Sınıfta hedef dil kullanımı ve kullanım sıklığı: Öğretmenlerin ve öğrencilerin algıları

Target language use in the classroom has been a popular topic for the field of English Language Teaching for a period of time. However; very few studies have focused on both students’ and teachers’ thoughts and beliefs about TL use frequency of teachers. Likewise, a comparison of students’ and teachers’ beliefs and thoughts about TL use in the classroom have not been examined in detail. Thus, this study aims to reveal how teachers and students consider TL use in the classroom, how often and to what extent teachers use TL from the perspective of both teachers and students. Moreover, the feelings of teachers and students while using TL in the classroom have been determined in the study. Finally, teachers have stated their ideas about the factors affecting their TL use. The study was conducted in Sakarya, Turkey with 21 primary, 77 secondary and 55 high school teachers and 109 primary, 177 secondary, and 259 high school students. Explanatory sequential mixed method research design was used, and quantitative data was gathered from the students and teachers with questionnaires, qualitative data was obtained from both teachers and students with semi-structured interviews. A classroom observation form was filled to identify TL use frequency of teachers as well. According to the results of the study, both teachers and students think that TL use in the classroom is necessary for effective language teaching. However; both of them state that mother tongue should be used while teaching grammar, managing the classroom, and explaining the meanings of the words. Very few significant differences were determined among the variables and the thoughts of teachers and students. TL use frequency of teachers varies according to the usage area of TL. Students think their teachers use TL in the classroom but they want them to use it more frequently. Teachers feel satisfied and happy while using TL, but they feel guilty when don’t use it. Likewise, students feel motivated when they can understand TL but they feel nervous and demotivated when they cannot understand TL. Finally, teachers state that language levels of the students is the most effective factor for TL use in the classroom.Sınıfta hedef dil kullanımı İngilizce eğitimi alanında uzun zamandır popüler bir konuolarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ancak, öğretmen ve öğrencilerin, öğretmenlerin sınıfta hedef dil kullanım sıklığına dair görüş ve inanışlarına dair oldukça az çalışma bulunmaktadır. Benzer şekilde, öğrenci ve öğretmenlerin sınıfta hedef dil kullanımına dair görüşleri arasındaki anlamlı farklılıklar da detaylıca incelenmemiştir. Bundan dolayı, bu araştırma öğretmenlerin sınıfta hedef dil kullanımına dair görüşlerini, kullanma sıklıklarını ve ne ölçüde kullandıklarını öğretmen ve öğrencilerin bakış açılarına göre ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, sınıfta hedef dil kullanılırken öğretmen ve öğrencilerin nasıl hissettiği de araştırmada belirtilmiştir. Son olarak, öğretmenler sınıfta hedef dil kullanımını etkileyen faktörlere dair görüş bildirmişlerdir. Araştırma, Türkiye’nin Sakarya ilinde bulunan 21 ilkokul, 77 ortaokul ve 55 lise öğretmeni, 109 ilkokul, 177 ortaokul, 259 lise öğrencisinin katılımıyla yapılmıştır. Açımlayıcı sıralı karma yöntem kullanılarak anket vasıtasıyla nicel data, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerle de nitel data toplanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin sınıfta hedef dil kullanım sıklığına dair bilgi sağlayabilmek amacıyla sınıf gözlem formu da araştırmacı tarafından doldurulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, hem öğretmenler hem de öğrenciler etkili bir dil öğretimi için sınıfta hedef dil kullanımının gerekli olduğunu düşünmekteler. Ancak, dilbilgisi öğretilirken, sınıf yönetimi sırasında ve kelimelerin anlamları açıklanırken ana dilin kullanılması gerektiğini düşünüyorlar. Öğretmen ve öğrencilerin sınıfta hedef dil kullanımına dair görüşleri arasında ise çok az anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin hedef dil kullanım sıklığı, kullanım alanına göre değişmektedir. Öğrenciler, öğretmenlerinin hedef dili kullandıklarını belirtmekte, anca daha sık kullanmalarını istemektedirler. Öğretmenler hedef dili kullandıklarında tatmin olmuş ve mutlu hissederken, kullanmadıklarında suçlu ve ihanet ediyormuş gibi hissetmekteler. Benzer şekilde, öğrenciler hedef dili anladıklarında motive, anlamadıklarında ise demotive olduklarını ve gergin hissettiklerini belirtmektedirler. Son olarak, öğretmenler sınıfta hedef dil kullanım sıklığını etkileyen en önemli faktörün öğrencilerin seviyesi olduğunu ifade ediyorlar

