Učinak bakra na toksičnost i genotoksičnost kadmija u vodenoj leći (Lemna minor L.)

We investigated interactions between copper (in the concentrations of 2.5 μmol L-1 and 5 μmol L-1) and cadmium (5 μmol L-1) in common duckweed (Lemna minor L.) by exposing it to either metal or to their combinations for four or seven days. Their uptake increased with time, but it was lower in plants treated with combinations of metals than in plants treated with either metal given alone. In separate treatments, either metal increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and catalase and peroxidase activity. Both induced DNA damage, but copper did it only after 7 days of treatment. On day 4, the combination of cadmium and 5 μmol L-1 copper additionally increased MDA as well as catalase and peroxidase activity. In contrast, on day 7, MDA dropped in plants treated with combinations of metals, and especially with 2.5 μmol L-1 copper plus cadmium. In these plants, catalase activity was higher than in copper treated plants. Peroxidase activity increased after treatment with cadmium and 2.5 μmol L-1 copper but decreased in plants treated with cadmium and 5 μmol L-1 copper. Compared to copper alone, combinations of metals enhanced DNA damage after 4 days of treatment but it dropped on day 7. In conclusion, either metal given alone was toxic/genotoxic and caused oxidative stress. On day 4 of combined treatment, the higher copper concentration was more toxic than either metal alone. In contrast, on day 7 of combined treatment, the lower copper concentration showed lower oxidative and DNA damage. These complex interactions can not be explained by simple antagonism and/or synergism. Further studies should go in that direction.U svrhu istraživanja interakcija između bakra kao esencijalnog elementa te kadmija kao neesencijalnog i toksičnog metala, vodenu leću Lemna minor L. uzgajali smo na podlogama s kadmijem (5 μmol L-1) odnosno s bakrom (2,5 μmol L-1 i 5 μmol L-1) te s njihovim kombinacijama. Unos metala u biljke povećavao se s trajanjem pokusa, a kod kombinacije metala u biljkama je izmjerena niža količina kadmija nego u onima uzgajanima samo na kadmiju. U biljkama tretiranim pojedinačnim metalom došlo je do povećanja sadržaja malondialdehida (MDA) te aktivnosti katalaze i peroksidaze u odnosu na kontrolne biljke. Također, primijećeno je oštećenje DNA iako kod bakra tek sedmog dana tretmana. Količina MDA i aktivnost obaju enzima dodatno se povećala na tretmanu kombinacijom kadmija i bakra (5 μmol L-1) nakon četvrtog dana pokusa, dok se količina MDA smanjila nakon sedmog dana kod kombinacije kadmija i 2,5 μmol L-1 bakra. U tim biljkama primijećena je i veća aktivnost katalaze, dok je aktivnost peroksidaze porasla na tretmanu kadmijem i 2,5 μmol L-1 bakrom, ali se smanjila na tretmanu kadmijem i 5 μmol L-1 bakrom. Oštećenje DNA koje je bilo veće kod kombinacije metala nakon četvrtog dana, osobito u usporedbi sa samim bakrom, smanjilo se nakon sedmog dana pokusa. Iz ovih rezultata može se zaključiti da su oba metala u istraživanim koncentracijama toksična i genotoksična za vodenu leću i da uzrokuju oksidacijski stres. Kadmij u kombinaciji s bakrom više koncentracije bio je toksičniji od pojedinačnih metala nakon četvrtog dana pokusa, dok su u biljaka tretiranih kombinacijom kadmija i bakra niže koncentracije toksični učinci bili manji. Budući da su primijećene interakcije vrlo kompleksne i ne uključuju samo antagonizam odnosno sinergizam potrebna su daljnja istraživanja

The Effects of Exogenous Application of Ascorbate and Glutathione on Antioxidant System in Cultivated Cicer arietinum and Wild Type C.reticulatum under Drought Stress

The roles of ascorbate and glutathione as key antioxidant molecules involves in environmental stress responses have already been well indicated. We conducted experiments in order to study the effects of exogenous ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) treatments on antioxidant enzyme activities and ASC and GSH levels of cultivated and wild type chickpea plants under drought stress. We determined that ASC and GSH accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities increased due to drought stress, except for CAT activity, in both species. ASC treatment increased ASC level and APX activity in C. arietinum under drought stress, except high concentration of ASC treatment. Antioxidant treatments increased antioxidant accumulation of C. reticulatum under drought stress. Antioxidant treatments did not lead to significantly changes in GR activity, in both species. However, exogenous ASC and GSH via eliminating of reactive oxygen species decreased SOD, CAT and APX activities in C. reticulatum. The results of present study indicate that ASC and GSH may contribute to the improvement of tolerance against drought stress in chickpea. Also, drought tolerant chickpea C. reticulatum showed a better protection mechanism against oxidative damage than the sensitive chickpea C. arietinu

