MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF THE PROKARYOTIC COMMUNITIES IN THE EUXINIC ENVIRONMENT OF ROGOZNICA LAKE

Primjenom sekvenciranja 16S rRNA gena Sangerovom metodom, sekvenciranjem nove generacije te kvantitativnom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom detaljno je istražena prostorno-vremenska raspodjela, taksonomska struktura i brojnost sulfat-reducirajućih bakterija i ukupnih prokariotskih zajednica u kemoklini, monimolimnionu i sedimentu Rogozničkoga jezera. Raspodjela ovih zajednica usko je povezana s fizičko-kemijskim obilježjima okoliša. Tijekom stratifikacije kemoklinom dominira porodica Chromatiaceae, monimolimnionom razred Deltaproteobacteria i koljeno Bacteroidetes, dok je značajno veći udio arheja pronađen u sedimentu. Struktura i brojnost ovih zajednica bila je stabilna tijekom različitih istraživanih sezona, a značajne sezonske promjene uočene su na nižim taksonomskim nivoima sulfat-reducirajućih bakterija gdje u zimskim uvjetima prevladava Desulfovibrio/Desulfomicrobium (DSV), a ljeti Desulfococcus/Desulfonema/Desulfosarcina (DCC) filogenetska podskupina, koja je karakteristična za sediment. Holomiktični uvjeti doveli su do gotovo potpune promjene u strukturi prokariota u vodenom stupcu jezera. Porodica Chromatiaceae zamijenjena je porodicom Thioglobaceae (SUP05 klaster), a došlo je i do razvoja razreda Planctomycetacia i Chlorobia, te pojave bakterija iz koljena Epsilonbacteraeota koje nisu zabilježene tijekom stratifikacije. Ciklusi ugljika, dušika i sumpora u jezeru ovisni su o relativno malom broju identificiranih svojti. Za razliku od holomiktičnih uvjeta, tijekom stratifikacije nisu pronađene potencijalne nitrificirajuće i denitrificirajuće bakterije, a udio bakterija s potencijalom za anammox bio je vrlo nizak. Također, pri stratificiranim uvjetima zabilježen je veliki udio neklasificiranih bakterija, posebno u sedimentu. Fiziologija i ekološka uloga ovih bakterija u jezeru je nepoznata, što ukazuje na potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima njihovih morfoloških i funkcionalnih karakteristika.Spatio-temporal distribution, taxonomic structure as well as the abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria and the total prokaryotic communities were investigated by Sanger's and next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the chemocline, monimolimnion and sediment of Rogoznica Lake. Distribution of these communities is consistent with physico-chemical partitioning. Clear vertical distribution of microbial communities with family Chomatiaceae dominating the chemocline, class Deltaproteobacteria and phylum Bacteroidetes dominating the monimolimnion with significantly more abundant archaeal populations in sediment, was revealed during the stratification. Their structure and the abundance during the investigated seasons was stable, however, seasonal changes were observed at lower taxonomic levels within sulfate-reducing bacteria. During the winter conditions Desulfovibrio/Desulfomicrobium (DSV) phylogenetic subgroup dominates, while during the summer Desulfococcus/Desulfonema/Desulfosarcina (DCC) subgroup, which is characteristic for the sediment, is more abundant. Holomictic conditions led to an almost complete change in the structure of the prokaryotic communities in the water column of the lake. Chromatiaceae were replaced by Thioglobaceae family (SUP05 cluster), while the abundance of Planctomycetacia and Chlorobia increased, and phylum Epsilonbacteraeota, which was not detected during the stratification, appeared. Low number of identified dominant groups underpins the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycle. In contrast to holomictic conditions, no potentially nitrifying nor denitrifying bacteria were found during stratification, while the potential for anammox was very weak. Also, in a stratified conditions, a large proportion of unclassified bacteria was detected, especially in the sediment. Their physiology and ecological role in the lake remains unknown, indicating the need for further investigation of their morphological and functional characteristics

