Sex differences of migraine: Results of a nationwide home-based study in Turkey

Introduction: The prevalence of migraine was found to be more than three-fold higher in women as compared with men, and in addition to differences in prevalence rates, the characteristics and associated features might also differ between the sexes. The aim of this study was to compare sex-specific features of migraine and demographic parameters in a nationwide population-based study in Turkey. Methods: Among 5323 subjects, a total of 871 patients who were diagnosed as having definite migraine according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders-III (ICHD-III) were included in our study. The demographic characteristics, associated features, and triggers of migraine were examined with regard to sex. Results: The study group comprised 640 women (73.5%) and 231 men (26.5%), with a female to male ratio of 2.8:1. Attack duration, mean migraine disability assessment scores (MIDAS), frequencies of nausea, vomiting, osmophobia, vertigo/dizziness, and allodynia were found significantly different between women and men. When we compared these parameters between men and postmenopausal women, all these parameters were still significant except nausea. Odor was statistically more frequent as a reported trigger in women, whereas excessive sleep was a statistically more frequent triggering factor in men. The rates of depression and allergy were significantly higher in women when compared with men. Conclusion: Longer attack duration, higher MIDAS scores, and the frequencies of nausea, vomiting, osmophobia, vertigo/dizziness, and allodynia were more significant in women and this variance in sex persisted after menopause. Also, some trigger factors and co-morbidities differed between the sexes. These findings might result from complex genetic factors besides sociocultural influences, biologic, and sociocultural roles. Future studies should continue to explore biologic and genetic factors with respect to sex in migraine

Cyclotriphosphazene, a scaffold for 19 F MRI contrast agents

A cyclotriphosphazene substituted with six 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzyloxy units was designed as a novel F MRI contrast agent. The resulting molecule has 36 magnetically equivalent fluorine atoms and exhibited suitable MRI properties with high imaging sensitivity, confirming the proof-of-concept as a convenient scaffold for the production of new F MRI contrasts agents

Molecular magnetic materials based on porphyrin macrocyles

The preparation of Molecule-Based Magnets is based on the assembling carriers of magnetic moment. These may be the metal ions only with diamagnetic linkers or the metal ions connected through open-shell organic molecule. The building of novel Molecule-Based Magnets architectures following the metal-radical approach relies on the design of innovative open-shell organic molecular blocks. In this regard, we focus our strategy on the synthesis of porphyrins incorporating free radicals. Indeed, porphyrins compounds are π-conjugated systems which should favor spin delocalization and the transmission of the magnetic interactions on the overall macrocycle and further over the all architecture. Due to their excellent stability in a wide variety of chemical environments, and their abilities to coordinate with transition metal we focus our attention on nitroxide radicals. In this dissertation a series of porpyrin macrocycles were synthesized, bearing tBuNO, nitronyl and imino nitroxide covalently linked to the skeleton. Characterization was done by UV-Vis, Mass and EPR spectroscopy. Moreover during this work some interesting synthetic intermediates were obtained with good yield and characterize for the first time. This was the case for meso-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)porphyrin and its corresponding metallated derivatives by Cu(II) and Mn(II). Some novel promising tetrapyrrolic macrocycle precursors bearing nitronyl and imino nitroxides free radicals as 2-(3,4- dicyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl, 2-(3,4- dicyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl and 2-(4-benzaldehyde)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl. To the best of our knowledge, these compounds represent the first example of nitronyl and imino nitroxide substituted porphyrin derivatives that have been unambiguously characterized by spectroscopic techniquesLa construction de nouvelles architectures d'aimant moléculaire basé sur l'approche métal-radical repose sur la conception de nouvelles molécules radicalaires. Dans cette optique, notre stratégie s'est concentrée sur la synthèse de porphyrins incorporant des composés radicaux libres. En effet, les porphyrines sont des composés π conjugués qui devraient favoriser la délocalisation de spin et la transmission des interactions magnétiques sur l'entier macrocycle et de plus sur l'ensemble du composé obtenu. A cause de leur excellente stabilité dans une grande diversité d'environnements chimiques et leur capacité à coordonner avec des métaux de transitions, notre choix s'est porté sur les radicaux nitroxides. Dans cette thèse, une série de porphyrines contenant des tBUNO, nitronyl and imino nitroxide directement liés sur le squelette de la molécule ont été synthétisées. Les macrocycles obtenus ont été caractérisés par UV-Vis, Masse et RPE spectroscopie. De plus, durant ce travail, des intermédiaires réactionnaires intéressant ont été obtenus et caractérisés pour la première fois. Ce fut le cas pour la meso-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)porphyrin et ses équivalents métallés pa le Cu(II) et le Mn(II). Ainsi que pour quelques précurseurs prometteurs de macrocycle tetrapyrroliques comme 2-(3,4-dicyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1oxyl, 2-(3,4-dicyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl and 2-(4-benzaldehyde)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl. D'après ce que nous savons, ces composés représentent le premier exemple de porphyrines substituées par des nitronyl et imino nitroxide radical, ayant été caractérisées sans ambiguïté par des méthodes spectroscopique

