Guzy endokrynne żołądka i dwunastnicy z uwzględnieniem gastrinoma (zasady postępowania rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)

The neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach and duodenum constitute only minority of neoplasms in this localisation. However due to their clinical behaviour and/or hormonal syndromes they pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. They display distinct phenotypes, regarding their pathogenesis, pathology and clinical course. Herein we present Polish guidelines for biochemical, pathological and localisation diagnosis, and discuss therapeutic approaches, considering endoscopic and surgical treatment, pharmacological and radionuclide therapy. Pol J Endocrinol 2008; 59 (1): 57-67Guzy neuroendokrynne (NET) żołądka i dwunastnicy stanowią wprawdzie tylko kilka procent wszystkich nowotworów tych narządów, jednak ze względu na specyfikę tego rodzaju zmian, stanowią one interdyscyplinarny problem diagnostyczno-terapeutyczny. W zależności od fenotypów, różnią się one patogenezą, obrazem klinicznym i histopatologicznym. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wytyczne grupy ekspertów Polskiej Sieci Guzów Neuroendokrynnych dotyczące zasad postępowania diagnostycznego, z uwzględnieniem diagnostyki biochemicznej, histopatologicznej oraz lokalizacyjnej, a także zasad postępowania terapeutycznego, w którym uwzględniono leczenie endoskopowe i chirurgiczne, omówiono możliwości leczenia farmakologicznego oraz radioizotopowego. Endokrynol Pol 2008; 59 (1): 57-6

Search for ultra-high energy photons through preshower effect with gamma-ray telescopes: Study of CTA-North efficiency

Indexación ScopusAs ultra-high energy photons (EeV and beyond) propagate from their sources of production to Earth, radiation-matter interactions can occur, leading to an effective screening of the incident flux. In this energy domain, photons can undergo e+/e− pair production when interacting with the surrounding geomagnetic field, which in turn can produce a cascade of electromagnetic particles called preshower. Such cascade can initiate air showers in the Earth's atmosphere that gamma-ray telescopes, such as the next-generation gamma-ray observatory Cherenkov Telescope Array, can detect through Cherenkov emission. In this paper, we study the feasibility of detecting such phenomenon using Monte-Carlo simulations of nearly horizontal air showers for the example of the La Palma site of the Cherenkov Telescope Array. We investigate the efficiency of multivariate analysis in correctly identifying preshower events initiated by 40 EeV photons and cosmic ray dominated background simulated in the energy range 10 TeV – 10 EeV. The effective areas for such kind of events are also investigated and event rate predictions related to different ultra-high energy photons production models are presented. While the expected number of preshowers from diffuse emission of UHE photons for 30 hours of observation is estimated around 3.3×10−5 based on the upper limits put by the Pierre Auger Observatory, this value is at the level of 2.7×10−4 (5.7×10−5) when considering the upper limits of the Pierre Auger Observatory (Telescope Array) on UHE photon point sources. However, UHE photon emission may undergo possible ”boosting” due to gamma-ray burst, increasing the expected number of preshower events up to 0.17 and yielding a minimum required flux of ~ 0.2 km−2yr−1 to obtain one preshower event, which is about a factor 10 higher than upper limits put by the Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array (0.034 and 0.019 km−2yr−1, respectively). © 2020https://www-sciencedirect-com.recursosbiblioteca.unab.cl/science/article/pii/S092765052030061X?via%3Dihu

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine and the appendix - management guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours).

This study presents the revised Polish guidelines regarding the management of patients suffering from neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small intestine and appendix. The small intestine, especially the ileum, is the most common location for these neoplasms. Most are well differentiated and slow growing. Their symptoms may be atypical, which can result in delayed or accidental diagnosis. Appendicitis is usually the first manifestation of NEN in this location. Typical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome occur in approximately 20-30% of patients suffering from small intestinal NENs with distant metastases. The main cause of death in patients with carcinoid syndrome is carcinoid heart disease. The most useful laboratory test is the determination of chromogranin A, while concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is helpful in the diagnostics of carcinoid syndrome. For visualisation, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, colonoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, double-balloon enteroscopy, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy may be used. A detailed his-tological report is crucial for the proper diagnostics and therapy of NENs of the small intestine and appendix. The treatment of choice is surgical management, either radical or palliative. The pharmacological treatment of the hormonally active and non-active small intestinal NENs as well as NENs of the appendix is based on long-acting somatostatin analogues. In patients with generalised NENs of the small intestine in progress during the SSA treatment, with good expression of somatostatin receptors, the first-line treatment should be radio-isotope therapy, while targeted therapies, such as everolimus, should be considered afterwards. When the above therapies are exhausted, in certain cases chemotherapy may be considered

Smart materials as modern engineering substances

The article presents the type and use of intelligent materials in aviation and medicine. Their basic features and properties have been discussed. Moreover, the authors quote examples of different uses of intelligent materials, both the existing ones and those in design and development stages. Their use is claimed to be increasing the efficiency and reliability of processes and equipment as well as facilitates the development of new mechanisms

Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Somatostatin analogues are commonly used to treat symptoms associated with hormone hypersecretion in neuroendocrine tumors; however, data on their antitumor effects are limited

Somatostatin Analogs for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Any Benefit When KI-67 is ≥10%?

Long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSAs) are the primary first-line treatment of well-differentiated advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), but data about their efficacy in pancreatic NETs (panNETs) with Ki-67 ≥10% are still limited