Psikiyatri kliniğinde yatan hastalarda tiroid işlevtestleri kullanmanın etkinliği

Objective: The main aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of thyroid function screening in psychiatric patients upon hospitalization in Turkey. Method: A retrospective examination of 538 consecutive inpatient admissions to a general hospital psychiatry unit was conducted. Patients were diagnosed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Biochemical and thyroid function tests (TFT) were performed. Chi-square and t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: TFT were performed on all 538 inpatients, but test results could be found for only 419 patients in the hospital data files. Therefore, these 419 patients were used in the current study. The study population consisted of adolescents and adults and ages varied between 14 and 81. The group included 226 male patients (53.9%) and 193 female patients (46.1%). Sixty-two patients (14.8%) had at least one TFT result outside of the normal ranges. Two of these patients (0.5%) had hyperthyroidism, 1 patient (0.2%) had hypothyroidism, 14 (3.3%) patients had subclinical hyperthyroidism, 21 patients (5.0%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, while 24 (5.7%) of the abnormal results were accepted as unclear findings. Psychotherapeutic drug use was also examined in the patients with abnormal TFT, but no correlation was found between therapy and abnormal TFT. Conclusions: Effectiveness of screening psychiatric patients for thyroid disease seems to be questionable, except for specific patient groups such as those with alcohol abuse. Although the results of this study did not show a correlation between psychotherapeutic use and TFT, these results need to be confirmed by controlled studies in larger patient populations.Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı hastaneye yatırılarak tedavi edilen psikiyatri hastalarında tiroid işlevlerini taramanın etkinliğinin belirlenmesidir. Yöntem: Bir genel hastanenin psikiyatri kliniğine yatırılan 538 hasta geriye dönük olarak incelenmiştir. Hastaların tanıları DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) tanı kriterlerine göre konulmuştur. Biyokimyasal tetkikler ve tiroid fonksiyon testleri (TFT) yapılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz için ki kare ve t-testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: TFT 538 hastanın tümünde yapılmıştır, ancak hastane dosyalarından yalnızca 419 hastanın test sonuçlarına ulaşılabilmiştir. Çalışmaya 14-81 yaş arasındaki ergen ve erişkinler dahil edilmiştir. Çalışma grubunun 226’sı erkek (%53.9) ve 193’ü kadın (%46.1) hastalardan oluşmuştur. 62 Hastada (%14.8) en az bir TFT sonucu normal sınırların dışında bulunmuştur. Bu hastalardan ikisinin (%0.5) hipertiroidizmi, birinin (0.2%) hipotiroidizmi, 14’ünün (3.3%) subklinik hipertiroidizmi, 21’inin (5.0%) subklinik hipotiroidizmi varken 24’ünün (5.7%) anormal test sonuçları laboratuar hatası olarak kabul edilmiştir. Anormal TFT sonuçları olan hastalarda psikoterapotik ilaç kullanımına da bakılmış ancak kullanılan ilaç tedavisi ile normal TFT sonuçları arasında bir ilişki saptanmamıştır. Sonuç: Alkol kullanımı ile ilişkili bozukluklar gibi spesifik hasta grupları dışında psikiyatrik hastaları tiroid fonksiyonları açısından taramanın etkinliği şüpheli görünmektedir. Her ne kadar bu çalışmanın sonuçları TFT sonuçları ve psikoterapotik ilaç kullanımı arasında bir korelasyon göstermiyor olsa da bu alanda daha geniş hasta gruplarında yapılacak olan kontrollü çalışmalara ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır

A comparison of implicit memory performance in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer type dementia patients

