel demand and travel behaviour. There are a lot of elements that define the transport system quality. The goal of this paper is to identify the public transport system’s service quality elements that should be primarily acted on, in order to increase the level of service quality from transport system users’ (public transport users’ and non-users’) point of view, with minimal investment. The paper describes a specifically defined research methodology for determining service quality elements that should be primarily acted on, from the transport system users’ point of view. Methodology involves the use of Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) which is upgraded with the state preferences analysis. Presented methodology, which is used to determine user perception of service quality, can be considered to be universal. This methodology can be applied in other cities, with additional research that must precede its use. The methodology was tested on transport system users in Belgrade

Vehicle emission survey and modeling in the context of street network traffic flow modeling

Upotreba transportnih modela za procene emisija predstavlјa važan deo procesa održivog planiranja saobraćaja većih urbanih područja . Procena uticaja saobraćajnih rešenja na životnu sredinu je jedna od tri osnovne komponente održivosti. Prethodna praksa u proceni emisija saobraćajnog toka u Srbiji podrazumevala je upotrebu emisionih modela razvijenih za druga područja (gradove ili države) što omogućava samo relativno poređenje varijanti rešenja. Razvijeni metodološki pristup prikuplјanja i modeliranja je dobra osnova za formiranje modela specifičnog za lokalne uslove koji bi omogućio i apsolutnu kvantifikaciju emisije. Formiranjem konceptualnog modela odnosno metodologije formiranja modela, koji kao ulaz koristi samo podatke o načinu vožnje u svakoj sekundi, za konkretan slučaj matematički je opisana veza emisionog sa mikrosimulacionim transportnim modelom. Za primenu u makro i mezoskopskim modelima potrebno je generisati emisione faktore na nivou prosečnih brzina. Baza podataka na nivou svake sekunde je dobra osnova za generisanje emisionih faktora jer omogućava simuliranje bilo kog ciklusa vožnje. A generisanje emisionih faktora je zasnovano na ciklusima vožnje koji predstavlјaju karakteristično ponašanje vozača u određenim saobraćajnim okolnostima. Upotreba podataka o emisijama vozila na nivou sekunde je bila ograničena na istraživačku zajednicu zbog visoke cene uređaja za merenje. Formiranjem merne instalacije u ovoj disertaciji potvrđena je mogućnost formiranja ekonomične merne metodologije koja će omogućiti formiranje baze podataka o emisijama vozila u realnim uslovima u saobraćajnom toku kao osnova za precizno određivanje emisija vozila u saobraćajnom toku u urbanim područjima. Na taj način se omogućava pristup podacima širem krugu zainteresovanih strana i brži napredak u oblasti istraživanja. Pri formiranju merne instalacije, osnovni problem je bio rešavanje problema kvantifikovanja ukupne količine zagađujućih materija. Problem se svodi na mogućnost transformisanja jedinica u kojima se uobičajeno meri emisija (ppm ili mg / m 3) u apsolutnu količinu emitovanog gasa ( mg / s ). Problem je uspešno rešen upotrebom Pitove cevi za merenje brzine gasa koja predstavlјa sastavni deo merne instalacije. Rad je u osnovi multidisciplinaran. Ističe se ideja upotrebe teorije kontrole sistema u obradi baze podataka o emisijama. Na taj način se daje značajan prilog širenju mogućnosti u obradi prikuplјenih podataka za formiranje modela i mogućnostima budućih istraživanja koja se tiču varijabilnosti i pouzdanosti podataka.The u se of transport models in traffic flow emission estimation is an important part of sustainable transport planning in major urban areas. Impact assessment of the traffic solutions to the environment is one of the three basic components of sustainability. Previous experience in the emission estimations in Serbia show the use of emission models developed for other areas (cities or countries) which allow only relative comparison of variant solutions. Methodological approach of data collection and modelling developed in this Dissertation is a good basis for development of locally specific model that would allow the absolute quantification of emissions. The development of the conceptual model and the modelling methodology, which uses second - by - second driving pattern data as an only input, is mathematically described in conn ection with micro - simulation transport model. Emission factors based on average speed need to be generated for the use in macro and mesoscopic models. Database on a second - by - second basis enables estimation of emission factors for any driving cycle. Drivin g cycles represent typical human behaviour in certain traffic conditions. The use of second - by - second vehicle emission data was limited to the research community because of the high cost of measuring equipment. Measuring installations built in this thesis confirmed the possibility of creating cost - effective measurement methodology. Methodology will allow the establishment of a vehicle emissions database for real traffic conditions as a basis for accurate vehicle emission estimation in the traffic flows in u rban areas. It provides data for a wider range of stakeholders and the advance in this field of research. The main problem was establishing the total amount of emissions. The problem boils down to the possibility of unit’s conversion: turning ppm or mg/m3, usually used in emissions measurements, to absolute amount of gas emitted (mg/s). The problem has been successfully resolved using Pitot's tube to measure gas velocity, which is an integral part of the measuring installation. The work is essentially multi - disciplinary. The idea of using the system control theory in the processing of the emission data is emphasized. The approach contributes to expanding possibilities in emission data processing for modelling purposes. The possibilities for future resea rch related to the variability and reliability of the data are also expande

Application of transport demand modeling in pollution estimation of a street network

The importance of transportation modeling, especially personal car flow modeling, is well recognized in transportation planning. Modern software tools give the possibility of generating many development scenarios of transport system, which can be tested quickly. Transportation models represent a good (and necessary) basis in the procedure of environmental traffic impacts and energy emission estimation. Research in this paper deals with the possibility of using transportation modeling as a tool for estimation of some air pollution and global warming indicators on street network, produced by personal cars with internal combustion engines. These indicators could be the basis for defining planning and management solutions for transport system with respect to their environmental impacts. All the analyses are based on several years of research experience in Belgrade. According to the emissions of gases from the model, the values of other green house gases can be estimated using the known relations between the pollutants. There is a possibility that all these data can be used to calculate the transportation systems impact on temperature increase in urban areas

Ordinal Regression Model of Parking Search Time

Parking search reduces the quality of parking service, as well as traffic network level of service, due to additionally generated traffic. Parking search also entails other negative effects, primarily ecological, social and economic. Even though the importance of this problem has been noted in the past, there is an impression that this issue has not been sufficiently researched and should be additionally analysed in order to properly understand this phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the factors affecting parking search time that can be influenced through a set of parking management measures. In this paper, an ordinal regression model was developed to estimate these parameters and it was fitted using empirical data collected by interviewing drivers. Main model results show that parking occupancy has the highest impact upon the value of parking search time, indicating the significance of defining proper policies and measures aimed at reaching targeted parking occupancy. Parking frequency is the second parameter observed to be significant, demonstrating the importance of implementing proper parking information systems

Analysis of sustainable urban mobility plans

Solving traffic problems, rather than in a conventional manner, i.e. through the construction of infrastructure and customization requirements, began to be implemented in a different way, by applying measures to motivate users to -use passenger car less, and that more of their daily activities are reached by nonmotorized modes of movement. Sustainable urban transport plans (SUP) were introduced in legislation of the EU, strategic documents that help create a better quality of life in cities. For the purposes of this study, a review of the literature related to existing plans of some major European cities was carried out, as well as small, focusing on cities of the surroundings. On this basis, the similarities and differences were ephasized in proposed measures to reach the goals of sustainable development of transportation systems. In conclusion recommendations are given on the possibility of use of experiences and applications in all the individual local communities