Sadržaj lipida i glikogena u jetri kod visokoproduktivnih mlečnih krava u peripartalnom periodu

Od krava holštajn rase u visokom graviditetu i ranoj laktaciji biopsijom su uzimani uzorci tkiva jetre za patološko-histološka ispitivanja. Sadržaj masti u hepatocitima je određivan stereometrijskom metodom izračunavanjem volumenske gustine, a glikogena semikvantitativno mikroskopskim pregledom isečaka bojenih metodom po Bestu. Patološko-histološkim ispitivanjem uzoraka tkiva jetre kod zdravih, steonih i tek oteljenih krava nisu utvrđene masna infiltracija i degeneracija ćelija jetre a hepatociti su u potpunosti ili delimično ispunjeni glikogenom. Kod krava obolelih od ketoze patološko-histološkim ispitivanjem uzoraka tkiva jetre su utvrđena masna infiltracija i degeneracija hepatocita, različitog intenziteta. Samo kod jedne krave obolele od ketoze utvrđen je blagi stepen masne infiltracije, kod šest krava srednji stepen masne infiltracije i degeneracije, a kod tri krave težak oblik zamašćenja ćelija jetre. Količina glikogena u hepatocitima je u negativnoj korelaciji sa stepenom masne infiltracije i degeneracije. Pri teškom stanju zamašćenja u citoplazmi hepatocita u potpunosti nedostaje glikogen.Liver tissue samples were taken by biopsy from Holstein cows in advanced stages of gravidity and in early lactation for pathological-histological examinations. Lipid content in hepatocytes was determined using the stereometric method by calculating volume density, and of glycogen using semi-quantitative microscopic examination of sections stained according to the method of Best. Pathological-histological examinations of liver tissue samples in healthy animals, gravid or peripartal cows did not reveal lipid infiltration or cell degeneration, and hepatocytes were completely or partly filled with glycogen. In ketotic cows, pathological-histological examinations of liver tissue samples showed lipid infiltration and hepatocyte degeneration of different intensity. In only one ketotic cow, we determined a slight degree of lipid infiltration, there was a medium degree of lipid infiltration and degeneration in six cows, and three cows were found to have a grave form of fatty liver. The quantity of glycogen in hepatocytes is in negative correlation with the degree of lipid infiltration and degeneration. In severe cases of fatty liver, glycogen is completely absent from hepatocyte cytoplasm

Evaluation of immunogenic properties of monovalent and polyvalent inactivated bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccines

This study is aimed at evaluating the immunogenicity of two inactivated (mono- and polyvalent) vaccines containing bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) reference and field strains. Three experimental groups were formed: 10 calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated polyvalent vaccine per animal (Group 1); 10 calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated monovalent vaccine per animal (Group 2) and 9 unvaccinated calves (Control, Group C). Blood sera were obtained from immunized animals (standard procedure: on days 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 post-immunization). Geometric mean titer (GMT) values for BVDV neutralizing antibodies were substantially higher in blood sera of calves receiving the inactivated monovalent vaccine. The immune response developed more rapidly in calves immunized with the monovalent vaccine

Relationship between the indexes of insulin resistance and metabolic status in dairy cows during early lactation

Insulin resistance is a phenomenon which accompanies the ongoing metabolic adaptation in cows during early lactation. The aim of our study was to determine the linear correlations of HOMA (Homeostatic Model Assessment), QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) and RQUICKI (Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) indexes of insulin resistance with the metabolic status of cows (concentration of hormones, metabolites and body condition score). The experiment included 40 Holstein-Frisian cows in the first week after calving. Indexes of insulin resistance valued: 18.68 +/- 5.43 (HOMA), 0.39 +/- 0.06 (QUICKI) and 0.45 +/- 0.06 (RQUICKI). Linear correlations were examined by testing the coefficient of correlation (r), determination (r(2),%) and regression parameter beta (b) in linear equation. A negative correlation was found between HOMA and IGF-I (insulin growth factor I) (r=-0.51, r(2)=25.0, b=-1.1257, p<0.01). HOMA showed a positive correlation with BHB (beta-hidroxybutyrate) (r=0.48, r(2)=23.2, b=0.0234, p<0.01). A positive correlation was found between QUICKI and IGF-I (r=0.30, r(2)=10.0 b=46.7900, p<0.05) and cholesterol (r=0.44, r(2)=18.3, b=1.9021, p<0.01). In contrast, QUICKI and BHB (r=0.51, r(2)=27.1, b=-1.7241, p<0.01), just like QUICKI and BCS (r=0.46, r(2)=20.9, b=-2.424, p<0.01), showed a negative correlation. RQUICKI showed positive correlations with IGF-I (r=0.48, r(2)=22.8, b=28.1230, p<0.01), T4 (r=0.47, r(2)=22.1, b=87.142, p<0.01) and triglycerides (r=0.36, r(2)=13, b=0.0407, p<0.05) but negative correlations with cortisol (r=-0.36, r(2)=13.0, b=-9.0332, p<0.05), STH (somatotropic hormone) (r=-0.42, r(2)=17.3, b=-5.4976, p<0.01), BHB (r=-0.62, r(2)=38.3, b=-1.1872, p<0.01), total bilirubin (r=0.58, r(2)=33.7, b=-7.131, p<0.01) and BCS (body condition score) (r=-0.6, r(2)=36.4, b=1.8347, p<0.01). In conclusion, indexes of insulin resistance may be used to evaluate the metabolic status of cows in early lactation. RQUICKI might be the most appropriate predictor of metabolic status due to its linear relationship with most of the parameters included in homeorhetic process