Matériaux moléculaires magnétiques à base de porphyrines

La construction de nouvelles architectures d'aimant moléculaire basé sur l'approche métal-radical repose sur la conception de nouvelles molécules radicalaires. Dans cette optique, notre stratégie s'est concentrée sur la synthèse de porphyrins incorporant des composés radicaux libres. En effet, les porphyrines sont des composés π conjugués qui devraient favoriser la délocalisation de spin et la transmission des interactions magnétiques sur l'entier macrocycle et de plus sur l'ensemble du composé obtenu. A cause de leur excellente stabilité dans une grande diversité d'environnements chimiques et leur capacité à coordonner avec des métaux de transitions, notre choix s'est porté sur les radicaux nitroxides. Dans cette thèse, une série de porphyrines contenant des tBUNO, nitronyl and imino nitroxide directement liés sur le squelette de la molécule ont été synthétisées. Les macrocycles obtenus ont été caractérisés par UV-Vis, Masse et RPE spectroscopie. De plus, durant ce travail, des intermédiaires réactionnaires intéressant ont été obtenus et caractérisés pour la première fois. Ce fut le cas pour la meso-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)porphyrin et ses équivalents métallés pa le Cu(II) et le Mn(II). Ainsi que pour quelques précurseurs prometteurs de macrocycle tetrapyrroliques comme 2-(3,4-dicyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1oxyl, 2-(3,4-dicyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl and 2-(4-benzaldehyde)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl. D'après ce que nous savons, ces composés représentent le premier exemple de porphyrines substituées par des nitronyl et imino nitroxide radical, ayant été caractérisées sans ambiguïté par des méthodes spectroscopiquesThe preparation of Molecule-Based Magnets is based on the assembling carriers of magnetic moment. These may be the metal ions only with diamagnetic linkers or the metal ions connected through open-shell organic molecule. The building of novel Molecule-Based Magnets architectures following the metal-radical approach relies on the design of innovative open-shell organic molecular blocks. In this regard, we focus our strategy on the synthesis of porphyrins incorporating free radicals. Indeed, porphyrins compounds are π-conjugated systems which should favor spin delocalization and the transmission of the magnetic interactions on the overall macrocycle and further over the all architecture. Due to their excellent stability in a wide variety of chemical environments, and their abilities to coordinate with transition metal we focus our attention on nitroxide radicals. In this dissertation a series of porpyrin macrocycles were synthesized, bearing tBuNO, nitronyl and imino nitroxide covalently linked to the skeleton. Characterization was done by UV-Vis, Mass and EPR spectroscopy. Moreover during this work some interesting synthetic intermediates were obtained with good yield and characterize for the first time. This was the case for meso-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)porphyrin and its corresponding metallated derivatives by Cu(II) and Mn(II). Some novel promising tetrapyrrolic macrocycle precursors bearing nitronyl and imino nitroxides free radicals as 2-(3,4- dicyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl, 2-(3,4- dicyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl and 2-(4-benzaldehyde)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl. To the best of our knowledge, these compounds represent the first example of nitronyl and imino nitroxide substituted porphyrin derivatives that have been unambiguously characterized by spectroscopic technique