EVALUATION OF P16INK4A PROTEIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE UTERINE CERVIX

The association of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is well known. Interaction of HPV proteins with cellular regulatory proteins leads to up regulation of p16INK4A. The aim of this study was to evaluate p16INK4A protein as a biomarker for CIN lesions and squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy specimens of patients who underwent biopsy of the uterine cervix due to abnormal cytological finding.The authors analyzed biopsies from 50 patients with CIN and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Expression of p16INK4A in CIN and invasive squamous cell carcinoma was immunohistochemically analyzed by using monoclonal anti-p16INK4A antibody.A total of 50 patients with CIN and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (mean age 40.2±11.5 years, range 20-74 years) were analyzed. CIN I lesions were found in 27 (54%), CIN II/CIN III lesions in 9 (18%), and invasive squamous cell carcinoma in 14 (28%) patients. Differences in the expression of p16INK4A between CIN I, CIN II/CIN III and squamous cell carcinoma were statistically significant (p<0.0001). Expression of p16INK4A showed low sensitivity (7%), specificity (8%), positive predictive value (8%), and negative predictive value (7%) for CIN I. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of p16INK4A were 78%, 61%, 30%, and 93% for CIN II/CIN III, and 100%, 75%, 61%, and 100% for squamous cell carcinoma, respectively.Results of this study suggest that p16INK4A protein may be a sensitive biomarker for CIN II/CIN III lesions and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Razvoj i uticaj Lactobacillus plantarum inokulanta na kvalitet silaže od zrna kukuruza

The main aim of these studies was the characterisation and identification of lactic acid (LAB) bacteria isolated from untreated silage, and the effect of selected bacteria (inoculant was called Silko for maize) on ensiling of maize high-moisture grain. Four isolates of LAB (L1, L2, L3 and L4) were characterised by the use of phenotypic assays and identified by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA as L. plantarum. The fresh maize high-moisture grain was ensiled with a Silko for maize inoculant, inoculant available in the market (positive control) and no additive (untreated; negative control). After 60 days of ensiling, the results showed that the chemical composition and fermentation characteristics were better in treated silages with inoculants compared to the negative control. The contents of ash, fat and lactic acid (LA) were significantly higher in the silages treated with inoculants than in negative control. In comparison, the contents of cellulose, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), NH3-N/total nitrogen and butyric acids (BA) were considerably lower in silage treated with Silko for maize compared to the positive control. The Silko for maize improve nutritional value and fermentation of maize grain silage and is a competitive product on the market.Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je karakterizacija i identifikacija bakterija mlečne kiseline (BMK) izolovanih iz netretirane silaže, kao i efekat odabranih bakterija (inokulant nazvan Silko za kukuruz) na siliranje vlažnog zrna kukuruza. Četiri izolata BMK (L1, L2, L3 i L4) su okarakterisani upotrebom fenotipskih testova i identifikovani filogenetskom analizom 16S rRNA kao L. plantarum. Vlažno zrno kukuruza silirano je sa Silkom za kukuruz, inokulantom koji je dostupan na tržištu (pozitivna kontrola) i bez primene inokulanta (netretirana; negativna kontrola). Nakon 60 dana od siliranja, rezultati su pokazali da su hemijski sastav i fermentacione karakteristike bolji u silažama tretiranim sa inokulantima u poređenju sa negativnom kontrolom. Sadržaj pepela, masti i mlečne kiseline bio je značajno veći u silažama tretiranim sa inokulantima nego u negativnoj kontroli. Sadržaj celuloze, kiselih (ADF) i neutralnih deterdžentskih vlakana (NDF), amonijačnog azota u ukupnom azotu i buterne kiseline (BA) bio je značajno niži u silaži tretiranoj sa Silkom za kukuruz nego u pozitivnoj kontroli. Silko za kukuruz poboljšava hranjivu vrednost i fermentaciju silaže od zrna kukuruza i predstavlja konkurentan proizvod na tržištu