Blood Serum Stability Limit and Maximum Storage Time of Bovine Samples

Background: Measuring metabolic parameters in the blood has been an indispensable tool for assessing the productive and health status of dairy cows for more than 100 years. The values of laboratory parameters depend on various preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical factors. The most important preanalytical factors are sample transport time and temperature, hemolysis, anticoagulant type, and sample volume.Preanalytical factors can lead to reduced stability of the analyte in the sample, which changes their concentration. Loss of stability changes the time of storage and manipulation of the sample, which determines the criteria for its acceptance or rejection. The two stability indicators are stability limit and maximum permissible instability. A stability limit (SL) is defined as the period of time in which a property variation does not exceed a maximum permissible instability (MPI). The aim of this study was to determine the SL and MPI for each analyte in the blood serum of cows and to determine whether SL differs in the function of the presence of preanalytical errors in the blood sample.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Three hundred samples of dairy cow origin in different periods of lactation participated in this research. They were classified into 6 groups of 50 samples: according to the time from sampling to processing in the laboratory (0-4 h, 4-8 h and over 8 h; all transported on dry ice, protected from environmental factors, without preanalytical errors) and according to the presence of preanalytical errors (group with hemolysis, a group transported at ambient temperature and a group with a small sample volume). Each sample was aliquoted in two portions. One portion was left at +4°C and tested once a day for 6 days of sample storage, and the second portion, placed at -20 °C, was tested once a month for 6 months. The MPI had a value ranging from 1.55 to 8.4. Metabolic profile analytes with lower MPI values (1.51-3.22) were albumin (ALB), total protein (TPROT), UREA, glucose (GLU), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Higher MPI values (5.1-8.3) were found for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutirate (BHB), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TGC), total bilirubin (TBIL) and aspartat aminotransferase (AST). For most parameters, we can conclude that their PD% changed faster in storage conditions at +4 °C compared to the regime of -20 °C. The largest number of biochemical analytes in bovine blood serum shows preserved stability in the first 6 days at +4°C or 6 months at -20°C if transported to the laboratory within 8 h after sampling in ideal conditions and without the action of preanalytical errors. Prolonged transport under ideal conditions or the existence of preanalytical errors such as transport at room temperature, hemolysis or small sample volume shorten the stability of the ALB, NEFA, GLU, UREA and P. Concentration of all analytesdecreasesduring the stability test except for UREA, NEFA, BHB and for CHOL and TGC in some groups. Variations in parameters such as BHB, NEFA, TBIL, AST, and Ca have shown potential clinical significance. At storage conditions at +4°C, clinically significant variations at at least one measurement point were found for AST (7.5% of samples), BHB (6.1% of samples), NEFA (9.9% of samples) and for TBIL (in 7% of samples).Discussion: This study can help define acceptable delay times and storage conditions for bovine blood samples, which is of great importance because in working with farm animals it is often not possible to take samples in a short time and deliver them to the laboratory, and samples are often burdened with certain preanalytical errors with limited possibilities of re-sampling

Određivanje aktivnosti specifičnih enzima krvi u peripartalnom periodu i tokom pune laktacije