Surgical Results in Cases of Sensory Strabismus

Purpose: To determine horizontal deviation type and to evaluate the correlation between deviation type/etiology and surgical results for sensory strabismus. Patients and Methods: The reports of 29 patients operated for sensory strabismus (12 female, 17 male) whose mean age was 22.17±11.52 (range: 4-57) years were evaluated retrospectively. Sixteen cases (55.2%) had exotropia (XT) and 13 cases (44.8%) had esotropia (ET). Etiologies, ages during surgeries, and preoperative/postoperative deviation amounts were noted for the total of the patients as well as for ET and XT groups separately. The results for ET and XT groups were compared statistically using t test. The mean follow-up time was 4.27±3.5 years (range: 4 months-12 years) and deviation in ±10 prism diopters (PD) in the last visit was considered as success. Results: Etiologies in all cases examined were as follows: anisometropia in 13 (44.8%), trauma in 10 (34.5%), congenital cataracts in 2, and congenital glaucoma, keratoconus, choroidal coloboma, and hypoplastic optic disc in one case each. The visual acuity of the squinting eyes ranged from no light perception to 0.8 logMAR. The mean preoperative deviation was 46.24±19.29 PD, and the mean postoperative deviation decreased to 9.55±11.86 PD in the last visit. When the ET and XT groups were compared, the congenital causes were more common in the ET group (30.75%) compared to the XT group (6.25%), otherwise, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of mean age, preoperative and postoperative deviation amounts and follow-up time between the two groups (p>0.05). In contrast, while the surgical success rate was found to be 75.9 % for all cases and 87.5% for the XT group, it was 61.5% for the ET group. Discussion: Despite the deep amblyopia in sensory strabismus, satisfactory surgical results are achieved; nevertheless, the success may be more limited in sensory esotropia particularly due to congenital causes. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2011; 41: 217-20

Results of Augmented Bimedial Rectus Recessions in the Treatment of Large-Angle Esotropia

Pur po se: To evaluate the surgical results of augmented bimedial rectus recession in large-angle esotropia (ET). Ma te ri al and Met hod: The records of forty-nine patients (26 male, 23 female) who underwent 6 mm and more bimedial rectus recession for large-angle deviation were reviewed. The mean follow-up period was 18.43±22.12 (between 3 and 84) months. The average of distance and near deviation amount was recorded in the postoperative 1st week and at the last visit as prism diopter (PD). Nineteen patients whose follow-up periods were longer than 1 year (mean: 40.74±20.94 months) were evaluated as a different group. Success and reoperation rates of both groups were assessed. Re sults: The mean age of the 49 patients was 7.04±8.77 (range from 1 to 67) years and the mean preoperative esodeviation amount was 49.8±11.9 (range from 35 to 85) PD. In the postoperative 1st week, the average deviation was 10.67±8.65 PD and success rate was found to be 61.1%, and in the last visit, the mean deviation angle was 9.82±9.24 PD and the success rate was 67.3%. Five of the cases (10.2%) needed reoperation. The mean age of the 19 patients with follow-up period longer than 1 year was 4.57±4.39 years (ranged between 1 and 17), and the mean preoperative esodeviation angle was 44.21±6.07 (ranged between 35 and 55) PD. In the group with longer follow-up period, the postoperative average deviation amount and success rate were 8.58±8.23 PD and 68.4% in the 1st week, and 8.05±8.02 PD and 73.7% in the last visit. Reoperation rate was found to be 21.05% (4 cases) in this group. Dis cus si on: Although augmented bimedial recession technique for the correction of large-angle ET gives good results in short periods, additional surgeries may be needed after longer follow-up periods. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2011; 41: 314-7