Origin and characteristics of the architectural form

Arhitektonski tvarni oblik potječe od prirodnih oblika, ali ga njegovo svojstvo artificijelnost izdvaja iz prirodnih oblika koji se ponašaju prema fizikalnim zakonima, bez nama poznatog cilja. Arhitektonski oblik ima uporabnu i estetsku namjenu, sadržaj i poruku, cilj mu je da se ostvari, čas proglašenja ostvarenja završenim i svog autora. Osim općeg oblika, arhitektonski oblik ima i oblik pojedinosti, podrobnosti, detalja koji najjasnije prevode opći, naglašeno geometrijski oblik u arhitektonski. Arhitektonski je oblik, uz namjenu zgrade, okoliš, organizirani prostor, matrijal, konstrukciju i tehniku izvođenja, kategorija na osnovi čijih međusobnih utjecaja u složenom procesu projekiranja i građenja kao njihov sklop nastaje arhitektonska zgrada. Arhitektonski oblik povijesno ima svoj početak i arhetipove, koji se takvi, ili u složenijemu, čak i isprepletenom obliku primjenjuju i danas, u procesu geneze. Esteska zamisao uvodi arhitektonski oblik u svijet likovnih umjetnosti i njihovih zakonitosti. Analiza kompozicija arhitektonskog oblika pokazuje dva osnovna pristupa estetskom uređenju. Jedan se provodi kao racionalno, unaprijed smišljen i može se kontrolirati, ali neznalački primijenjen može rezultirati rigidnošću. Drugi se pristup temelji na iracionalnom osjećaju i u autora skromnijega arhitektonskog potencijala može dovesi do nerazumljivosti djela. Proučavanje projektanskih metoda i analiza priznatih svjetskih i hrvatskih arhitektonskih ostvarenja ostaje jedini način autorova ulaska u materiju i pokušaja nalaženja vlastitog puta u radu.The architectural form arises from the natural form, but it is artificial in character and this makes it different from the natural form that behaves according to physical laws that are not geared towards any purpose. The architectural form has a functional and aesthetic task, it has content and message, it has a purpose to accomplish and a moment when this purpose is achieved. Besides its general form of pronounced geometry, the architectural form also has a specific form, it has particulars and details that explicitly transfarm the general into the architectural form. The architectural form combines with the funciton of the building, with the environment, organized space, material, structure and method of exection. It is their mutual interaction in the complicated process of planning and building that gives rise to an architectural structure. The architectural form had a historic beginning and archetypes, which are still intertwining and being utilized through a more complex process of genesis. The aesthetic idea introduced the architectural form into the world ofvisual arts and their laws. The composition ofthe architectural form shows two basic approaches to aesthetic arrangement. One is rational, planned in advance and can be controlled, but can result in rigidity if implementation is unprofessional. The other approach is based on irrational awareness and may result in an unclear work if the author has modest architecttural potentials. The only way in which an architect can enter into the material and try to find his own way of work is to study methods of designing and analyze recognized world and Croatian architectural works

MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF THE PROKARYOTIC COMMUNITIES IN THE EUXINIC ENVIRONMENT OF ROGOZNICA LAKE