This study examined the activities of aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) and lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood serum of 45 dairy Simmental cows divided into three groups according to production period. The first group (n=15) consisted of late pregnant dairy cows, the second group (n=15) cows in the early lactation, and the third group (n=15) cow in mid lactation. The significant higher activity (P (lt) 0.05) of AST, GGT and LDH were determined in the early lactation period than in dry period and during full lactation. Research results showed possibility of mild degree of hepatic lesions, probably due to fat infiltration in early lactation cows. Serum AST enzyme activities were significant correlated (P (lt) 0.05) with GGT and LDH activities and may be most sensitive indicator.U ovom radu je određivana aktivnost aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST), gama-glutamat-transferaze (GGT) i laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH) u krvnom serumu kod 45 simentalskih mlečnih krava, podeljenih u tri grupe u zavisnosti od produktivnog perioda. Prvu grupu (n=15) su činile visoko gravidne krave, drugu grupu (n=15) krave u ranoj laktaciji, a treću grupu (n=15) krave tokom pune laktacije. Statistički značajno veće aktivnosti AST (P (lt) 0.05),GGT (P (lt) 0.05) i LDH (P (lt) 0.05) u krvnom serumu su utvrđene kod krava u ranoj laktaciji u odnosu na aktivnosti ovih enzima u serumu kod zasušenih krava i krava u punoj laktaciji. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost blagog stepena oštećenja ćelija jetre, odnosno masnu infiltraciju hepatocita kod krava na početku laktacije. Serumske aktivnosti AST su bile u značajnoj korelaciji (P (lt) 0.05) sa aktivnostima GGT i LDH u krvnom serumu pa se AST može smatrati pouzdanim indikatorom u tvrđivanju funkcionalnog stanja jetre kod mlečnih krava tokom peripartalnog perioda i pune laktacije

Etiopathogenesis and economic significance of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC)

BRDC is the most expensive disease of fattening cattle throughout the world. The reasons for this are high morbidity and mortality, weight loss, reduced food utilization, reduced quality of carcasses and extensive measures of prophylaxis and therapy. BRDC is caused by a substantial number of pathogens (viruses and bacteria), with predisposing risk factors from the ambient and host. Calves are at the highest risk of developing BRDC shortly after shipping. Lighter-weight calves appear to be at greater risk, although this has not been consistent. The complexity of BRDC makes it difficult to define the role of individual factors that predispose to or cause the disease. Stress factors may be 'necessary, but not sufficient', but they require additional effects to cause the disease. Increasing the production of meat and milk worldwide would be sustainable by improving the prevention and control of BRDC

Prilog poznavanju kliničke patologije buraga visoko-mlečnih krava

In our paper we presented ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. At the dairy farm "A" In this article we describe presence ruminal indigestion by dairy cows, intensive breeding. Our research done on one dairy farm during one calendar 2005 year. In this period we described ruminal acidosis in: 659 cows in a lactation.Kisela indigestija je poremećaj u radu buraga, koji nastaje usled prisustva velike količine kiselih hraniva ili hraniva od kojih u toku procesa varenja u buragu nastaju velike količine organskih kiselina. Kiseli razgradni produkti hrane narušavaju acido-baznu ravnotežu sadržaja buraga i zbog toga nastaje poremećaj u sastavu mikropopulacije buraga. Nastali poremećaji u sastavu sadržaja buraga uslovljavaju razvoj acidoze. Kod goveda koja se drže i hrane pod ekstenzivnim uslovima kisela indigestija se pojavljuje sporadično. Međutim, kod krava u laktaciji, zatim pri intenzivnom načinu držanja i ishrane, kao i kod junadi u tovu, kisela indigestija je daleko učestalija. To je bio osnovni razlog za praćenje pojave kisele indigestije na tri kontrolisane farme goveda mlečnih rasa u vremenskom periodu od januara do decembra 2005. U ovom vremenskom periodu je dijagnostikovana je kisela indigestija na farmi "A" koja je imala 1000 grla, kod 324 krave u laktaciji i kod 32 krave kod kojih je i dijagnostikovano aseptično zapaljenje korijuma papaka. Na farmi "B" dijagnostiovana je kisela indigestija kod ukupno 86 krava. Farma "B" je imala 1000 krava. Na farmi "C" dijagnosti kovana je kisela indigestija kod ukupno 217 krava u laktaciji. Farma "C" je imala 800 grla