Amaç: Örtük bellek, bilginin bilinçsiz, otomatik ve farkında olmaksızın hatırlanması olarak tanımlanmaktadır ve bu açıdan açık bellekten farklıdır. Bu çalışmada, hafif bilişsel bozukluğu olan hastalar, ATD hastaları (farklı evrelerdeki) ve sağlıklı kontrol grubu örtük bellek performansı açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya HBB tanısı olan 19, ATD tanısı olan 23 hasta alınmıştır. ATD?lı hastalardan 11?i hafif-orta, 12?si ağır evrededir. Kontrol grubu yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi ve el tercihi açısından hasta gruplarıyla eşleştirilmiştir. Klinik değerlendirme için DSM-IV ve NINCDS-ADRA tanı ölçütleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: 4x3 faktörlü ANOVA sonucunda, bilgi işleme düzeyi değişkeninin temel etkisi ile grup ve bilgi işleme düzeyi değişkenlerinin ortak etkisi anlamlı bulunmuştur. Grup değişkeninin temel etkisi anlamlı değildir. Sonuç: HBB ve ATD hasta grupları örtük bellek görevinde benzer performans göstermişlerdir. HBB ve ATD hasta gruplarında örtük bellek performansı korunmuştur. Buna karşın, hasta gruplarının, örtük bellek performansı bilgi işleme düzeyi manipülasyonuna göre değişebilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, ATD?ın klinik değerlendirmesinde örtük bellek görevlerinin kullanılması önemlidir.Objective: Implicit memory, defined as the recollection of knowledge unconsciously, automatically, and without being aware of it, is different than explicit memory, in which knowledge is recollected consciously, while being aware of it. In the present study, the implicit memory performance of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer?s type dementia (ATD) (different stages) were compared to healthy controls. Method: The study included 19 MCI patients and 23 ATD patients (11 mild-moderate and 12 severe stage ATD). Control subjects were matched to the patient groups according to age, gender, education, and hand preference. DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRA diagnostic criteria were used for clinical assessment. Results: The 4 × 3 ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of the level of processing, and group and level of processing interaction effect was also significant. Group main effect was not significant. Conclusion: MCI and ATD groups performed similarly on the implicit memory task. Implicit memory performance was intact in patients with MCI and ATD; however, implicit memory performance of the patient groups differed according to the level of processing manipulation. For that reason, implicit memory tasks should be used for clinical diagnosis in ATD

A General Look at Women Taking Shelters: What are they living through? What can we do?

