IDMoB: IoT Data Marketplace on Blockchain

Today, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are the powerhouse of data generation with their ever-increasing numbers and widespread penetration. Similarly, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) solutions are getting integrated to all kinds of services, making products significantly more "smarter". The centerpiece of these technologies is "data". IoT device vendors should be able keep up with the increased throughput and come up with new business models. On the other hand, AI/ML solutions will produce better results if training data is diverse and plentiful. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based, decentralized and trustless data marketplace where IoT device vendors and AI/ML solution providers may interact and collaborate. By facilitating a transparent data exchange platform, access to consented data will be democratized and the variety of services targeting end-users will increase. Proposed data marketplace is implemented as a smart contract on Ethereum blockchain and Swarm is used as the distributed storage platform.Comment: Presented at Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT 2018), 20-22 June 2018 - published version may diffe

Biological control of strawberry root diseases by rhizobacteria in Aydın province

Bu çalışma; Aydın ili Sultanhisar ilçesinde çilek yetiştiriciliğinde sorun olan önemli toprak kaynaklı fungal hastalıklar Rhizoctonia solani ve Phytophthora cactorum'a karşı antagonist bakterileri kullanarak biyolojik savaşımı hedeflemiştir. Bu amaçla yörede yetiştirilen sağlıklı çilek bitkileri, karnabahar, kırmızı lahana, brokoli, lahana, turp, bakla ile yabancı otlardan yabani turp, darıcan ve çoban çantası bitkilerinin köklerinden 362 adet bakteri izolatı elde edilmiştir. İkili kültür testlerinde bir ya da her iki fungal patojene karşı engelleme zonu oluşturan 101 antagonist bakteri içinden bazı ön testler yapılarak 24 tanesi seçilmiş ve bu izolatlar yağ asiti metil ester analizi (FAME) ile tanılanmıştır. Seçilen 24 antagonist bakteri izolatının her iki fungal patojene karşı in-vivo etkinlikleri, enzim aktiviteleri, sekonder metabolit oluşturma yetenekleri ve çilek bitkisinin gelişimine olan etkileri ayrıca belirlenmiştir. Testlenen izolatlardan hiç biri kitinaz, selülaz ve pektinaz enzim aktivitesi göstermemiş buna karşın 13 izolat proteaz, 3 izolat fosfataz enzimi üretmiş, 20 izolat da inorganik fosfatı çözebilme yeteneğinde olduğu görülmüştür. İkincil metabolit oluşturma yeteneklerine bakıldığında ise 19 izolatın HCN, 18 izolatın siderofor, 11 izolatın yüzey aktif madde ve 16 izolatın da 2-4, DAPG ürettiği, iki izolatın da 62.4 ve 1.9 µg/ml oranında IAA oluşturduğu saptanmıştır. Camarosa çeşidi çilek fideleri ile saksı koşullarında yürütülen denemelerde; 3ss9, 6l10, 7ec11, mbe izolatları R. solani'ye karşı %57; 3ss9 ve 6l10 izolatları P. cactorum'a karşı %50 oranında etkili bulunmuştur. Her iki patojene de etkili bulunan 3ss9 ve 6l10 antagonist bakterilerinin inorganik fosfatı çözebilme, proteaz, HCN, yüzey aktif madde, 2-4,DAPG ve siderofor üretebilme karakterinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Üç yıl boyunca ticari çilek (Camarosa çeşidi) yetiştirilen bir tarlada yürütülen denemelerde sadece 2006-2007 çilek üretim sezonunda 3ss9, 6l10, ka ve HRO-C48 izolatlarının fide dikimi ile beraber ve dikimden yaklaşık 7 ay sonra toprağa içirme şeklinde yapılan uygulamalardan olumlu sonuçlar alınmıştır. Bu denemede 3ss9 ve ka Pseudomonas fluorescens biyotip F bakteriyel antagonislerinin uygulandığı parsellerde hasat sonunda yapılan sayımlarda kontrole göre istatistiki açıdan daha az bitkinin öldüğü saptanmıştır. Ayrıca tüm bakteri uygulamaları (ka 4282 kg/da, 3ss9 4170 kg/da, HRO-C48 4103 kg/da, 6l10 4029 kg/da)'nın istatistiki olarak önemli olmamakla birlikte kontrol (3928 kg/da)'e göre verimi arttırdığı görülmüştür. The study aims to use bacteria-mediated biological control against to soil-born diseases of strawberry (Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora cactorum) in Sultanhisar town of Aydin province of Turkey. A total of 362 bacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere of healthy strawberry, cauliflower, red cabbage, broccoli, cabbage, radish, wild radish, broad bean, barnyard grass and shepherd's purse plants. The 24 isolates out of 101 producing zone of inhibition against at least one (or both) fungal pathogen in dual culture tests were selected by in-vitro antifunal activity and preliminary tests, and identified by using Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) analysis. The isolates were tested in-vivo against both fungal pathogens, and they were also screened for their ability to produce enzymes, secondary metabolites and growth promotion in strawberry seedlings. None of the isolates produced chitinase, cellulase and pectinase, while three, thirteen and twenty of 24 isolates showed phosphatase, protease and inorganic phosphorus solubilization activity, respectively. Of 24 isolates tested, 19 produced HCN, 18 produced siderophore, 11 produced biosurfactant, 16 had phlD gene for 2-4, DAPG production and two produced indole acetic acid (62.4 and 1.9 µg/ml). Among the rhizobacterial isolates tested in potted-plant (cv Camarosa) trials; 3ss9, 6l10, 7ec11, mbe controlled R. solani (57%) while 3ss9 and 6l10 reduced the severity of P. cactorum root rot by %50. All these isolates effective in-vivo were found to be positive for protease, HCN, bio-surfactant, 2-4,DAPG, siderophore production and phosphorus solubilization. In only 2006-2007 growing season of the three-year field trials conducted in a commercial strawberry (cv Camarosa) fields, the promising results were obtained from bacterial treatments (3ss9, 6l10, ka, HRO-C48) applied as a soil drench before planting and 7 months later. The number of dead plants after harvest was significantly less in Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype F isolates 3ss9 and ka treated plots than untreated control. However, marketable strawberry yield was least in untreated control plots (3928 kg/da), although yield differences were not statistically significant in all treatments (ka 4282 kg/da, 3ss9 4170 kg/da, HRO-C48 4103 kg/da, 6l10 4029 kg/da)

