Nye møter med Rødhette og ulven

Dette er forfatternes versjon av en artikkel publisert i Tidsskrift for kjønnsforskning. Artikkelen er tilgjengelig via forlagets hjemmeside: idunn.no https://www.idunn.no/tfk/2015/03-04/nye_moeter_med_roedhette_og_ulvenNorsk: Utgangspunktet for artikkelen er en grunnleggende tanke om at bevegelser mellom det kjente og det ukjente kan åpne opp for ny forståelse og mening. I produktive prosesser skaper og gjenskaper vi oss selv og den verden som omgir oss. Det kjente og det ukjente kan vi blant annet møte gjennom litterære fortellinger. Inspirert av narrativ forskning, ulike studier fra barnehagefeltet og Paul Ricæurs kritisk hermeneutiske filosofi argumenterer vi for hvordan møtet mellom to narrative tekster kan knyttes til barns subjektskaping. I eventyret om Rødhette og ulven (Grimm og Grimm, 2002) og i billedboka om Gitte og gråulvene (Lindenbaum, 2001), beskrives to forskjellige rødhettekledde jenters møter med ulven/ulvene. Ved å sette tekstene i forbindelse med hverandre ønsker vi å vise hvordan barnelitteratur som presenteres i barnehagen, kan skape mulighetsrom som produserer ulike forståelser av kjønn og identitet.English: New approaches to Little Red Riding Hood The paper takes as its starting point a principal idea that movement between the known and unknown may open for novel comprehension and meaning. Through productive processes we create and recreate ourselves and the world surrounding us. We may encounter the known and the unknown through literary narratives. Inspired by narrative research, empirical studies from the pre-school field and Paul Ricæur's critical hermeneutics we explore how encounters between two narrative texts may be connected to the shaping of children's' subjectivity . In the fairytale of Little Red Riding Hood (Grimm & Grimm, 2002) and in the picture book Gitte og gråulvene [Gitte and the gray wolves] (Lindenbaum, 2001), two different red hooded girls' encounters with wolves are described. By relating the texts to each other we show how literature presented in the pre-school may create different opportunities and understandings of gender and identity

Norwegian mastitis control programme

This paper describes the methods and results of the Norwegian Mastitis Control Program implemented in 1982. The program has formed an integral part of the Norwegian Cattle Health Services (NCHS) since 1995. The NCHS also have specific programs for milk fever, ketosis, reproduction and calf diseases. The goal of the program is to improve udder health by keeping the bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) low, to reduce the use of antibiotics, to keep the cost of mastitis low at herd level and improve the consumers' attitude to milk products. In 1996, a decision was made to reduce the use of antibiotics in all animal production enterprises in Norway by 25% within five years. Relevant data has been collected through the Norwegian Cattle Herd Recording System (NCHRS); including health records since 1975 and somatic cell count (SCC) data since 1980. These data have been integrated within the NCHRS. Since 2000, mastitis laboratory data have also been included in the NCHRS. Data on clinical disease, SCC and mastitis bacteriology have been presented to farmers and advisors in monthly health periodicals since 1996, and on the internet since 2005. In 1996, Norwegian recommendations on the treatment of mastitis were implemented. Optimal milking protocols and milking machine function have been emphasised and less emphasis has been placed on dry cow therapy. A selective dry cow therapy program (SDCTP) was implemented in 2006, and is still being implemented in new areas. Research demonstrates that the rate of clinical mastitis could be reduced by 15% after implementing SDCTP. The results so far show a 60% reduction in the clinical treatment of mastitis between 1994 and 2007, a reduction in BMSCC from 250,000 cells/ml to 114,000 cells/ml, and a total reduction in the mastitis cost from 0.23 NOK to 0.13 NOK per litre of milk delivered to the processors, corresponding to a fall from 9.2% to 1.7% of the milk price, respectively. This reduction is attributed to changes in attitude and breeding, eradicating bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and a better implementation of mastitis prevention programmes

Perceived stress and musculoskeletal pain are prevalent and significantly associated in adolescents : An epidemiological cross-sectional study