Şiddet, en fazla kadınların maruz kaldığı önemli bir toplumsal sorundur. Şiddete uğrayan kadınlara yönelik müdahale hizmetlerinden biri kadın sığınmaevleridir. Bu araştırmada, sığınmaevinde kalan kadınların sosyodemografik özellikler, yaşadıkları şiddet ve köken aileleriyle ilişkili durumsal saptama yapmayı ve analiz sonuçlarına göre uygulanabilecek ek sosyal destek ve koruyucu önlemleri araştırmayı planladık. Ankara Kadın Sığınmaevlerinde barınmakta olan 46 olgu ile yüz yüze görüşülerek, sosyodemografik form, SCID-1 ve Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği (CTQ-28) uygulandı. Olguların yaş ortalaması 31.46±8.36 yıldır. CTQ-28 ile %75'inde duygusal, %65.4'ünde fiziksel ve %51.9'unda cinsel istismar, %69.2'sinde fiziksel ve %55.8'inde duygusal ihmal öyküsü saptandı. Olguların %28.8'inin annesinde, %36.5'inin babasında ve %15.4'ünün kardeşinde şiddet davranışı bulunmaktaydı. Evlilik süresi 10.52±9.96 yıl, evlilik yaşı 18.48±4.29 ve evliyken şiddete maruz kalma süresi ortalama 11.44±8.27 yıldır. Olguların %96.2'si fiziksel, %84.6'sı duygusal, %92.3'ü sözel, %25'i cinsel ve %78.8'i ekonomik şiddete maruz kaldığı, %65.4'ünün gebelikte de şiddete gördüğü ve %35.3'ünün gebeliğinin şiddetten etkilendiğini saptanmıştır. Olguların %54.2'sinde intihar girişimi öyküsü ve en fazla (%65.4) majör depresyon birincil tanısı saptandı. Mevcut bulgularımız ile sığınmaevine başvuran şiddet mağduru kadınların çocukluklarından beri şiddetle karşı karşıya kaldığı, ailelerinden yeterli sosyal ve ekonomik destek alamadıkları ve yaşadıkları travma ile çeşitli ruhsal rahatsızlıklar yaşadıkları söylenebilir. Bireysel güçlendirme, destekleme, gerekli koşullarda psikiyatrist başvurularının ve farmakoterapi tedavilerinin sağlanması, grup ve bireysel terapilerin yapılması sığınmaevlerinden ayrılana kadar kadınların psikolojik güçlenmelerine katkı sağlayacaktır. Öte yandan kadınlara eğitim- meslek geliştirme ve çalışma imkanlarının sağlanması kadınların sığınmaevlerinden çıktıktan sonra yaşantılarının sürdürmelerini kolaylaştıracaktır. (Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi 2016; .:...-...)Violence is an important social issue to which the women are exposed the most. Women shelters are one of the responsive services for the women experiencing violence. In this research, we planned to make situational detection on socio-demographic characteristics and the properties related to the violence they experienced and origin families for the women taking shelters and search for feasible additional social support and protective precautions in light of the analysis. By interviewing 46 cases living in Ankara Women Shelter face to face, a socio-demographic form, SCID-1, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) were applied. The average age of cases is 31.46±8.36 years. By CTQ-28, it is detected emotional in 75%, physical in 65.4% and sexual abuse in 51%, other than that 69.2% physical and 55.8% emotional neglect story. There were behavior of violence in mothers of 28.8%, fathers of 36.5% and siblings of 15.4% of the cases. Duration of marriages 10.52±9.96 years, marriage age is 18.48±4.29 years and the average duration of getting exposed to violence in their marriage is 11.44±8.27 years. It is declared that the cases were exposed to 96.2% physical, 84.6% emotional, 92.3% verbal, 25% sexual and 78.8% economical violence, 65.4% of them experienced violence also in pregnancy and for 35.3% pregnancy was effected from the violence. In 54.2% of the cases there were detected suicide attempt history and the most (65.4%) has major depression as a primary diagnosis. It can be said with our current findings that the women taking shelters has been facing violence since their childhood, couldn’t get enough economical and social support from their families and experienced several mental illnesses with their trauma. Individual strengthening, supporting, providing the psychiatrist applications and pharmacotherapy treatments in necessary conditions, applying group and individual therapies will provide women to be strengthened psychologically until they leave the shelters. On the other hand, providing educational-professional development and labor facilities will enable women to survive after they leave the shelter. (Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research 2016; .:…-…

Assessing the treatment adherence and clinical correlates of low adherence among bipolar disorder outpatients: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess sociodemographic and clinical correlates of poor treatment adherence among outpatients with bipolar disorder (BD) in remission period. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in a University Hospital in Turkey, and 117 outpatients with BD according to DSM-IV-TR criteria were included. All participants were administered a sociodemographic form, the SCID-I, the Morisky 8-item Medication Adherence Questionnaire, the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Young Mania Rating Scale, Schedule for Assessing the three components of insight, and Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Collected data were analysed via descriptive statistics and logistic regression was used to determine significant variables. RESULTS: Patients with poor treatment adherence were low educated, were more likely to be not married, and had a greater prevalence of anxiety disorder comorbidity. The patients with poor adherence also showed more subsyndromal depressive symptoms but no significant differences were seen in terms of age, gender, living status, social support, or number of episodes between patients with good and poor adherence. Logistic regression analyses revealed that comorbid anxiety disorder, lower education level, and duration of depression period were the main predictors of poor adherence. CONCLUSION: This outcome is consistent with previous studies, and assuring complete adherence in all bipolar patients is difficult, but increasing the number of adherent patients is possible and substantial for sufficient outcome. Improving subsyndromal symptoms and awareness of the patient about the features of the disorder may provide better adherence to treatment and greater functionality of the patient. Psychotherapeutic interventions and psychoeducation should be implemented along with the medical treatment to improve subsyndromal symptoms and to avoid treatment maladherence in advance. Further research is needed to assess the role of interventions in treatment adherence of patients with BD

