Verbal instructions targeting valence alter negative conditional stimulus evaluations (but do not affect reinstatement rates)

Negative conditional stimulus (CS) valence acquired during fear conditioning may enhance fear relapse and is difficult to remove as it extinguishes slowly and does not respond to the instruction that unconditional stimulus (US) presentations will cease. We examined whether instructions targeting CS valence would be more effective. In Experiment 1, an image of one person (CS+) was paired with an aversive US, while another (CS-) was presented alone. After acquisition, participants were given positive information about the CS+ poser and negative information about the CS- poser. Instructions reversed the pattern of differential CS valence present during acquisition and eliminated differential electrodermal responding. In Experiment 2, we compared positive and negative CS revaluation by providing positive/negative information about the CS+ and neutral information about CS-. After positive revaluation, differential valence was removed and differential electrodermal responding remained intact. After negative revaluation, differential valence was strengthened and differential electrodermal responding was eliminated. Unexpectedly, the instructions did not affect the reinstatement of differential electrodermal responding

Text Annotation Handbook: A Practical Guide for Machine Learning Projects

This handbook is a hands-on guide on how to approach text annotation tasks. It provides a gentle introduction to the topic, an overview of theoretical concepts as well as practical advice. The topics covered are mostly technical, but business, ethical and regulatory issues are also touched upon. The focus lies on readability and conciseness rather than completeness and scientific rigor. Experience with annotation and knowledge of machine learning are useful but not required. The document may serve as a primer or reference book for a wide range of professions such as team leaders, project managers, IT architects, software developers and machine learning engineers.Comment: 30 pages, white pape

An experimental study of segregation mechanisms

Segregation is widespread in all realms of human society. Several influential studies have argued that intolerance is not a prerequisite for a segregated society, and that segregation can arise even when people generally prefer diversity. We investigated this paradox experimentally, by letting groups of high-school students play four different real-time interactive games. Incentives for neighbor similarity produced segregation, but incentives for neighbor dissimilarity and neighborhood diversity prevented it. The participants continued to move while their game scores were below optimal, but their individual moves did not consistently take them to the best alternative position. These small differences between human and simulated agents produced different segregation patterns than previously predicted, thus challenging conclusions about segregation arising from these models

Search for heavy lepton resonances decaying to a Z boson and a lepton in pp collisions at roots=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for heavy leptons decaying to a Z boson and an electron or a muon is presented. The search is based on pp collision data taken at root s = 8TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb(-1). Three high-transverse-momentum electrons or muons are selected, with two of them required to be consistent with originating from a Z boson decay. No significant excess above Standard Model background predictions is observed, and 95% confidence level limits on the production cross section of high-mass trilepton resonances are derived. The results are interpreted in the context of vector-like lepton and type-III seesaw models. For the vector-like lepton model, most heavy lepton mass values in the range 114-176 GeV are excluded. For the type-III seesaw model, most mass values in the range 100-468 GeV are excluded.ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2015)108Funding: We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.</p

Search for invisible decays of the Higgs boson produced in association with a hadronically decaying vector boson in pp collisions at, root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for Higgs boson decays to invisible particles is performed using 20,3 of fb(-1) collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV recorded by the ArL As detector at the Large IHIadron Collider. The process considered is Higgs boson production in association with a vector boson (V = W or Z) that decays hadronically, resulting in events with two or more jets and large missing transverse momentum. No excess of candidates is observed in the data over the background expectation. The results are used to constrain V H production followed by H decaying to invisible particles for the Higgs boson mass range 115 &lt; m(H) &lt; 300 GeV. The 95 % confidence-level observed upper limit on sigma vH x BR(H -&gt; inv.) varies from 1.6 pb at 115 GeV to 0.13 ph at 300 GeV. Assuming Standard Model production and including the gg -&gt; H contribution as signal, the results also lead to an observed upper limit of 78 c/c at 95 % confidence level on the branching ratio of Higgs bosons decays to invisible particles at a mass of 125 GeV.ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3551-1Funding: We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWTW and EWE, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNN and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, IIGT, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGE (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.</p

История возникновения и развития белорусских диаспор

Материалы III Междунар. науч. конф. студентов, аспирантов и молодых ученых, Гомель, 20 мая 2010 г