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on biochemical parameters in capsicum annuum grown under long term salt stress [Uzun dönem tuz stresinde yetiştirilen capsicum annuum bitkisinde arbusküler mikorizanın biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkileri]

Salt stress is an important environmental stress. Plants cope with salt stress with diff erent strategies. In this study the Effects of 2 diff erent arbuscular mycorrhiza species (Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices) on some biochemical parameters in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Cumaovasi{dotless}) exposed to long term salt stress were studied. It was found that mycorrhizal inoculation increased RWC, P, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of pepper plants during salt application. The enzyme activities changed depending on the enzyme and salt stress application. The lowest MDA content was found in the plants inoculated with G. intraradices; however, there was no significant diff erence between the NaCl applications. It was found that plants inoculated with G. intraradices had less lipid peroxidation, and therefore it can be said that these plants have an advantage under salt stress

Protective effect of Funalia trogii crude extract on deltamethrin-induced oxidative stress in rats

WOS: 000284818400031In this study the protective effects of cold buffer extract of Funalia trogii ATCC 200800 (FtE) and vitamin E (VitE) on oxidative stress induced with deltamethrin using oral administration in rats were investigated. Deltamethrin treatment caused an increase in liver enzyme activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p < 0.05); however, it caused a decrease in activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GRd) when compared to control group (p < 0.05). Activities of AST, ALT, ALP enzymes and level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) decreased significantly after VitE administration (p < 0.05). Both enzyme activities and TBARS levels were found similar in VitE and FtE treated rats shortly after pesticide administration (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it appears that FtE prepared in cold buffer has capability to prevent the liver damage like VitE against the toxic effect of deltamethrin. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Uzun dönem tuz stresinde yetiştirilen Capsicum annuum bitkisinde arbusküler mikorizanın biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkileri

Çekiç, Fazilet Özlem (Aksaray, Yazar)Salt stress is an important environmental stress. Plants cope with salt stress with diff erent strategies. In this study the eff ects of 2 diff erent arbuscular mycorrhiza species (Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices) on some biochemical parameters in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Cumaovası) exposed to long term salt stress were studied. It was found that mycorrhizal inoculation increased RWC, P, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of pepper plants during salt application. Th e enzyme activities changed depending on the enzyme and salt stress application. Th e lowest MDA content was found in the plants inoculated with G. intraradices; however, there was no signifi cant diff erence between the NaCl applications. It was found that plants inoculated with G. intraradices had less lipid peroxidation, and therefore it can be said that these plants have an advantage under salt stress.Tuz stresi önemli bir çevresel strestir. Bitkiler tuz stresine karşı değişik stratejilere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada iki farklı mikoriza türünün (Glomus mosseae ve G. intraradices) uzun dönem tuz stresine maruz bırakılan biber bitkisinde (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Cumaovası) bazı biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkileri çalışıldı. Mikorizanın tuz uygulamalarında biber bitkisinin oransal su içeriği, fosfor, toplam klorofi l ve karotenoid miktarlarını artırdığı belirlendi. Enzim aktivitelerinin tuz stresi uygulamalarına ve enzime göre değiştiği belirlendi. En düşük MDA içeriği G. intraradices ile enfekte olan bitkilerde bulundu, fakat tuz uygulamaları arasında önemli bir fark gözlenmedi. G. intraradices ile enfekte olan bitkilerde daha az lipid peroksidasyonu olduğu belirlendi, dolayısıyla G. intraradices ile enfekte edilmiş bitkilerin tuz stresinde daha avantajlı olabileceği söylenebilir

Osmoprotectant and antioxidant effects of new synthesized 6-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclohex-3-enol on barley under drought stress