Primjenom sekvenciranja 16S rRNA gena Sangerovom metodom, sekvenciranjem nove generacije te kvantitativnom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom detaljno je istražena prostorno-vremenska raspodjela, taksonomska struktura i brojnost sulfat-reducirajućih bakterija i ukupnih prokariotskih zajednica u kemoklini, monimolimnionu i sedimentu Rogozničkoga jezera. Raspodjela ovih zajednica usko je povezana s fizičko-kemijskim obilježjima okoliša. Tijekom stratifikacije kemoklinom dominira porodica Chromatiaceae, monimolimnionom razred Deltaproteobacteria i koljeno Bacteroidetes, dok je značajno veći udio arheja pronađen u sedimentu. Struktura i brojnost ovih zajednica bila je stabilna tijekom različitih istraživanih sezona, a značajne sezonske promjene uočene su na nižim taksonomskim nivoima sulfat-reducirajućih bakterija gdje u zimskim uvjetima prevladava Desulfovibrio/Desulfomicrobium (DSV), a ljeti Desulfococcus/Desulfonema/Desulfosarcina (DCC) filogenetska podskupina, koja je karakteristična za sediment. Holomiktični uvjeti doveli su do gotovo potpune promjene u strukturi prokariota u vodenom stupcu jezera. Porodica Chromatiaceae zamijenjena je porodicom Thioglobaceae (SUP05 klaster), a došlo je i do razvoja razreda Planctomycetacia i Chlorobia, te pojave bakterija iz koljena Epsilonbacteraeota koje nisu zabilježene tijekom stratifikacije. Ciklusi ugljika, dušika i sumpora u jezeru ovisni su o relativno malom broju identificiranih svojti. Za razliku od holomiktičnih uvjeta, tijekom stratifikacije nisu pronađene potencijalne nitrificirajuće i denitrificirajuće bakterije, a udio bakterija s potencijalom za anammox bio je vrlo nizak. Također, pri stratificiranim uvjetima zabilježen je veliki udio neklasificiranih bakterija, posebno u sedimentu. Fiziologija i ekološka uloga ovih bakterija u jezeru je nepoznata, što ukazuje na potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima njihovih morfoloških i funkcionalnih karakteristika.Spatio-temporal distribution, taxonomic structure as well as the abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria and the total prokaryotic communities were investigated by Sanger's and next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the chemocline, monimolimnion and sediment of Rogoznica Lake. Distribution of these communities is consistent with physico-chemical partitioning. Clear vertical distribution of microbial communities with family Chomatiaceae dominating the chemocline, class Deltaproteobacteria and phylum Bacteroidetes dominating the monimolimnion with significantly more abundant archaeal populations in sediment, was revealed during the stratification. Their structure and the abundance during the investigated seasons was stable, however, seasonal changes were observed at lower taxonomic levels within sulfate-reducing bacteria. During the winter conditions Desulfovibrio/Desulfomicrobium (DSV) phylogenetic subgroup dominates, while during the summer Desulfococcus/Desulfonema/Desulfosarcina (DCC) subgroup, which is characteristic for the sediment, is more abundant. Holomictic conditions led to an almost complete change in the structure of the prokaryotic communities in the water column of the lake. Chromatiaceae were replaced by Thioglobaceae family (SUP05 cluster), while the abundance of Planctomycetacia and Chlorobia increased, and phylum Epsilonbacteraeota, which was not detected during the stratification, appeared. Low number of identified dominant groups underpins the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycle. In contrast to holomictic conditions, no potentially nitrifying nor denitrifying bacteria were found during stratification, while the potential for anammox was very weak. Also, in a stratified conditions, a large proportion of unclassified bacteria was detected, especially in the sediment. Their physiology and ecological role in the lake remains unknown, indicating the need for further investigation of their morphological and functional characteristics

Bioluminiscent bacteria in hake (Merluccius merluccius)