Dimensional Approach to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale with Turkish Psychometric Properties

Amaç: Boyutsal Obsesyon Kompülsiyon Ölçeği (BOKÖ) obsesif kom-pülsif bozukluktaki (OKB) farklı belirti kümelerinin belirti şiddetlerini ölçen bir değerlendirme aracıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında BOKÖ’nün Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Yöntem: Hastanemiz, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Psikiyatri Poliklinikle-rine ardışık olarak başvuran ve DSM-IV-TR tanı ölçütlerine göre OKB tanısı alan 96 kişi çalışmaya alınmıştır. Katılımcılara Boyutsal Obsesyon Kompülsiyon Ölçeği (BOKÖ), Yale-Brown Obsesyon Kompülsiyon Ölçeği (YBOKÖ), Padua Envanteri (PE) verilmiştir. Ölçek iç tutarlı-lığı için Cronbach Alfa katsayısı ve madde toplam bağıntı katsayılarına bakılmıştır. Faktör yapısını değerlendirmek için temel bileşenler analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Ölçeğin iç tutarlılığını gösteren Cronbach Alfa değeri tüm öl-çek için 0,874’tü. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları 4 faktörlü bir çözüm ortaya koymuştur: “bulaş”, “sorumluluk”, “kabul edilemez düşünceler”, “simetri” (cronbach alfa değerleri sırayla; 0,932, 0,933, 0,948, 0,921). BOKÖ toplam puanının; YBOKÖ, PE toplam puanı ve alt ölçek pu-anlarının her biri ile yüksek düzeyde bağıntılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Ölçek iç tutarlılık istatistiklerine bakıldığında tüm ölçek için iyi, alt ölçeklerin hepsi için mükemmel tutarlılık istatistikleri tespit edilmiş-tir. Ölçeğin faktör yapısı orijinalinde önerilen 4 faktörlü yapı ile tam bir uyum göstermiştir. Benzer ölçek ve alt ölçeklerle olan ilişkisi ölçek mad-delerinin iddia ettikleri yapıları değerlendirebildiğini düşündürmüştür. Şu haliyle BOKÖ’nün Türkçe sürümünün boyutsal OKB belirtilerini değerlendirmede etkin bir şekilde kullanılabileceği tespit edilmiştir.Objective: The Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DOCS) is a measurement tool that examines the severity of thematically dis-tinct symptom domains of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In this study we assess psychometric properties of the Turkish version of DOCS. Methods: Ninety six patients who presented consecutively to the Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt outpatient unit and who were diagnosed with OCD according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria were enrolled in the study. The DOCS, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), and Padua Inventory (PI) were completed by the participants. Internal con-sistency was estimated using Cronbach’s Alpha values and item-total correlations. Principal component analyses with Varimax rotation were used to assess latent factor structure . Results: Explanatory Factor Analyses (EFA) revealed a 4-factor solution for the DOCS. Chronbach’s alpha values for the whole scale, “contami-nation” sub-scale, “responsibility” sub-scale, “unacceptable thoughts”, and “symmetry” sub-scales were 0,874, 0,932, 0,933, 0,948, 0,921, re-spectively. There was a high correlation between It has been determined that there is high correlations between both total scores and sub-scales scores of DOCS, YBOCS and PI. Conclusions: Internal consistencies were high good for the total scale and very high perfect for the sub-scales. The factor structure and the contents of the factors were perfectly in line with the original scale (i.e. 4 factor). Positive correlations between DOCS, its sub-scales, and similar OCD scales suggest that the DOCS accurately measures the structures it claims to assess. Thus the DOCS Turkish version can measure di-mensional obsessive compulsive symptoms among the Turkish speaking OCD population

Total white blood cell count, liver enzymes, and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia

Background/aim: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important clinical issue in patients with schizophrenia, but its associated factors are still ambiguous. The aim of the present study was to test whether there are any associations between MetS and white blood cell (WBC) levels, liver enzymes, or sociodemographic variables. Materials and methods: The study included 91 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We used the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Third Adult Treatment Protocol criteria to evaluate MetS in patients. Schizophrenia patients with MetS were compared with those without MetS on the basis of demographic and clinical characteristics and total WBC counts. We conducted Spearman’s correlation and binary logistic regression analyses to achieve the best prediction of MetS in schizophrenia. Results: Compared with schizophrenia patients without MetS, those with MetS were older, less educated, and more likely to be smokers. They were also more likely to have a longer duration of the illness, a longer untreated period, and higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and WBC levels. MetS was correlated with age, duration of illness, income, ALT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, WBC, and hemoglobin values. Age and WBC levels were found to be the best predictors of MetS. Conclusion: Hemograms and liver tests should be conducted to test for MetS in schizophrenia.Background/aim: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important clinical issue in patients with schizophrenia, but its associated factors are still ambiguous. The aim of the present study was to test whether there are any associations between MetS and white blood cell (WBC) levels, liver enzymes, or sociodemographic variables. Materials and methods: The study included 91 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We used the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Third Adult Treatment Protocol criteria to evaluate MetS in patients. Schizophrenia patients with MetS were compared with those without MetS on the basis of demographic and clinical characteristics and total WBC counts. We conducted Spearman’s correlation and binary logistic regression analyses to achieve the best prediction of MetS in schizophrenia. Results: Compared with schizophrenia patients without MetS, those with MetS were older, less educated, and more likely to be smokers. They were also more likely to have a longer duration of the illness, a longer untreated period, and higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and WBC levels. MetS was correlated with age, duration of illness, income, ALT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, WBC, and hemoglobin values. Age and WBC levels were found to be the best predictors of MetS. Conclusion: Hemograms and liver tests should be conducted to test for MetS in schizophrenia

Validity and reliability of the Turkish Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-T) in mental health

Background: People with psychiatric disabilities often find it difficult to maintain a satisfactory occupational balance. Aims/objectives: This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-T) in mental health. Material and methods: OBQ11-T was applied to 149 people for construct validity analysis and to 61 of them for reliability analysis. Validity was determined using factor analyses. The reliability of the OBQ between the first and second evaluations was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for each item and the total OBQ11-T score. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: The results of factor analysis revealed one factor that explains 35.94% of the total variance in the model. OBQ11-T item 1 had the lowest and OBQ11-T item 4 had the highest factor loadings. The model fits the data according to the indices of relative fit (RMSEA = 0.087, CMIN/DF = 2.129, CFI = 0.901). There was an excellent correlation between test and retest OBQ11-T total scores (ICC = 0.905). All items of the OBQ11-T showed good reliability. Cronbach’s alpha for the OBQ11-T total score was 0.839, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Conclusions and significance: The current study showed that OBQ11-T is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the self-rated occupational balance of people with mental illness

Doktor Hasta İlişkisinde Psikiyatristin Giyim ve Tutumunun Tedavi Tercihi Üzerine Etkisi: Hasta ve Psikiyatristlerin Karşılaştırılması

