Long-term adoption of reduced tillage and green manure improves soil physicochemical properties and increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria in a Mediterranean rainfed almond orchard

Soil health and function is one of the most important components for sustainable management of woody orchards. Intensive use of machinery and tillage creates heavy pressure on agroecosystems by altering the soil physicochemical and biological characteristics. In this study we aimed to assess the changes in soil physicochemical properties and the soil bacterial community structure, as well as the main drivers involved in shifts in the microbial community following 10 years implementing reduced tillage and reduced tillage plus green manure in a rainfed Mediterranean almond orchard. The treatments were: i) conventional tillage (CT); ii) reduced tillage (RT); and iii) reduced tillage and diversification with Avena sativa and Vicia sativa (RTD). After ten years, the results showed that the different managements had no significant effect on almond yields. RTD significantly increased total organic carbon (TOC), with an average content of 19.5 g kg−1 compared to 17.1 g kg−1 in CT. RTD also contributed to an increase in the fraction of soil macro-aggregates. Both RT and RTD significantly increased soil total nitrogen (NT) and particulate organic carbon (POC). However, other physical and chemical variables such as exchangeable Ca, Mg and K, bioavailable Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, wilting point and field capacity were not significantly affected by the management. The bacterial community significantly changed with management: RTD showed a higher relative abundance of the family Solirubrobacteraceae and the genera Streptomyces and Solirubrobacter. The bacterial community structure was explained by changes in TOC, POC, pH, and NT values. Thus, a combination of reduced tillage and green manure could represent an appropriate sustainable management for rainfed almond orchards in very fragile environmental conditions, due to an increase in soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and the higher presence of beneficial bacteria related to soil productivity.This work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 project Diverfarming [grant agreement 728003]. We acknowledge the owners of the farm “Los Alhagüeces”, Antonio and Pepe Escámez, for generously letting us work in their farm for the last 12 years

Long-term adoption of reduced tillage and green manure improves soil physicochemical properties and increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria in a Mediterranean rainfed almond orchard

Soil health and function is one of the most important components for sustainable management of woody orchards. Intensive use of machinery and tillage creates heavy pressure on agroecosystems by altering the soil physicochemical and biological characteristics. In this study we aimed to assess the changes in soil physicochemical properties and the soil bacterial community structure, as well as the main drivers involved in shifts in the microbial community following 10 years implementing reduced tillage and reduced tillage plus green manure in a rainfed Mediterranean almond orchard. The treatments were: i) conventional tillage (CT); ii) reduced tillage (RT); and iii) reduced tillage and diversification with Avena sativa and Vicia sativa (RTD). After ten years, the results showed that the different managements had no significant effect on almond yields. RTD significantly increased total organic carbon (TOC), with an average content of 19.5 g kg−1 compared to 17.1 g kg−1 in CT. RTD also contributed to an increase in the fraction of soil macro-aggregates. Both RT and RTD significantly increased soil total nitrogen (NT) and particulate organic carbon (POC). However, other physical and chemical variables such as exchangeable Ca, Mg and K, bioavailable Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, wilting point and field capacity were not significantly affected by the management. The bacterial community significantly changed with management: RTD showed a higher relative abundance of the family Solirubrobacteraceae and the genera Streptomyces and Solirubrobacter. The bacterial community structure was explained by changes in TOC, POC, pH, and NT values. Thus, a combination of reduced tillage and green manure could represent an appropriate sustainable management for rainfed almond orchards in very fragile environmental conditions, due to an increase in soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and the higher presence of beneficial bacteria related to soil productivityThis work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 project Diverfarming [grant agreement 728003].Peer reviewe

A typological approach to the process of sacralization: The case of visiting phenomenon [Kutşallasma süreci·ne ti·poloji·k bi·r yaklaşim: Zi·yaret fenomeni örnegi·]

Subject of this article is sacralization process in the the case of visiting phenomenon. The focusquestion can be expressed as " how visiting objects sacralize?" The study aims to present a typology of the process of sacralization in the case of visiting phenomenon. It was reached the conclusion of the study is a model proposol to process of sacralization for visiting phenomenon. In this study moved on distinction between the sacred and the sanctification. Typology of sacralization consists of the stages of myth, ritual, commitment, and objectification in the case of visiting phenomenon. This typology related to the process of sacralization is based on approach of Hans Mol about religion and identity. In the theoretical basis of the study is adapted to visiting phenomenon a four-stage classification that conceptualized of author for religion as "sacralization of identity". In the first stage, sacred embodied with phenomenon become visible and connected with sacred. The second stage, in the commitment, miracles come forward to prove sacredness purposefully and miracles that get about in the framework of phenomenon attributed to sacredness lead to social acceptance. Sacredness with miracle become a social acceptance and rituals follow in the third stage of sacralization. In the final stage of the process of sacralization, myth/legend is composed around the object attributed to sacredness. In this typology myths, as a reflection of quality of frightening of the sacred, confront as prohibitions and this prohibitions function effectively sacred. It is look for answer to the question of how sacralized and the concept of sacred and sacralization and in first chapter of this study that analyzed in the case of visiting phenomenon of process of sacralization