Background: Long-term musculoskeletal pain and negative stress are health risks with adverse long-term health effects, and these health risks seem to increase among young people. The mechanisms behind this are unclear. There is a need for a better understanding of perceived stress and musculoskeletal pain among adolescents, in order to improve health promotion and treatment approaches in this group. Methods: Objectives were to evaluate the current prevalence of perceived stress and musculoskeletal pain in 15 and 16 year olds, to explore stress-pain associations and the probability that perceived stress (PSQ) was related to the reporting of pain and variations in pain, and to investigate possible differences in stress between different types of musculoskeletal pain in the adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Elementary schools participated. The outcomes were stress (Perceived stress questionnaire; PSQ) and musculoskeletal pain (pain/no pain, pain sites, pain duration and pain intensity (Visual analogue scale; VAS). Results: Fifty-one point two percent (N = 422) reported pain, of which 70.8 % reported long-term pain. Some more girls (57.9 %) reported pain. 22.0 % of the study population reported moderate to severe stress (PSQ ≥ 0.45), of which 79.6 % were bothered by pain (Pearson Chi-square 38.47, p ≤ .001). All stress and pain variables were significantly associated (p < .01). The strongest association appeared between pain intensity (VAS) and stress (PSQ) (r = 0.40). Perceived stress (PSQ) was associated with the reporting of pain among the adolescents (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.68) and could explain some of the variation in pain intensity (VAS; β = 0.15, p < .001) and number of pain sites (β = 0.14, p < .01), according to the regression analyses. There were no mean differences in stress (PSQ) between different types of musculoskeletal pain. Conclusions: There was high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, long-term pain and moderate to severe stress (PSQ ≥ 0.45) in this study sample. Perceived stress (PSQ) was related to the reporting of musculoskeletal pain among the adolescents and could explain some of the variation in pain intensity (VAS) and number of pain sites. There were no differences in stress levels (PSQ) between different types of musculoskeletal pain in the adolescents.Open Access - This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated

Lameness and Claw Lesions of the Norwegian Red Dairy Cattle Housed in Free Stalls in Relation to Environment, Parity and Stage of Lactation

Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie stalls. Free stall housing for all dairy cattle will be implemented within 20 years. This means that the majority of existing stalls will be rebuilt in the near future. Fifty-seven free stall herds of the Norwegian Red breed were randomly selected and 1547 cows and 403 heifers were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environment, management- and feeding routines were also recorded. Fifty-three herds had concrete slatted alleys while 4 had solid concrete. Thirty-five herds had concrete as a stall base, while 17 had rubber mats, 2 had wood and 3 had deep litter straw beds. The prevalence of lameness was 1.6% in hind claws. Models for lameness and claw lesions were designed to estimate the influence of different risk factors and to account for the cluster effects within herd and claw trimmer. Detected risk factors for lameness were: parity three and above and narrow cubicles; for heel horn erosions: lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the white line: lactation stage around 3–5 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the sole: parity one, lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and short cubicles, for white line fissures: slatted concrete alleys; for asymmetrical claws: parities two and above and for corkscrewed claws: solid concrete alleys. The prevalence of lameness in heifers was low, however 29% had one or more claw lesions. Heifers that were housed in pens or free stalls had more heel-horn erosions, haemorrhages of the sole and white-line fissures than heifers in tie stalls. As new free stalls are being built, it is important to optimise the conditions for claw health