Amaç: Bu çalışmada psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran hastaların psikiyatrist giyim ve tutum tercihleri ile psikiyatristlerin hastaların tercihleri hakkındaki algılarının araştırılması amaçlandı Yöntem: Çalışmaya Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi psikiyatri po-likliniği'nden 153 hasta ile 49. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi'ne katılan 94 psi-kiyatrist dahil edildi. Her iki gruba da önce doktor giyimi ve tutumları ile ilgili sorular, sonra farklı doktor giyim tarzlarının fotoğrafları gösterilerek görüşleri soruldu.Bulgular: Kadın hastalar erkeklere göre anlamlı olarak beyaz önlüğü daha fazla tercih etti. İleri yaş grubu hastalar beyaz önlüğü ve takım elbiseyi, genç hastalar ise rahat/spor giyimleri anlamlı olarak fazla tercih etti. Fotoğraflar üzerinden tedaviye başvuru, tedaviye güven ve özel konuları paylaşma ter-cihleri sorulduğunda her iki grup en düşük puanı rahat/spor giyime verdi. Psikiyatrist grubunun puanları takım elbise, gündelik giyim, beyaz önlük ola-rak sıralanırken; hasta grubunun puanları beyaz önlük, gündelik giyim, takım elbise olarak sıralandı. Gruplar arası her üç giyimde de anlamlı fark bulundu.Sonuç: Psikiyatristlerin giyim ve doktor-hasta ilişkisi konusunda hastaları daha geleneksel olarak değerlendirdikleri, hasta grubu için ise doktorun beyaz önlüklü olmasının tedaviye katılım için önemli olduğu söylenebilir.Introduction: Recently, different dressing styles and attitudes of psychiatrists have been proposed to enhance the interaction between patients and the physician. The aim of the present study was to investigate the preferences of dressing style and attitudes of a psychiatrist of the patients referred to an outpatient psychiatry clinic and the perception of psychiatrists regarding the preferences of the patients.Methods: One hundred and fifty-three patients referred to the outpatient psychiatry clinic of the Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, and 94 psychiatrists have been included in the present study. Results: When the images of psychiatrists were evaluated in terms of referral for treatment, trust in treatment, and willingness to share their confidential matters, both groups gave minimum scores to causal/sports dress style. While psychiatrists preferred to dress in a suit, casuals, and white coat, the preference order was white coat, casual dress, and suit in the patient group. There was a significant difference between the groups with respect to three dressing styles.Conclusion: It can be suggested that psychiatrists assume that patients are traditional in terms of their preference of the dressing style of a doctor and doctor-patient relationship, and a white coat is important to enhance the treatment adherence of patients

The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Brief Social Phobia Scale

ozdel, kadir/0000-0002-3712-9444; Orsel, Sibel/0000-0003-0184-7038; Ozdemir, Ilker/0000-0002-3531-3280; KURU, ERKAN/0000-0003-1949-4007WOS: 000461499800008OBJECTIVES: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) can be described as a clear and constant fear of the individual for being judged by others in the social milieu and being mocked by others. Although SAD is a treatable disorder, there is a diagnostic confusion due to many factors such as the difficulty in recognizing the symptoms of the disease. There are several scales currently available for SAD symptom measurement; however, some of them are long scales and should be answered by the patient and do not include physiologic manifestations. The Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS), which is a scoring system scored by the clinician, has an important place among these scales. There are three different subscales, which are fear, avoidance, and physiological symptoms on the BSPS. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the BSPS. METHODS: The BSPS, sociodemographic data form, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI I-II), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale were applied to 55 patients with social phobia (31 males, 24 females) who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) criteria. Internal consistency of the scale was measured and the factor analysis was performed after applying Kaiser Meyer Olkin and Bartlett tests to assess the construct validity. To test the concurrent validity of the scale, Pearson correlation coefficient was computed between the BSPS and the LSAS. Its correlation with STAI I-II, BDI, BAI, and GAF was also investigated. RESULTS: The Turkish version of the BSPS showed sufficient internal consistency. As a result of the factor analysis, a five-factor structure that accounts for 71.4% of the total variance was obtained and the loading of factors differs from the original study. Moderately strong correlation was found between the BSPS and the LSAS scores. There was a mild correlation between the total score of the BSPS and the STAI-I and BDI. There was a moderate correlation between the total scale score of the BSPS and the STAI-II and BAI scores. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the validity and reliability studies, it has been determined that the Turkish version of the BSPS can be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool in detecting SAD. It was found that there were unique anxiety findings that distinguish SAD from the other anxiety disorders. It is thought that the inclusion of such important symptoms within the applied scale will also benefit clinical practice

Inter-rater agreement of the Turkish version of the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale-Revised form.

This study aims to adapt the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale-revised form (NBRS-R) for Turkish traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and to investigate the inter-rater agreement of the Turkish revised scale