The effect of outdoor learning activities on the development of preschool children

Learning ought to be supported by both in class activities and outdoor activities contributing to structuring knowledge. Outdoor activities allow children to actively participate and to learn by doing. Learning requires a lot of work and activities. These activities, which provide primary experiences, help children to change theoretical knowledge into practice, record it in the long-term memory, and create solutions to problems they encounter in daily life, based on what they have learned. Children, especially preschoolers, can record things into their long-term memory in learning environments which stimulate all the senses. Based on these ideas, this study was directed towards revealing effects of outdoor activities on cognitive, motor, linguistic and social-emotional development of preschool children. Thirty-five preschool children living in disadvantageous districts in İzmir, Turkey, and not being able to get education, were offered ten-week preschool education involving outdoor activities. This research was designed according to one group pre-test and post-test model. The results show that outdoor activities improved cognitive, linguistic, social-emotional and motor skills of preschool children.Keywords: early childhood education; outdoor education; preschool progra

The value of coronary artery calcium score in the early diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective: Our aim was to assess the value of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in the early diagnosis of coronary artery disease in Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage II chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and to identify high-risk patients. Methods: Forty-two patients with GOLD stage II COPD and 31 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. This study was designed as a prospective observational cross-sectional study. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for comparisons between groups. Criteria for stage II COPD diagnosis were forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) of <70% and 50%<= FEV1<80%. Excluded from the study were individuals who had a previous diagnosis of coronary artery disease, GOLD stage I-III-IV COPD, or left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Results: As compared with the control group, CACS values were significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.030 and 0.001, respectively). CACS was significantly higher in male patients with a positive family history, physical inactivity, long duration of disease, and low FEV1 (0.027, 0.008; 0.001 and 0.001; 0.001, respectively). Logistical regression analysis of sex, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cigarette smoking, family history, physical inactivity, and FEV1 values showed that physical inactivity was independently correlated with high CACS [odds ratio (OR): 7; confidence interval (CI): 3-20; p=0.001]. Conclusion: The value of CACS is high in stage II COPD patients. Male stage II COPD patients with a disease duration of 10 years, physical inactivity, and/or a positive family history should be monitored for early stage coronary artery disease and coronary events, regardless of risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia

Sterilization and disinfection methods in phytopathology laboratory

Sterilizasyon ve dezenfeksiyon işlemi tüm mikrobiyolojik çalışmaların temelini oluşturmaktadır. Fitopatoloji laboratuvarında, bu işlemlerden özellikle fungal ve bakteriyel etmenlerin bitkiden izolasyonu, çoğaltılması, saf kültürlerinin elde edilmesi, tanılanması ve diğer bütün testlerde ön koşul olarak yararlanılmaktadır. Gerek yanlış sterilizasyon yönteminin seçilmesi, gerekse uygun koşulların elde edilememesinden dolayı sterilizasyon amacına ulaşamamakta ve bazen de bu durumun farkına bile varılamamaktadır. Hatta insan sağlığı açısından risk de oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle sterilizasyonun amacına ulaşılabilmesi için doğru yöntemin ve doğru koşulların uygulanması son derece önemlidir. Sterilizasyon amacıyla kullanılan en yaygın yöntemler; kuru ve nemli yüksek sıcaklıklar, UV ışınlar ve bazı kimyasallardır. Bu çalışmada, malzemelerin veya maddelerin doğru yöntemler ve koşullar altında sterilize edilmesi, uygulamaların insana olabilecek zararları da göz önünde tutularak derlenmiştir.Sterilization and disinfection processes are fundamental to all microbiological studies. In Phytopathology laboratories, Isolating microorganisms especially fungal or bacterial pathogens in plants, obtaining pure cultures, growing and identification of them and carrying out all other tests are based on these methods. Selecting wrong sterilization methods and applying inappropriate conditions are hard to achieved success, in some cases this situation is even noticed. In fact constitutes a risk to human health as well. Therefore, in order to reach success, chosen the right method and right condition are extremely important. In sterilization, dry and wet high temperatures, UV rays and some chemicals are the most widely used methods for this purpose. In this study, right methods and conditions for sterilization of materials are reviewed while consider its probable health risk to human

Effect of luting space and cements on retention of implant supported crowns fabricated by laser sintering

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the retention strength of five different cements used for implant supported crowns with two cement gap values.Methods: Standard titanium abutments were scanned by means of a 3D digital laser scanner. 100 standard metal copings were designed by a CAD/CAM system with two cement gap values (20 and 40μm). The copings were cemented to the abutments using the following five cements (n=10). Poly F (PF), GC FujiCEM (GCF), Rely X (RX), MIS Crown Set(MCS) and Multilink N (MN). The specimens were placed in 100% humudity for 24 hours then specimens were thermal cycled 1000 times. After thermal cycling specimens were subjected to a pull-out test using a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. The test results were analyzed with two-way ANOVA, followed by multiple comparisons using Tamhane tests (α=0.05).Results: Statistical analysis revealed that significant differences were observed among cement groups (p&lt;0.05). PF and MN had the highest and the least mean retentive strength, respectively. No significant difference was found between RX and MCS. Increasing the cement gap from 20 to 40 μm improved retention significantly for each cement group (p&lt;0.05).Conclusion: The ranking of cements presented in the study is meant to be an arbitrary guide for the clinician in deciding the appropriate cement selection for CAD/CAM fabricated metal copings onto implant abutments

Effect of pumice and fly ash on the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete

In this study, the mechanical and physical properties of concrete specimens obtained by substituting cement with finely ground pumice (FGP) at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight has been investigated, in addition to analyzing the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steels embedded in these specimens. Besides, with the purpose of determining the effect of fly ash (FA) additive over the corrosion of reinforcing steels embedded in concrete with FGP, FA has been entrained to all series with the exception of the control specimen, such that it would replace with cement 5% by weight. Corrosion experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the corrosion potential of reinforcing steels embedded in the concrete specimens was measured every day for a period of 60 days based on the ASTM C 876 standard. In the second stage, the anodic and cathodic polarization values of the steels were obtained and subsequently the corrosion currents were determined with the aid of cathodic polarization curves. In the study, it was observed that a decrease in the mechanical strength of the specimens and an increase in the corrosion rate of the reinforcing steel had taken place as a result of the FGP addition. However, it was determined that with the addition of FA into concretes supplemented with FGP, the corrosion rate of the reinforcing steel has significantly decreased