From ijazah ceremony to graduation celebration: Continuity and change in the ritual of a rite of passage [İcazet merasımınden mezunıyet törenıne: Bır geçış dönemı rıtüelınde süreklılık ve değışım]

There are some “important” rites of passage in human life such as birth, marriage and death. There are also some “interval” rites of passage depending on the perception of the world and social acceptance. Social and cultural changes in today’s world necessitated to incorporate into these rites of passage of “the ijazah and graduation ceremony”. Ijazah expresses the permission and approval for proficieny in art and profession and it is taken from a person depending on religious-mystical tradition in traditional Islamic education and training and involves academic diplomas obtained from madrasas. The knowledge and skills of the student are approved by official institutions, societies and individuals in the process of education with graduation. In addition to the official graduation celebrations where graduation certificates are given to students, there are also specific ceremonies such as graduation proms, graduation dinner, graduation henna ceremony and graduation mawlid which are organized informally by students. The ijazah ceremony and college graduation are accepted as a rite of passage in this study and continuity and transformation from ijazah ceremony to graduation celebration was examined. The aim of study is to analyze the transformation from ijazah to graduation and its continuity by comparing ijazah ceremony with college graduation celebration. The graduation ceremonies have been observed through participant observation, and interviews have been conducted with students who have attended the celebration. Transformation from ijazah to graduation is conceptualised in five categories: “from ritual to entertainment”, “from individual to mass”, “from religieux to secular understanding or from rite to celebration”, “from local to global” and “from competence to standardisation”. Transformation process from ijazah to graduation ceremony was associated to modernization, globalization and popularization in macro perspective and it was benefited from graduation ceremonies in specific terms, symbolic in micro perspective, “performance” and “front” based on the presentation of self in everyday life by Erving Goffman in the interactionist perspective and lastly, “society of the spectacle” conceptualized by Guy Debord. Firstly, as a ritual of rite of passage ijazah ceremony and ijazahnamas have been examined in the study, then transformation from ijazah to graduation ceremony that synthesizes the culture of popularized entertainment and the consumption culture along with global lifestyles has been interpreted using data of field study. To sum up, it can be said that the structure of the ijazah ceremony has in common with the meaning and aim of the graduation ceremony as well as differences that the graduation ceremonies are shaped by the global and social effects. © 2019, Milli Folklor Dergisi). All rights reserved

An Unusal Case of Facile Non‐Degenerate P-C Bond Making and Breaking

Oxidation of Li/X phosphinidenoid complex 2, obtained via selective deprotonation from the P‐H precursor 1, with [Ph3C]BF4 led to the formation of two P‐F substituted diorganophosphane complexes 6,7; the latter tautomer 7 formed via H‐shift from 6. In contrast, oxidation of 2 with [(p‐Tol)3C]BF4 led to three major and one minor intermediates at low temperature, which we tentatively assign to two pairs of P‐C atropisomers 10a,a′ and 10c,c′ and which differ by the relative orientations of their CH(SiMe3)2 and W(CO)5 groups. Conversion of all isomers led finally to complex 11 having a ligand with a long P-C bond to the central trityl* carbon atom, firmly established by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/def2‐TZVPP//BP86/def2‐TZVP level of theory on real molecular entities revealed the structures of the in situ formed combined singlet diradicals (4+5 and 5+9) and the nature of intermediates on the way to the final product, complex 11. Remarkable is that all isomers of 11 possess relative energies in the narrow energy regime of about 20 kcal mol−1. A preliminary study revealed that complex 11 undergoes selective P-C bond cleavage at 75 °C in toluene solution

Insights into the Chemistry of Transient P‐Chlorophosphanyl Complexes

C-P or C=P? One‐electron oxidation of Li/Cl phosphinidenoid complexes led to the discovery of transient P‐chlorophosphanyl complexes 1. Subsequent cross‐coupling and rearrangement or elimination reactions yielded 2 and 3; the latter is the first structurally characterized phosphaquinomethane complex. ESR spectroscopy and DFT calculations support the existence of short‐lived P‐centered radicals

A functionally gradient variational porosity architecture for hollowed scaffolds fabrication

This paper presents a novel continuous tool-path planning methodology for hollowed scaffold fabrication in tissue engineering. A new functionally gradient porous architecture is proposed with a continuous material deposition planning scheme. A controllable variational pore size and hence the porosity have been achieved with a combination of two geometrically oriented consecutive layers. The desired porosity has been achieved with consecutive layers by geometrically partitioning each layer into sub-regions based on the area and the tissue scaffold design constraints. A continuous, interconnected and optimized tool-path for layers has been generated for a three-dimensional biomaterial deposition/printing process. A zigzag pattern tool-path has been proposed for an accumulated sub-region layer, and a concentric spiral-like optimal tool-path pattern has been generated for the successive layer to ensure continuity along the structure. Three-dimensional layers, formed by the proposed tool-path plan, vary the pore size and the porosity based on the biological and mechanical requirements. Several examples demonstrate the proposed methodology along with illustrative results. Also a comparative study between the proposed design and conventional Cartesian coordinate scaffolds has been performed. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in design error with the proposed method. Moreover, sample examples have been fabricated using a micro-nozzle biomaterial deposition system, and characterized for validation