Uticaj faze košenja i bakterijskog inokulanta na kvalitet silaže crvene deteline

In this paper, the influence of cut at two maturity stages (the beginning of the flowering stage and mid bloom stage and bacterial inoculant “Silko za lucerku” (contains Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus spp.) on the quality of red clover silage were presented. The commercial cultivar Nada selected at the Bc Institute in Zagreb was used for investigation. The silage was examined in mini-silos (glass jars of 1.5 l volume with plastic fermentation valve) in the laboratory. The chemical composition, energy and fermentation characteristics of silages were analyzed 90 days after ensiling. The values of dry matter, acid (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lactic acid and pH were significantly lower, while the crude protein content, total digestible nutrients (TDN), relative feed value (RFV), ammonia nitrogen in total nitrogen (NH3-N/TN), acetic and butyric acids were significantly higher in the first cutting stage. The inoculation with inoculant “Silko za lucerku” improved the chemical, energy and fermentation parameters of silages. Inoculant-treated silage had lower contents of ADF, NDF, NH3-N/TN,acetic and butyric acids and pH, and higher contents of dry matter, crude protein, TDN, RFV and lactic acid than control. Accordingly, timely cutting stage and application of microbial inoculant can contribute to a lesser loss of nutritional value of the forage and promote silage quality.U radu je ispitivan uticaj dve faze košenja crvene deteline u proleće u drugoj godini eksploatacije (početak cvetanja (rana) i puno cvetanje (kasna)) i bakterijskog inokulanta "Silko za lucerku" (sadrži Lactobacillus plantarum i Pediococcus spp.) na kvalitet silaže. Za istraživanje je korišćena komercijalna sorta Nada selekcionisana u BC Institutu u Zagrebu. Silaža je analizirana u mini silosima (staklene tegle zapremine 1,5 l) u laboratoriji. Hemijski sastav, energetski i fermentacioni parametri silaže analizirani su 90 dana nakon siliranja. Vrednosti suve materije, kiselih (ADF) i neutralnih deterdžentskih vlakna (NDF), mlečne kiseline i pH bile su značajno niže, dok su sadržaj sirovih proteina, ukupna svarljiva hranljiva materija (USHV), relativna hranljiva vrednost (RHV), sadržaj amonijačnog azota u ukupnom azotu (NH3-N/TN), sirćetne i buterne kiseline bili značajno veći u prvoj fazi košenja. Inokulacija sa inokulantom “Silko za lucerku” je poboljšala hemijske, energetske i fermentacione parametre silaža. Silaža tretirana inokulantom imala je niži sadržaj ADF, NDF, NH3-N/TN, sirćetne i buterne kiseline i pH, i više suve materije, sirovih proteina, TDN, RFV i mlečne kiseline od kontrolne. Prema tome, pravovremena faza košenja useva i primena mikrobiološkog inokulanta može doprineti manjem gubitku hranljive vrednosti krme i promovisati kvalitet silaže

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING OF WEBSOCKET PROTOCOL IN ESP32 BASED IOT SYSTEMS

This paper gives insight on the WebSocket communication methodin Internet of Things system, where the hardware part of the system is based on ESP32 microcontroller. Method of implementation is discussed and the reliability of the real-time data transfer in Wi-Fi networks is tested and compared with the long-polling method. Special circuit is designed with the goal to stress the hardware part of the system and the client-server communication link in order to enable proper comparison of data transfer methods. For the comprehensive testing of the real-time data ow, a web server application is designed and used to visualize received data. Impact of RSSI on transfer methods is discussed as well. Eciency of the WebSocket method is discussed and then compared to the long-polling method