Efficacy of Surgical Excision in Combination with Mitomycin C and Postoperative Topical 0.002% Mitomycin C Administration for Treatment of Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical excision in combination with mitomycin C (mit-C) and postoperative topical mit-C 0.002% administration for the treatment of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Material and Method: Twelve eyes of twelve patients who were histopathologically diagnosed as CIN between March 2004 and July 2008 were evaluated retrospectively for their treatment modalities and results. All lesions were excised with wide margins in combination with mit-C 0.02% application for 2 minutes. Five of 12 eyes were treated with topical mit-C 0.002% eye drops four times a day for 14 days after histopathological confirmation. Large conjunctival defects in 5 eyes were reconstructed with amniotic membrane (3 eyes) and autologous conjunctiva (2 eyes). Results: Seven patients were women and 5 were men, with a mean age of 68.37 (range: 30-94) years. The right eye was involved in 6 patients and the left one - in 6 patients. The conjunctival lesion was located on the nasal conjunctiva in 5 eyes and on the temporal one - in 7 eyes. Histopathological diagnosis was CIN in all cases. After a mean follow-up period of 41.75 months (between 10 and 62 months), one recurrence (8.3%) was noted. This case with recurrent lesion has been previously treated with surgical excision in combination with mit-C 0.02% application and the large conjunctival defect has been reconstructed with amniotic membrane. Discussion: Surgical excision in combination with mit-C and use of additional postoperative topical mit-C 0.002% in selected cases for conjunctival intraepithelial treatment provides a safe and effective cure. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2011; 41: 138-42

Strabismus and Nystagmus Following Cataract Surgeries in Childhood

Pur po se: To evaluate the incidence of strabismus in pediatric cataracts and the effects of strabismus and nystagmus accompanied by cataract on postoperative visual acuity. Ma te ri als and Met hod: Seventy-four eyes of 45 patients under 15 years old who had undergone cataract operation were included in this study. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 1.57±2.25 years (ranged between 3 months and 9 years). Twenty-nine of the patients (64%) had bilateral and 16 of the patients (36%) had unilateral cataract. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuities, as well as the presence of nystagmus and strabismus were recorded. Re sults: Seventeen of the patients (38%) had strabismus: 9 of them (53%) had esotropia (ET), and 8 of them had (47%) exotropia (XT). Fourteen (19%) of the total number of cases had nystagmus. The mean age was 5.8±4.4 years for the total group of patients, 4.6±3.0 years for patients with strabismus and 5.1±3.7 years for patients with nystagmus. Visual acuity measurements were not possible in 26 uncooperative patients. The visual acuity was 0.3 logMAR and over in 15 (31%) and 1.0 logMAR and under in 12 (25%) of the remaining of 48 eyes. Of a total of 28 eyes with strabismus, we were unable to measure visual acuity in 10 patients, and the visual acuities were 0.3 logMAR and over in 7 (39%) and 1.0 logMAR and under in 5 (28%) of the rest of the 18 patients. The mean visual acuity was significantly lower in the 8 of 14 patients with nystagmus whose visual acuity could be measured (1.25±0.45 logMAR) than in both the patients without strabismus (0.44±0.59 logMAR) and the patients with strabismus (0.66±0.56 logMAR) (p=0.019 and p=0.015, respectively). Dis cus si on: Although strabismus is seen more often in childhood cataracts compared to general population, the presence of strabismus has no negative effect on visual acuity after cataract surgery, while nystagmus is the main factor limiting the visual outcome. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2012; 42: 111-5