The aim of present study was synthesize 6-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclohex-3-enol (11) and investigate its antioxidant properties in barley plants under drought stress. For this aim, 1,4-cyclohexadiene (7) was subjected to [2 + 2] ketene addition reaction with dichloro ketene and the chlorine atoms were reduced. After that, the cyclobutanone ring was converted to a lactone ring and the lactone ring was reduced with LiAlH4. Subsequently, 6-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclohex-3-enol (13) was obtained with high yield. The structures of the synthesized molecules were clarified by NMR, FTIR, GCMS spectroscopic methods. Two different methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity of cyclohexenediol 11. One of them was DPPH radical scavenging activity which was used extensively. Also, osmoprotectant and antioxidant effects of 6-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclohex-3-enol (13) were investigated in barley under drought stress. Drought decreased the relative water content (RWC) and water potential (WP) in barley leaves. Cyclohexenediol 11 treatment remarkably increased RWC and WP in leaves under drought conditions. Superoxide (O−2) and nitric oxide (NO) accumulated under drought. In cyclohexenediol 11 treated-plants, the accumulation O−2 and NO were strongly reduced under drought conditions. Our results showed that cyclohexenediol 11 helped barley plants for maintaining water under drought stress; this makes synthetic cyclitol cyclohexenediol 11 as a good osmoprotectant candidate. Another important result in this study was the strong radical scavenging potential of cyclohexenediol 11. We think that much more comprehensive biochemical studies should be conducted to determine how cyclohexenediol 11 performs the radical scavenge role

Vicia faba L.’da kadmiyumun uyardığı antioksidan düzeyi ve kardeş-kromatid değişimi

Özlem Çekiç, Fazilet (Aksaray,Yazar)Kadmiyumun antioksidanın savunma ve kardeş kromatid değişimi üzerine etkileri Vicia faba L.’de çalışıldı. Superoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (KAT), askorbat peroksidaz (AP) ve glutatyon redüktaz (GR) aktiviteleri; askorbat (AS), glutatyon (GSH), hidrojen peroksit ve malondialdehit (MDA, lipid peroksidasyonunun indikatörü) seviyeleri ölçüldü. Genotoksik etki mitotik indeks (MI) ve kardeş kromatid değişimi (KKD)’ndeki değişiklikler ölçülerek değerlendirildi. Bitkilere 50 ve 100 μM Cd uygulandığında KAT ve SOD aktivitesinde bir artış olduğu gözlendi. Çalışmada, 50 μM Cd uygulanan bitkilerde AP aktivitesinde belirgin bir artış belirlenirken, uygulama gruplarının hiç birinde GR aktivitesinde anlamlı değişiklikler belirlenmedi. Antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri ve lipid peroksidasyonu arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğu gözlendi. Bunun tersine, tüm Cd uygulamalarında H2O2 seviyelerindeki artış ve Cd konsantrasyonları arasında pozitif bir korelasyon olduğu belirlendi. Malondialdehit (MDA) seviyesinin sadece en yüksek Cd konsantrasyonunda (200 μM) arttığı gözlendi. Bu sonuç, orta düzeyde Cd konsantrasyonunda yüksek antioksidan yanıtların koruyucu bir etkisinin sonucu olarak membran hasarının olmadığını gösterir. Yüksek Cd konsantrasyonunda (200 μM) MI azalırken, KKD frekansı belirgin bir şekilde artmıştır. Sonuçlarımız yüksek konsantrasyonlarda Cd’a maruz kalmanın Vicia faba L. için genotoksik olduğu kadar sitotoksik de olduğunu ve bu etkilerin birbiriyle ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir.The effects of cadmium (Cd) on antioxidant responses and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were studied in Vicia faba L. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), and the levels of ascorbate (ASC), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde (MDA, indicator of lipid peroxidation) were measured. Genotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the changes in the mitotic index (MI) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). Increased activities of SOD and CAT were observed in plants treated with 50 and 100 &amp;#956;M Cd. It was found that APX activity increased remarkably with 50 &amp;#956;M Cd, but no significant changes were found in GR activity in any of the treatment groups. These changes in antioxidant enzyme activities were negatively correlated with lipid peroxidation. However, a positive correlation between the increase of H2O2 levels and Cd concentration occurred with all levels of Cd. A significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was only observed at the highest (200 &amp;#956;M) Cd concentration. This finding suggests that membrane damage did not occur in moderate Cd frequency. SCE increased significantly in high Cd concentration (200 &amp;#956;M), while MI decreased. The results suggest that exposure of high Cd concentrations is cytotoxic as well as genotoxic for Vicia faba L. and also suggest that the 2 phenomena are related