Sports Facility Statistics : Overview of built sports facilities and analysis of sports hall costs in Norway

The current statistics on sports facilities suggests that 4 billion NOK (divided on 700 facilities) are planned to be used annually for new sports facility projects and renovation projects of old sports facilities. These statistics are based on planned projects and not on realized projects. In addition, it is not distinguished between new facility projects and facility renovation projects. The current statistics is based on applications for so-called gaming funds, which are all registered in a sports facilities information system. The information system is complicated to use, and the data in the register is not perfect: it is inconsistent and sometimes incorrect or incomplete. This thesis provides an overview of the number of built sports facilities in Norway between 1996 and 2016. Further, it provides cost statistics for sports halls, based on extracted data from the information system, which was preprocessed and then analyzed using regression models and ANOVA. This work shows that, in average, 560 sports facilities have been built each year between 1996 and 2015 (1 000 facilities if one includes so-called local activity facilities). In average 24 sports halls have been built each year, with an average cost of 36 million NOK. Sports halls built in Oslo have in average costed 14 to 23 million NOK more to build than sports halls in the rest of Norway

Skillnader i vatten- och avloppshantering inom EU : En jämförelse mellan Slovakien och Sverige

The management of water resources and waste water varies between the countries of the EU. For many years, a large part of the water in Europe has been contaminated by, among other things, insufficiently treated waste water and emissions from agriculture. The EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EEC are intended to harmonize fresh-water management and waste water management within the whole EU, aiming at safeguarding drinking water of good quality and a high quality of all water within the EU today and in the future. There are however some problems concerning the waste-water directive. One problem is the huge investment needed in Slovakia to fulfil the demands of the waste-water directive for waste-water management in larger communities (with more than 2000 inhabitants). Many waste-water treatment plants need to be upgraded or built, and in addition a large part of the households in eastern Slovakia are not yet connected to a municipal water-supply and waste-water collecting system (including waste-water treatment). Subsidies from the EU’s structural funds are needed for Slovakia to fulfil the requirements of the waste-water directive. Because this directive only applies to larger communities, smaller communities and private sewage are not affected by the directive and therefore, in general, not eligible for financial funding from EU. Financial funding, however, is needed for addressing inadequate sewage in small communities with poor socioeconomic and municipal financial resources. For water protection to be effective, it is important to take also private sewage emissions into consideration, even though they might appear insignificant. Point emissions from insufficient private sewage (private sewage systems with insufficient waste-water treatment or emission of untreated waste water), primarily in small, tightly clustered communities in Slovakia or for example in Sweden in areas where weekend houses are being converted into permanent dwellings, are potential sources of pollution that can cause health or/and environmental problems. Inadequate private sewage can thus reduce the quality of both surface and ground water and have a negative impact on aquatic ecosystems, which in turn makes it more difficult to reach the quality standards of the Water Framework Directive and its daughter directives. This applies to both Slovakia and Sweden. The private sewage solutions that are recommended today are often satisfactory but not without problems. To give an example, miniature waste water treatment plants are expensive to put in place, require technological knowledge on the part of the property owner and they also require a daily flow of waste water to function properly. Improper handling of the miniature water treatment plant may cause inefficient or no water treatment at all, in some cases the bacterial content of the waste water may increase instead of being reduced. To address the problem concerning private sewage it is important that (1) waste-water solutions are adapted to local circumstances and financial funding are given to economically week municipalities (2) the property owner (owner of the private sewage) regularly controls the quality of the out-going treated wastewater (if it is possible) and (3) that efficient inspections with injunctions (from authorities) are carried out to discover faulty private sewage. Unfortunately financial funding, in general, is not given to small municipalities and/or inappropriate private sewage and inspections, both in Slovakia and Sweden, are generally slow

Arbetsmodell för skogliga scenarioanalyser och foderprognoser för ett älgförvaltningsområde