Bioluminiscencija je zanimljiva pojava proizvodnje svjetla, koju posjeduju različite skupine organizama, kao što su bakterije, gljivice i životinje. Bakterije su najbrojniji bioluminiscentni organizmi, a zanimljivo je da ih većina obitava u moru. Cilj ovog rada bila je izolacija i određivanje bioluminiscentnih bakterijskih vrsta koje u morskom okolišu žive na ribi. Izolacija bioluminiscentnih bakterija je obavljena s površine kože svježe ulovljenog oslića (Merluccius merluccius) 24 sata po ulovu, pohranjenom u hladnjaku na temperaturu od 4˚C. Izolirane kolonije luminiscentnih bakterija proizvodile su na hranjivoj podlozi intenzivno zelenkasto – plavo svjetlo. Rezultati dobiveni ispitivanjem njihovih morfoloških i biokemijskih osobina uputili su na zaključak da bakterije izolirane s površine kože oslića pripadaju rodu Vibrio, vrsti Vibrio fischeri, koja u određenim uvjetima može uzrokovati bolest kod nekih beskralješnjaka, odnosno kvarenje ribe po ulovu.Bioluminescence is an interesting phenomenon of production of light, wich occurs in various life forms like bacteria, fungi and animals. Bacteria are the most numerous bioluminescent orga-nisms. It is interesting that the majority of these organisms live in marine environments. This thesis deals with the isolation and determination of the bioluminescent bacteria from hake (Merluccius merluccius). The freshly caught hake (Merluccius merluccius) was held in the refrigerator on 4˚C for 24 hours. After that period the isolation was done. The bioluminescent bacteria colonies were producing intensive greenish – blue light. The results obtained by the research of the morphological and biochemical features showed that the light producing bacteria is Vibrio fischeri,which in certain conditions could cause disease in some invertebrates, i.e. deterioration of the caught fish

MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF THE PROKARYOTIC COMMUNITIES IN THE EUXINIC ENVIRONMENT OF ROGOZNICA LAKE

Primjenom sekvenciranja 16S rRNA gena Sangerovom metodom, sekvenciranjem nove generacije te kvantitativnom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom detaljno je istražena prostorno-vremenska raspodjela, taksonomska struktura i brojnost sulfat-reducirajućih bakterija i ukupnih prokariotskih zajednica u kemoklini, monimolimnionu i sedimentu Rogozničkoga jezera. Raspodjela ovih zajednica usko je povezana s fizičko-kemijskim obilježjima okoliša. Tijekom stratifikacije kemoklinom dominira porodica Chromatiaceae, monimolimnionom razred Deltaproteobacteria i koljeno Bacteroidetes, dok je značajno veći udio arheja pronađen u sedimentu. Struktura i brojnost ovih zajednica bila je stabilna tijekom različitih istraživanih sezona, a značajne sezonske promjene uočene su na nižim taksonomskim nivoima sulfat-reducirajućih bakterija gdje u zimskim uvjetima prevladava Desulfovibrio/Desulfomicrobium (DSV), a ljeti Desulfococcus/Desulfonema/Desulfosarcina (DCC) filogenetska podskupina, koja je karakteristična za sediment. Holomiktični uvjeti doveli su do gotovo potpune promjene u strukturi prokariota u vodenom stupcu jezera. Porodica Chromatiaceae zamijenjena je porodicom Thioglobaceae (SUP05 klaster), a došlo je i do razvoja razreda Planctomycetacia i Chlorobia, te pojave bakterija iz koljena Epsilonbacteraeota koje nisu zabilježene tijekom stratifikacije. Ciklusi ugljika, dušika i sumpora u jezeru ovisni su o relativno malom broju identificiranih svojti. Za razliku od holomiktičnih uvjeta, tijekom stratifikacije nisu pronađene potencijalne nitrificirajuće i denitrificirajuće bakterije, a udio bakterija s potencijalom za anammox bio je vrlo nizak. Također, pri stratificiranim uvjetima zabilježen je veliki udio neklasificiranih bakterija, posebno u sedimentu. Fiziologija i ekološka uloga ovih bakterija u jezeru je nepoznata, što ukazuje na potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima njihovih morfoloških i funkcionalnih karakteristika.Spatio-temporal distribution, taxonomic structure as well as the abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria and the total prokaryotic communities were investigated by Sanger's and next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the chemocline, monimolimnion and sediment of Rogoznica Lake. Distribution of these communities is consistent with physico-chemical partitioning. Clear vertical distribution of microbial communities with family Chomatiaceae dominating the chemocline, class Deltaproteobacteria and phylum Bacteroidetes dominating the monimolimnion with significantly more abundant archaeal populations in sediment, was revealed during the stratification. Their structure and the abundance during the investigated seasons was stable, however, seasonal changes were observed at lower taxonomic levels within sulfate-reducing bacteria. During the winter conditions Desulfovibrio/Desulfomicrobium (DSV) phylogenetic subgroup dominates, while during the summer Desulfococcus/Desulfonema/Desulfosarcina (DCC) subgroup, which is characteristic for the sediment, is more abundant. Holomictic conditions led to an almost complete change in the structure of the prokaryotic communities in the water column of the lake. Chromatiaceae were replaced by Thioglobaceae family (SUP05 cluster), while the abundance of Planctomycetacia and Chlorobia increased, and phylum Epsilonbacteraeota, which was not detected during the stratification, appeared. Low number of identified dominant groups underpins the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycle. In contrast to holomictic conditions, no potentially nitrifying nor denitrifying bacteria were found during stratification, while the potential for anammox was very weak. Also, in a stratified conditions, a large proportion of unclassified bacteria was detected, especially in the sediment. Their physiology and ecological role in the lake remains unknown, indicating the need for further investigation of their morphological and functional characteristics