Simultane Bilateral Fakoemulsifikasyon ve Göz İçi Lens İmplantasyonu

Pur po se: To assess the visual outcomes, benefits, and drawbacks of simultaneous same-day phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients having bilateral cataracts. Ma te ri al and Met hod: The medical records of 346 patients (692 eyes) with bilateral cataracts who have undergone simultaneous bilateral cataract extraction (SBCE) with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation performed by a single surgeon (LA), were reviewed retrospectively. Outcome measures were intraoperative and postoperative complications, best-corrected postoperative visual acuity (BCVA), refractive errors, and patient satisfaction. Re sults: BCVA increased in 633 (91.5%) eyes, decreased in 12 (1.73%) eyes, and remained the same in 47 (6.8%) eyes. The incidence of intraoperative complications was 7.2% (n=50). These complications included posterior capsule rupture with vitreous loss in 20 eyes (2.8%) and without vitreous loss in 17 eyes (2.4%), zonular dehiscence in 9 eyes (1.3%), IOL haptic fracture in 2 eyes (0.28%), iridodialysis in 1 eye (0.14%), and nuclear drop in 1 eye (0.14%). Late postoperative complications occurred in 31 eyes (4.5%). Dis cus si on: With a careful preoperative evaluation performed by an experienced surgeon under strict surgical protocol, simultaneous bilateral phacoemulsification and IOL implantation may be a beneficial procedure.surgical success rate. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2013; 43: 149-55

Esomeprazole in acute and maintenance treatment of reflux oesophagitis: A multicentre prospective study

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of esomeprazole 40 mg once daily (q.d.) in healing reflux oesophagitis at 4 and 8 weeks, and the efficacy of esomeprazole 20 mg q.d. for 12 weeks in the maintenance of remission. Methods: A total of 235 patients with endoscopically proven reflux oesophagitis were enrolled in this study, which consisted of two phases (healing and maintenance therapy). Patients who showed complete endoscopic and symptomatic healing at the end of 4 or 8 weeks were switched to maintenance treatment with esomeprazole 20 mg q.d. for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was healing of reflux oesophagitis at week 8. Secondary assessments included the proportion of patients with symptomatic relapse in the maintenance phase. Results: At the end of week 8, 88% (95% life-table confidence intervals [CI]: 84%, 92%) of patients were healed endoscopically and 90.6% of the patients were asymptomatic. Patient age, gender and Helicobacter pylori status had no effect on the efficacy of treatment. During the 12-week maintenance treatment phase, symptomatic relapse ratios were 0.5%, 2.2%, and 0%, for the first, second, and third 4-week periods, respectively. The proportions of patients satisfied with treatment were 95% and 99.4% at the end of acute and maintenance treatment, respectively. The most common adverse effects were headache, upper respiratory tract infection and abdominal pain. Conclusions: Esomeprazole is effective in the healing of reflux oesophagitis, the resolution of heartburn, and in maintaining symptomatic remission. The effectiveness of esomeprazole in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease is not affected by the presence of H. pylori. © Springer Healthcare Communications 2008

Evolution of clinical characteristics of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria treated with eculizumab in turkey: a multicenter retrospective analysis

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare X-linked genetic disorder. On the contrary to its name, it is a multisystemic disease and various symptoms other than hemoglobinuria could be occurred. It could be life threatening especially because of thromboembolic events. In the last decade, a terminal complement inhibition with eculizumab approved with promising results for PNH patients. We conducted this study to evaluate the long term experience of eculizumab therapy from Turkey for the first time. Our cohort included 138 patients with PNH treated with eculizumab between January 2008 and December 2018 at 28 centers in Turkey. Laboratory and clinical findings at the time of diagnosis and after eculizumab therapy were recorded retrospectively. The median age was 39 (range 18-84) years and median granulocyte PNH clone size was 74% (range 3.06-99.84%) at the time of diagnosis. PNH with bone marrow failure syndrome was detected in 49 patients and the rest of 89 patients had classical PNH. Overall 45 patients (32.6%) had a history of any prior thrombotic event before eculizumab therapy and only 2 thrombotic events were reported during the study period. Most common symptoms are fatigue (75.3%), hemoglobinuria (18.1%), abdominal pain (15.2%) and dysphagia (7.9%). Although PNH is commonly related with coombs negativity, we detected coombs positivity in 2.17% of patients. Seven months after the therapy, increased hemoglobin level was seen and remarkably improvement of lactate dehydrogenase level during the treatment was occurred. In addition to previous studies, our real life data support that eculizumab is well tolerated with no serious adverse events and improves the PNH related findings