Riksdagen beslutade i december 2010 att införa ett nytt älgförvaltningssystem fr.o.m. 2012. Ett av målen med förvaltningen är att skapa en älgstam av hög kvalitet som är i balans med betesresurserna. Detta innebär att, eftersom mängden foder kommer variera med skogstillståndet så måste det finnas verktyg för att göra foderprognoser som baseras på hur skogen kommer att skötas i framtiden. Syftet med denna rapport är att presentera en arbetsmodell för att ta fram alternativa scenarier för skogens utveckling och därmed möjliga foderpotentialer inom ett älgförvaltningsområde (ÄFO). Arbetsmodellen tar sin utgångspunkt i målet att skapa en älgstam av hög kvalitet i balans med betesresurserna men även i målet att förvaltningen ska präglas av samverkan mellan aktörer samt i idén om en adaptiv förvaltning. Eftersom ett ÄFO innebär att det är fråga om relativt stora områden med flera mål med skogsbruket (t.ex. både virkesproduktionsmål, goda förutsättningar för älgjakt och god fodertillgång), blir planeringssituationen så pass komplex att scenarieanalyser utgör ett bra beslutsstöd. Framtagandet av flera olika scenarier tydliggör att resultaten ska användas som stöd i beslutsprocessen – en plan ska aldrig tolkas som ett beslut. Då dessa scenarier innebär att prognoser för framtida fodermängder kan göras kan arbetsmodellen även användas för att analysera markens älgbärande förmåga, d.v.s. hur många älgar marken kan bära givet att skadenivån inte ska överstiga ett visst värde. Den föreslagna arbetsmodellen består av en process i tre faser; informationsfas, designfas samt en analysfas. Syftet med den första fasen är att identifiera dagens skogstillstånd t.ex. i form av mängd foder och tillståndet för älgstammen samt att definiera vilka aspekter som är viktiga för skogsbruk respektive älgförvaltning. Det tillvägagångssätt som föreslås och som användes i fallstudien för att ta fram dagens skogstillstånd inklusive fodermängd baseras på kNN-metoden. Syftet med designfasen är att ta fram ett antal alternativa scenarier som beskriver skogens utveckling framåt i tiden, t.ex. under 50 år. Dessa scenarier beskriver skogens förväntade utveckling baserat på olika skötselåtgärder med utgångspunkt i ett initialt skogstillstånd. Det system som föreslås för att ta fram scenarier är Heurekasystemet. Syftet med analysfasen är att analysera konsekvenserna av de olika scenarierna och diskutera för- och nackdelar med de alternativa scenarierna utifrån både ett skogsbruksperspektiv och ett älgförvaltningsperspektiv. Det är dock i här viktigt att komma ihåg att troligen är inget av de framtagna scenarierna bäst utifrån alla identifierade mål. Att analysera konsekvenserna av olika scenarier utifrån skogsbruks- och älgförvaltningsperspektiv innebär därför att man måste ta hänsyn till olika mål och hur viktiga dessa mål är. Arbetsmodellen har använts i en fallstudie i Kronobergs län där tre alternativa scenarier för skogens utveckling tagits fram och utvärderats för Växjö Norra och Lessebo. Dessa scenarier har presenterades för älgjägare och skogsägare som kan sägas representera dessa ÄFOn. Älgjägarna och skogsägarna fick tillsammans utföra en flermålsanalys och utse det scenario som de ansåg bäst uppfylla de mål de har för skogen inom ”ÄFO-området”, d.v.s. både mål som är kopplade till ett uthålligt skogsbruk och mål som är kopplade till markens älgbärande förmåga. Både markägare och jägare var överens om att det alternativ som bäst uppfyller målen var en ökad satsning på tall. Detta resultat står i kontrast till hur skogen idag i många fall sköts, med en ensidig satsning på gran, eftersom många skogsägare inte vågar föryngra med tall då man riskerar betesskador. I ett skogslandskap där tallen redan är sparsamt förekommande anses riskerna vara ännu större och man hamnar lätt i en ond cirkel där man föryngrar ännu färre arealer med tall. Ett resultat av Kronobergsstudien är därför att foderprognoser och prognoser över skogens framtida utveckling ger underlag för att ta bättre beslut idag, för att försöka undvika oönskade scenarier. I ÄFO:ns strävan att hitta en ”gyllene medelväg”, där välgrundade avvägningar mellan förekommande intressen görs, bör ett antal olika scenarier tas fram och analyseras. I dessa scenarier är prognoser av fodertillgångar, fördelade över tid och rum, en viktig del

Våga se mig och agera

Validerat; 20140225 (global_studentproject_submitter