Experimental Programming and Spatial Quantification of Organizational Units for Zagreb University

Programiranje i projektiranje fakultetskih zgrada složen je zadatak na koji utječu vanjske i unutrašnje odrednice. Vanjske određuje strukturni sastav Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a unutrašnje određuju antinomiju između dvaju činitelja različitih zahtjeva.Programming and designing faculty buildings is a complex task influenced by external and internal factors. The external factors depend on the structure of Zagreb University, the internal factors are determined by the different demands of two various groups of subjects

Experimental Programming and Spatial Quantification of Organizational Units for Zagreb University

Programiranje i projektiranje fakultetskih zgrada složen je zadatak na koji utječu vanjske i unutrašnje odrednice. Vanjske određuje strukturni sastav Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a unutrašnje određuju antinomiju između dvaju činitelja različitih zahtjeva.Programming and designing faculty buildings is a complex task influenced by external and internal factors. The external factors depend on the structure of Zagreb University, the internal factors are determined by the different demands of two various groups of subjects

Tracing nutrients and organic matter changes in eutrophic Wenchang (China) and oligotrophic Krka (Croatia) estuaries: a comparative study

Estuaries modify the concentration and composition of riverine nutrients and organic matter (OM), which eventually determine the riverine flux effect to coasts. Nutrients, organic carbon (OC), pigments, and amino acids (AAs) from the samples collected in the eutrophic Wenchang River Estuary (WRE) in China and the oligotrophic Krka River Estuary (KRE) in Croatia were analyzed in order to have a better understanding of how estuaries regulate terrestrial materials. We found a clear increase of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration and its subsequent decrease due to the removal of DIN (over 100µM) in the WRE, whereas DIN showed minor variation lengthwise in the KRE, i.e., with the salinity changes, ranging between 1.0 and 5.8µM. The elevated algae-derived OC, dissolved organic nitrogen, and particulate AAs nitrogen suggest that the OM assimilation may explain approximately one- third of the DIN removal in the WRE, whereas in the oligotrophic KRE, such inorganic to organic transformation is not likely to be significant. Due to the prominent estuarine nitrogen removal/assimilation process, DIN/dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) ratio was as high as 425 in the upper WRE under strong riverine influence, but it declined to as low as 5.4 at the mouth of WRE, that is even lower than DIN/DIP ratio at the mouth of oligotrophic KRE (12). When compared with other rivers worldwide, the Wenchang River showed high nutrients and organic carbon yields. Given the contrasting estuarine process (e.g., DIN removal) between the KRE and the WRE, apparent high nutrient yield from eutrophic rivers should be viewed with caution in ocean studies as the final impact to coastal zone could be similar to the oligotrophic rivers like the KRE

Accumulation of organic matter in a mesotidal Mediterranean lagoon (Boughrara, Tunisia)

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