Prevencija seksualne zloupotrebe dece

The problem of prevention of child sexual abuse is a field which needs exceptional urgency. Despite the fact that child sexual abuse prevention programs are applied on a large scale in different countries of Western Europe and the USA, problems of efficiency of these kinds of interventions, remains the subject of serious scientific discussions. This paper will try to present different options of child sexual abuse prevention with extended review on program activities that finds application in school context. After theoretical elaboration of this issue, and presentation of efficiency confirmed practical programs, the authors will present prevention options designed for parents. Finally prevention activities adapted for children with disabilities will be presented in this paper.Problematika prevencije seksualne zloupotrebe dece predstavlja područje u okviru kog se javlja potreba za urgentnim delovanjem. I pored činjenice da preventivni programi nalaze značajnu primenu u mnogim državama zapadne Evrope i SAD, problematika stepena efikasnosti intervencija ovog tipa predstavlja predmet ozbiljnih naučnih polemika. U radu su predstavljeni različiti vidovi prevencije seksualne zloupotrebe dece sa posebnim osvrtom na programe koji se realizuju u školskom kontekstu. Pored teorijske elaboracije datog problema i praktičnih primera programa koji su potvrdili svoju efikasnost u praksi, autori su se posvetili i prikazu preventivnih programa namenjenih roditeljima. Najzad, u radu su predstavljeni preventivni programi prilagođeni populaciji dece sa različitim vidovima ometenosti

Uticaj bakterijskog inokulanta na kvalitet silaže i senaže lucerke

Using of silage and haylage of forage legumes in ruminant nutrition and promotion of promoting proper forage conservation techniques should be an important strategy in livestock production in our country. Forage legumes are difficult to ensile, so it is necessary to apply the starter culture of selected strains of lactic acid bacteria that support the ensiling process and prevent bacterial butyric fermentation and thus contribute to the preservation and improvement of silage and haylage quality. In this paper, the influence of bacterial inoculant ‘Silko for alfalfa’ on the quality of silage and haylage of alfalfa in two separate trials is presented. The inoculant is a combination of homofermentative lactic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus spp. The first-cut alfalfa in the second year was used for silage and haylage. The silage was examined in mini-silos in the laboratory, and the haylage at the cattle farm where the plant material was cuts were collected in experimental silo bags. The treatments were control (untreated silage, i.e. haylage) and silage, i.e. haylage treated with inoculant ‘Silko for alfalfa’ (rate of 5 ml/t fresh material). The silages were analyzed after 90 days, and haylage after 40. The inoculant ‘Silko for alfalfa’ has been found to maintain the nutritive value of silage and haylage and to improve their chemical, energy and fermentation parameters relative to the control. Since ‘Silko for alfalfa’ positively affects the correct lactic acid fermentation of silage and haylage and contributes to a lesser loss of nutritional value and energy it is expected that it can promote a high level of productivity of ruminants, and thus contribute to the growth of profit in livestock production.Važna strategija u stočarstvu treba da bude uvođenje silaža i senaža krmnih leguminoza u ishranu preživara i promovisanje pravilnih tehnika siliranja i senažiranja. Krmne leguminoze se teško siliraju pa je neophodno primeniti starter kulture odabranih sojeva bakterija mlečne kiseline koje podržavaju proces siliranja i sprečavaju buternu fermentaciju i time doprinose očuvanju i unapređenju kvaliteta silaža. U radu je prikazan uticaj primene bakterijskog inokulnata ‘Silko za lucerku’ na kvalitet silaže i senaže u dva odvojena eksperimenta. Inokulant predstavlja kombinaciju homofermentativnih mlečnih bakterija Lactobacillus plantarum i Pediococcus spp. Za siliranje su korišćeni prvi otkosi lucerke u drugoj godini eksploatacije. Silaža je ispitivana u mini-silosima u laboratoriji, a senaža u silo vrećama na govedarskoj farmi. Tretmani su bili kontrola (netretirana silaža, odnosno senaža) i silaža, odnosno senaža tretirana sa inokulantom ‘Silko za lucerku’ (doza 5 ml/t krme). Silaže pripremljene u eksperimentalnim uslovima su analizirane nakon 90 dana, a senaže dobijene u proizvodnim uslovima nakon 40 dana. Ustanovljeno je da korišćeni inokulant čuva nutritivnu vrednost silaže i senaže i da poboljšava njihove hemijske, energetske i fermentacione parametre u odnosu na kontrolu. S obzirom da ispitivani inokulant pozitivno utiče na pravilnu mlečno-kiselinsku fermentacju silaže i senaže lucerke i doprinosi manjem gubitku hranljive vrednosti i energije za očekivati je da može promovisati visok nivo produktivnosti preživara, a samim tim i doprineti rastu profita u stočarstvu

SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE OF THE HUMERUS IN CHILDREN

Humeral supracondylar fractures are the second most common fractures seen in children and young teenagers (16.6%). They represent 60-70% of all the elbow fractures. The maximum incidence is found between the fifth and seventh year of age, slightly more often in boys and on non-dominant hand. We performed a retrospective study in our clinic which included 105 patients admitted to our facility during the period from January, 2008 to April, 2012. The included patients had humeral supracondylar fracture either type 2 or type 3 (Gartland classification). At the moment of admission the median age was 7.26 years. All the patients were treated during the first 12 hours, with no more than two attempts of closed reposition. Sixteen patients with type 2 fracture were treated by analgosedation, closed reduction followed by cast immobilization. All other patients were treated after induction of general anesthesia. Sixteen patients were treated by percutaneous fixation of the fragments after closed reduction and 73 were treated with open reduction and pinning with different number and positions of „К“ wires. None of the patients had deep tissue infection; four patients had pin site infection. Three patients had cubitus varus deformity, two patients had elbow contracture, five patients had temporary limitation in extension, and one patient had iatrogenic lesion of the ulnar nerve. This makes 14.2% complication rate in our series. All the fractures healed in the expected period (3–4 weeks). Bauman’s angle, carrying angle and functional factor were measured postoperatively. Closed reposition with pinning, using radiographic control, for the dislocated supracondylar humeral fractures is the safest, as well as the least time consuming and cost-effective method. We also suggest treating these fractures within 12 hours and conversion of closed into open reposition in case of lacking crepitations (possibility of interposition of soft tissues between fragments)

Application of the independent subsections method for the estimation of the rating curve in the compound channel – a case study

The independent subsections model (ISM) was developed for the steady uniform and non-uniform flow computations in compound channels with constant and variable channel widths. It was thoroughly tested against experimental data in different compound channel layouts. Since the existing set of equations is derived for the simple compound channel geometry, this paper aims at: 1) extending the model to arbitrary geometries, 2) adding the term that accounts for the influence of emergent rigid floodplain vegetation into momentum equations and 3) at validating the method against available floods data from one river gauging station. Comparison with the recorded data has shown that the optimal value for the model parameter ψt = 0.10 is greater than that obtained for the canal with smooth floodplains. Partial head losses due to vegetation are two orders of magnitude greater than the friction loss for H* > 0.25 when they are calculated with the formula for the volume drag force caused by an array of emergent rigid vegetation, proposed by Nepf,. The head loss due to a drag grows faster with the increase in floodplain submergence ratio on the floodplain with the constrained width. In the presence of vegetation on the floodplains, the head loss caused by mass exchange due to non-prismaticity of the compound channel does not depend on the floodplain width. This component of the head loss is balanced with the sum of head losses due to turbulence diffusion and vegetation drag.Erratum: The right hand side of equation 10 on page 3737 should read Psi^t (Ui - Uj)^

Using historical aerial photography for monitoring of environment changes: a case study of Bovan Lake, Eastern Serbia

Useful and important information for the spatial, ecological, and many other changes in the living environment may be obtained using the analysis of historical aerial photography, with comparison to contemporary imagery. This method provides the ability to determine the state of elements of the space over a long period, encompassing the time when it was not possible to acquire the data from satellite imagery or some other contemporary sources. Aerial images are suitable for mapping spatial phenomena with relatively limited spatial distribution because they possess a high level of details and low spatial coverage. With a comparative analysis of aerial imagery from the past, contemporary aerial imagery, and other sources of aerial imagery, we can obtain information about the nature and trends of the observed phenomena as well as directions of future actions, considering changes detected in the environment, whether they are preventive or corrective in nature. This paper gives the methodological framework for the appliance of the existing knowledge from various fields, intending to use historical aerial photography for monitoring of environmental changes of the Bovan Lake in Eastern Serbia