Prevalence of halitosis and evaluation of etiological factors in a Turkish subpopulation

Aim: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of halitosis in an adult Turkish subpopulation and to assess the relationship between halitosis and sociodemographics, self reported halitosis, etiological factors, by employing standardized procedures for measurement of halitosis. Methods: The study included 459 subjects who referred to oral diagnosis clinic of Gazi University Faculty Of Dentistry. The questionnaire including the questions of sociodemographic data, halitosis complaints, oral hygiene practices, extrinsic causes and extra-oral causes. In the clinical examination, dentition and soft tissues were evaluated. Tongue coating status, periodontal index, gingival index and plaque index were recorded. Values for halitosis were assessed by measurement of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) using portable sulphide monitor. Results: The questionnaire revealed that 46.6% of the subjects suffered from halitosis and females sufferred from halitosis more frequently than males. The prevalence of halitosis was 50.7% . A significant correlation was found between halitosis and tongue coating, periodontitis, gingivitis though PI did not affect halitosis. There were not significant correlations between halitosis and oral hygiene practices, extrinsic causes and extra-oral causes. Conclusion: This study showed that there was a high prevalence of halitosis in the Turkish population and the most important factors that influence halitosis were intra-oral causes

Evaluatıon Of Posterıor Superıor Alveolar Artery Wıth Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Maksillanın posteriorunu içeren cerrahi işlemler sırasında sıklıkla karşılaşılan komplikasyonlardan biri arteryal yaralanmadır. Bu durum klinisyenler tarafından sıkça dile getirilmesine rağmen, bu konuda yapılan çalışma sayısı oldukça azdır. Posterior süperior alveoler arter (PSAA) maksiller arterin bir dalıdır; maksiller sinüsün lateral duvarını ve bu bölgeyi çevreleyen zarı besler. Maksillanın posteriorunda gerçekleştirilen cerrahi operasyonlarda oluşan arter yaralanmalarının en sık PSAA da gerçekleştiği bildirilmiştir. Bu nedenle maksillada yapılan bu çalışmada; PSAA nın görülme sıklığı, seyri, çapı ve bunların alveoler kret ve sinüs ile ilişkisini, ayrıca sinüste mukozal kalınlaşma ve sinüs septası görülme sıklığını konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi ile saptamak amaçlanmıştır. Gazi Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Ağız Diş ve Çene Radyolojisi Kliniği ne çeşitli sebeplerle başvurmuş, maksillanın tam olarak görüntülendiği 200 (100 erkek-100 kadın) hastanın konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri dahil edilmiştir. Bu görüntülerde, PSAA nın alt sınırından itibaren alveoler krete uzaklığı, medial sinüs duvarına uzaklığı, çapı ölçülmüş, maksiller sinüste görülen mukozal kalınlaşma ve sinüs septası görülme sıklığı incelenmiştir. PSAA nın görülme sıklığı % 91,5 olarak bulunmuş, sıklıkla kemiği perfore ederek (% 82) seyrettiği gözlenmiştir. Arterin ortalama çapı 1,14 mm olarak ölçülmüştür. PSAA nın çapı ile yaş arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmemiş, erkeklerde kadınlardan daha geniş olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonucu olarak; konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi, PSAA nın varlığı, maksiller sinüste mukozal kalınlaşma, sinüs septası ve maksillanın cerrahi işlemler öncesinde değerlendirilmesi için tavsiye edilen bir görüntüleme yöntemi olduğu düşünülmektedir.Arterial injuries are one of the commonest complications of surgical procedures involving posterior part of maxilla. Although commonly mentioned by clinicians, there are only a few studies investigating such complications. Posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) is a branch of maxillary artery that supplies the lateral wall of maxillary sinus and the membrane surrounding this area. It has been reported that arterial injuries occurring in surgical operations involving the posterior part of maxilla most commonly involve PSAA. Thus, this study aimed to determine the frequency of PSAA, its course, diameter, and its relation with alveolar crest and sinus, the frequency of mucosal thickening and a sinus septa with the help of a cone beam computed tomography. This study included cone beam computed tomography images of 200 patients (100 males and 100 females) applying to Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Clinics of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology for various reasons whose maxillae were completely visualized. These images were utilized to measure the distance of PSAA to alveolar crest from its lower border, its distance to medial sinus wall and its diameter; the frequency of mucosal thickening and a sinus septa were also calculated. The frequency of PSAA was found 91.5% and it frequently perforated the bone (82%). The average diameter of the artery was measured 1.14 mm. No significant correlation was observed between PSAA diameter and age, although it was larger in males than females. This study suggests that cone beam computed tomography is the preferred imaging modality to assess the presence of PSAA and mucosal thickening in maxillary sinus, as well as to evaluate sinus septa and maxilla prior to surgical procedures