Uticaj zeolita na hemijski sastav mleka kod krava muzara domaće šarene rase

Milk yield and milk chemical composition are largely affected by the quality of dairy cattle diet. The chemical composition of milk is dependent upon a large number of factors, including breed, diet, care, housing system, stage of lactation, etc. Milk composition is primarily a breed-specific trait. This study was conducted over a period of 15 months, involving Serbian Spotted dairy cattle. The experimental animals were assigned to three groups, each receiving different levels of supplemental zeolite. The control group comprised cows that received no zeolite supplement. Experimental Groups I and II were fed compound feeds supplemented with 4% and 2% zeolite, respectively. Milk samples were analysed for the contents of milk fat, proteins, fat-free solids and lactose, and density. The results obtained suggest that zeolite supplementation affects milk chemical composition, depending on the zeolite level present in livestock feed.Najveći sadržaj mlečne masti u mleku je izmeren kod krava I-O grupe 4,62%, zatim kod K-grupe 4,28% i najmanji kod II-O grupe 4,26%. Statistički signifikantnih razlika u sadržaju mlečne masti među grupama je bilo (P (lt) 0,05). Nivo proteina u mleku krava bio je u intervalu od 3,34% kod krava II-O grupe do 3,51% kod krava kontrolne grupe. Krave K-grupe imaju najveći prosečni sadržaj proteina u mleku ali i najveće varijacije u ovoj osobini. Na osnovu sadržaja proteina u mleku statistički značajnih razlika između grupa nije bilo (P>0,05). Prosečne vrednosti gustine mleka bile su u opsegu od 31,21% kod krava IIO grupe do 33,00% kod krava K-grupe. Kao i kod prethodne osobine i ovde je najmanja prosečna vrednost merene osobine bila kod krava II-O grupe (31,21), sa isto tako, najmanjim koeficijentom varijacije među grupama (3,01). Kod ove osobine uočene su statistički značajne razlike među grupama (P (lt) 0,05). Najveći sadržaj SMBM u mleku imale su krave K-grupe sa iznosom od 9,56%, a najmanju krave II-O grupe 9,11%. Najveće variranje ove osobine je kod krava K-grupe, a najmanje kod krava I-O grupe sa iznosom od 2,51%. Sadržaj SMBM u mleku pokazao je statistički značajne razlike (P (lt) 0,05). Sadržaj laktoze u mleku krava bio je u intervalu od 5,01% kod krava II-O grupe do 5,26% kod krava K-grupe. Krave I-O grupe imale su količinu laktoze koja se nalazila između ove dve grupe. Sadržaj laktoze u mleku krava između grupa pokazao je statistički značajne razlike (P (lt) 0,05). Dodavanje zeolita ('Tufozel') imalo je uticaja na hemijski sastav mleka kod ispitivanih krava muzara

Paradigm of coinfection with viral and bacterial agents causing bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in Central Serbia

Viral and bacterial agents causing bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) were examined over a five-year period (2015-2019). Thirty-eight farms of beef and dairy cattle from Central Serbia which showed symptoms of BRDC were observed. A total of 118 nasal swab specimens collected from diseased bullocks (n=55), cows (n=18) and calves (n=45) were chosen for the isolation of bacteria and identification by aerobic cultivation. The most commonly isolated bacterial pathogen was Pasteurella multocida (72.88% positive samples). Disk-diffusion method (antibiogram) showed that Amoxiclav and Enrofloxacin were the most efficient antibiotics against Pasteurella multocida isolates (66.67% and 54.17%, respectively). From all examined samples, using the Real Time RT-PCR and PCR methods, we determined the genome sequences of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV-34.78% of tested samples (8/23), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV, in 34.37% (11/32) and Mycoplasma spp. in 33.33% (8/24). The genome of BoHV-1 virus was not detected in any of the 19 samples tested by Real Time PCR method.Publishe

Uticaj nivoa proteina u hrani i dužine trajanja tova na randman i mere konformacije trupova pilića

This study analyses the effect of different protein levels in broiler feeds (supplemented with protease) and different lengths of fattening period on some parameters related to dressed carcass quality. Medium-growing Master Gris broiler chickens were used in a fattening trial lasting 63 days. At slaughter, dressing percentages and abdominal fat percentages were determined based on traditionally dressed carcass weights and abdominal fat weights of broilers at 49 and 63 days, and conformation indices were calculated based on absolute conformation measurements. Results showed that dietary treatment had an effect only on one relative conformation measurement - body weight/shank length in chickens at 49 days, as control broilers had higher values of this index compared to chickens receiving feeds containing reduced levels of crude protein and protease supplementation (0.2% or 0.3%). Length of fattening period affected almost all studied parameters, except breast angle, dressing percentage of traditionally dressed carcass and abdominal fat percentage.U radu je analiziran uticaj različitog nivoa proteina u hrani za tov pilića (uz dodatak enzima proteaze) i dužine trajanja tova na neke parametre kvaliteta obrađenih trupova. U ogledu je korišćen medium-growing linijski hibrid Master Gris, a ogled je trajao 63 dana. Na liniji klanja, na osnovu mase klasično obrađenog trupa i mase abdominalne masti pilića uzrasta 49. i 63.dana tova utvrđen je randman klasimično obrađenog trupa i udeo abdominalne masti, a na osnovu apsolutnih mera konformacije izračunati su indeksi mera konformacije. Rezultati ogleda su pokazali da je uticaj ispitivanih obroka ispoljio efekat samo na jednu relativnu meru konformacije trupova - telesna masa/dužina piska kod pilića starosti 49.dana, jer su pilići iz kontrolne grupe imali veću vrednost ovog indeksa u odnosu na piliće koji su hranjeni smešama sa nižim nivoima sirovih proteina, uz dodatak enzima proteaze (0,2% ili 0,3%). Različita dužina trajanja tova uticala je na skoro sve ispitivane parametre, izuzev na veličinu grudnog ugla, randman klasično obrađenog trupa i udeo abdominalne masti