Blood Selenium Associated with Health and Fertility in Norwegian Dairy Herds

A survey of blood selenium (Se) concentrations in Norwegian Red heifers and dry period cows was conducted to reveal possible association to management, feeding, health and fertility. Selenium contents were determined in 254 herd blood samples consisting of pooled samples from individual non-lactating animals from herds in 5 counties. The Se concentrations showed a normal distribution with mean 0.09 μg Se/g blood, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.05, and ranged from 0.02 to 0.23 μg/g, with 50 % of the samples being between 0.06 and 0.11 μg/g. The herds with Se concentrations below 0.06 μg/g were smaller (21.4 ± 8.7 cow-years) than those with Se levels above 0.11 μg/g (27.5 ± 14.1 cow-years) (P < 0.01), but there were no differences in milk yield, incidence of replacement, proportion of animal culling, amount of concentrate or grass silage as percentage of energy consumption between the groups. Treatment registration records showed a tendency that more animals in the low Se herds were treated for all the diseases included in this investigation (64.8 animals per 100 cow-years) than those in the high Se herds (57.5 per 100 cow-years), while no such differences were revealed for individual disorders. There was, however, a significant difference in bulk milk somatic cell counts (BMSCC) between low and high Se herds, their values being 137 000 and 155 000 cells/ml, respectively. This difference was significantly influenced by herd size. Furthermore, a total of 4 916 lactations were analyzed from individual health and fertility recordings, including 2 934 first lactations and 1 982 later lactations. The present study revealed a reduced incidence of disease treatment with increased Se concentrations from 0.02 to 0.23 μg Se/g blood. In this regard, there seemed to be an optimum of 0.10 to 0.15 μg Se/g for all types of mastitis treatments summarized, and for treatment of retained placenta. Thus, herd Se concentrations below and above these values was connected with increased probability for sum mastitis and retained placenta, reflecting the effect of the quadratic term of Se. The cow (composite) milk somatic cell count (SCC) was lower in lactations from low Se herds than in high Se herds with a marked SCC increase in the Se concentration interval from 0.11–0.13 μg/g blood. In conclusion, heifers and dry period cows in Norway are low in blood Se content and there seems to be a positive association between increased blood Se concentration pre partum and decreased incidence of mastitis, ovarian cysts and anoestrus/silent oestrus post partum

Housing system and herd size interactions in Norwegian dairy herds; associations with performance and disease incidence

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>According to the Norwegian animal welfare regulations, it has been forbidden to build new tie-stall barns since the end of 2004. Previous studies have shown that cow performance and health differ between housing systems. The interaction between housing system and herd size with respect to performance and disease incidence has not been evaluated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cow performance and health in 620 herds housed in free-stall barns were compared with in 192 herds housed in tie-stall barns based on a mail survey and data from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording and Cattle Health Systems. The housing systems herds were comparable with respect to herd size (15-55 cows). Associations between performance/disease incidence and housing system, herd size and year of building the cow barn were tested in general linear models, and values for fixed herd size of 20 and 50 cows were calculated. On the individual cow level mixed models were run to test the effect of among others housing system and herd size on test-day milk yield, and to evaluate lactation curves in different parities. All cows were of the Norwegian Red Breed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Average milk production per cow-year was 134 kg lower in free-stall herd than in tie-stall herds, but in the range 27-45 cows there was no significant difference in yields between the herd categories. In herds with less than 27 cows there were increasingly lower yields in free-stalls, particularly in first parity, whereas the yields were increasingly higher in free-stalls with more than 45 cows.</p> <p>In free-stalls fertility was better, calving interval shorter, and the incidence rate of teat injuries, ketosis, indigestions, anoestrus and cystic ovaries was lower than in tie-stalls. All of these factors were more favourable in estimated 50-cow herds as compared to 20-cow herds. In the larger herd category, bulk milk somatic cell counts were higher, and the incidence rate of mastitis (all cases) and all diseases was lower.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study has shown that there is an interaction between housing system and herd size, and that performance and health is not universally better in small free-stalls than in tie-stalls.</p

Tradisjonelle valg i et utradisjonelt utdanningsprogram - En kvalitativ studie av gutter som velger jentedominerte yrkesfaglige utdanningsprogram i videregående opplæring