Corrosion of reinforcement in a mixture of limestone-clay and perlite based blended concrete

This paper reports the results of experiments evaluating the corrosion resistance of a mixture of limestone-clay (MLC) and perlite in concrete mixes. Variables were MLC and perlite additions of 0–15% as cement replacement and cement contents. Electrochemical measurements tests were used to monitor the corrosive behaviour of embedded steel bars in concretes. Results showed that additions of MLC and perlite are effective in inhibiting corrosion of reinforcing bars. The superior performance in inhibiting corrosion in reinforcing steel is attributable to the densification of the cement-paste matrix due to pozzolanic action in the additives concrete mixes

Alternative methods for the pathogenicy of phytophthora blight of pepper and studies on its biological control

Biberde Kök Boğazı Yanıklığı Hastalığı (Phytophthora capsici Leon.) biberin en tahripkâr hastalıklarından biridir. Türkiye'de bu hastalığın kontrolü için bir çok kimyasal ile çalışılmış olmasına karşın ruhsatlı bir bitki koruma ürünü bulunmamaktadır. Hastalığın kontrolü temel olarak kültürel önlemlere dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile hastalıkla mücadele yöntemlerinden biri olan biyolojik savaş ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada 6 adet floresan Pseudomonas antagonist bakteri kültürü kullanılarak hem in-vitro hem in-vivo da hastalığa etki araştırılmıştır. In vivo denemeler, iklim odasında saksı koşullarında biber bitkilerini hastalandırmak amacıyla; gövde inokulasyonu, toprağa zoospor inokulasyonu, parçalanmış miselli agar plakların sulama suyuyla bitkiye verilmesi ve miselli agar plaklarının bitkinin dibine bırakılması şeklinde 4 farklı patojenisite yöntemi kullanılarak yütülmüştür. İklim odasında gerçekleştirilen biyolojik mücadele çalışmalarında ise miselli agar plaklarının bitkinin dibine bırakılması şeklinde yapılan inokulasyon yöntemi hem belirtilerin uniform bir şekilde çıkması hem de uygulama kolaylığı nedeniyle seçilmiştir. Çalışmada U12 ve U14 kodlu bakteri izolatları en yüksek olmak üzere tüm antagonistler ikili kültür testlerinde hastalığa karşı etkili bulunmuştur. Kökçük testlerinde, U12 izolatı uygulamasız kontrolle göre tohumların %70'ini enfeksiyona karşı korumuştur. Ancak U14 izolatı ikili kültür testinde başarılı bulunmasına karşın hem kökçük hem saksı testlerinde başarılı olamamıştır. Saksı çalışmalarında U12 ve U17 izolatlarından başarılı sonuçlar alınmıştır.Phytophthora Blight of Pepper (Phytophthora capsici Leon.) is one of the most destructive disease of pepper. In Turkey, there is no registered product to control the disease although there are many investigations for the chemical control. Sanitation is the mainly recommended control measure. This study aims at biological control of the disease with the antagonistic bacteria. For this purpose, the effectiveness of six fluorescent Pseudomonad strains against the disease were investigated in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vivo assays were performed in growth chamber under pot conditions by using four different pathogenicity tests including stem injection, inoculation of soil with zoospores, irrigation of plants with water inoculated with blended mycelium agar disks and inoculation of soil with mycelium agar disks. Due to facile applicability and uniform symptom expression, the last method, inoculation of soil with mycelium agar disks was chosen for the effectiveness of antagonistic bacteria in vivo. In dual culture tests, two bacterial isolates (U12 and U14) were found the most effective while the other antagonists were less effective against the disease. In radicle assays, U12 was protected 70% of seeds against the disease infection compared to 100% infection in controls. U14 was effective in dual culture test but not in radicle and in-vivo assays. In pot assays, successful results were obtained from U12 and U17