Temaet for denne masteroppgaven er hvordan gutter opplever å velge utradisjonelle yrkesfaglige utdanningsprogram i videregående opplæring. Jeg har gjennomført 8 semistrukturerte dybdeintervjuer på to videregående skoler i to bykommuner i Norge for å svare på problemstillingen: Hvordan opplever gutter å velge et jentedominert yrkesfaglig utdanningsprogram i videregående opplæring, og hvilke faktorer påvirker guttenes utdanningsvalg? Jeg har brukt tidligere forskning og teoretiske begreper for å belyse problemstillingen. De teoretiske begrepene jeg har brukt er Ivar Frønes og Ragnhild Brusdal (2000) sin redegjørelse for utdanning og kjønn i kunnskapssamfunnet. Den andre teorien jeg har valgt, er Butler sin teori om performativt kjønn som et overordnet perspektiv på kjønn. Jeg har også valgt ut to begreper som presenteres i Liza Reisel, Øyvind Søraas Skorge og Stian Uvaag sin rapport Kjønnsdelte utdannings- og yrkesvalg fra 2019. Dette er en kunnskapsoppsummering av forskning på kjønnsdelt utdannings- og yrkesvalg. I denne rapporten har de presentert etablert kunnskap og forskning om hvorfor det norske utdanningssystemet og arbeidsmarkedet er svært kjønnsdelt. Gjennom sine undersøkelser har de funnet to «etablerte teoretiske forklaringer på hvorfor gutter og jenter velger forskjellige utdanninger og yrker» (Reisel et al., 2019). Disse to teoretiske begrepene er: a) akseptable preferanser og b) rasjonelle valg. I tillegg skal jeg presentere et begrep Ivar Frønes og Ragnhild Brusdal (2000) har gjort rede for, nemlig selvrealisering. Man må se denne problemstillingen sammen med det kunnskapssamfunnet vi har i dag. Her har jeg trukket inn betydningen av utdanning og endringen av kjønn. Dette ligger til grunn for oppgaven. I studien fant jeg ut at de faktorene som påvirker guttenes utdanningsvalg mest er egne interesser, familie og venner. De verdsetter disse høyt, fordi utdanning er en arena for selvrealisering. Flere av informantene synes utdanningsvalg er vanskelig, og har kjent på det å følge strømmen, for å så ombestemme seg. Studien viser at den viktigste årsaken til guttenes utdanningsvalg er egne interesser. Samt at informantene uttrykker at kjønn ikke har noen stor betydning for utdanningsvalget deres. Likevel kan man konkludere med at guttene blir påvirket av kjønn på grunn av de etablerte kjønnsnormene i samfunnet. Dette ser man da alle informantene velger tradisjonelt innenfor det utradisjonelle utdanningsprogrammet

Fortellinger om kjønn i barnelitteraturen

I arbeidet med å oppdra barn til å møte og skape et likestilt samfunn er det nødvendig med bevisste holdninger til pedagogisk arbeid. En del av dette arbeidet handler også å reflektere over valg av bøker, og å skape rammer for refleksjon om innholdet i det som formidles. Ved å gi barn et variert utvalg av fortellinger og bøker kan barnehagen være med å utfordre dikotome forestillinger og det vi tar for gitt. Det betyr ikke at voksne skal velge såkalt ?riktig? barnelitteratur, men heller at barn må få tilgang på et mangfold av fortellinger som åpner for å stille spørsmål ved det selvfølgelige og utfordre vedtatte sannheter om kjønn. Det kan være en utfordring for både førskolelærere og lærerutdannere

Risk factors associated with cystic ovarian disease in Norwegian dairy cattle

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aims of this study were to establish the incidence of cystic ovarian disease (COD) and its geographical and seasonal variation in Norway, investigate the effect of COD on culling rates, and describe the effects of COD on subsequent reproductive performance and its association to twins.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Diagnosis of COD was made by veterinary surgeons in the field. Four statistical models were made all including herd as random effect: The four different dependent variables investigated were: 1) Diagnosis of COD between 40 and 165 days in milk or not; (n = 511,657); 2) Twins or singleton; data restricted to lactations with new calving (n = 156,661): 3) Culling/removal or not (n = 573,184): 4) Culling due to reproductive problems; data included only lactations which ended in culling (n = 234,232). Model 1, 3 and 4 applied Cox regression models, and model 2 logistic regression. Independent variables were parity, twins/singletons, calving season, herd size, region, COD occurrence in present lactation (if not dependent), and COD diagnosis in previous lactation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The incidence was 0.82% per lactation. COD increased with increasing parity, was smallest at herd size between 35 and 85 cows. Cows in 1^stparity and calved in spring had lowest hazard of COD and hazard for COD diagnosis was highest in autumn with HR = 2.6 (1.9 - 3.4) compared to spring. There was an interaction between parity and season. COD incidence was lower south of 60°N. Cows which experienced COD had an increased odds of giving birth to twins OR = 2.2 (1.7 - 2.7). Of those that were culled, those with COD were culled more frequently because of reproductive problems; HR = 2.1 (1.9 - 2.3) for higher parity than 2. Having COD diagnosed in the preceding lactation was a hazard for diagnosis in the lactation studied.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>COD diagnosis is strongly associated with season (autumn calving) and parity. Herds north of 60°N have more COD. Occurrence of COD is associated with twin births as well as culling due to reproduction.</p