AN ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHILD REARING ATTITUDES OF MOTHERS

Bu araştırmanın amacı okul öncesi dönemde çocuğu olan annelerin çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarını etkileyen etmenlerin incelenmesidir. Tanımlayıcı ve karşılaştırmalı bir araştırmadır. Örneklem, küme örneklem yöntemiyle seçilmiştir. Seçilen üç anaokulunda eğitim gören toplam 390 öğrencinin annesi örneklemi oluşturmuştur. Kişisel Bilgi Formu ve Aile Hayatı ve Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutum Ölçeği ile toplanan veriler, tek yönlü varyans analizi, Kruskal Wallis varyans analizi ve iki ortalama arasındaki farkın önemlilik testi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Annelerin yaş, eğitim ve çalışma durumu, aylık gelir durumu, ailenin oluştuğu kişiler değişkenlerine göre tutumlarında anlamlı fark olduğu bulunmuştur. Küçük yaşta olan, eğitim düzeyi düşük olan ve çalışmayan annelerin aşırı koruyucu ve sıkı disiplin tutumlarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Annenin çocuk yetiştirme konusunda bilgi alması ve kendini yeterli hissetmesi durumunda demokratik tutumun arttığı, diğer tutumların azaldığı saptanmıştır. Annelerin çocuğun cinsiyetine göre tutumlarında fark olmadığı bulunmuştur. Sağlık profesyonelleri ve eğitimciler annelerin çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarını ve etkileyen etmenleri bilmeli ve olumlu tutumlar geliştirmelerinde onlara yardımcı olmalıdır. The objective of this study is to examine the factors affecting the child rearing attitudes of mothers that have children who are in the preschool period. It is a descriptive and comparative study. The sample was selected via the method of cluster sample. Mothers of totally 390 students who receive education at three chosen nursery schools constitute the sample. Being collected with Personal Information Form and Parental Attitude Research Instrument, the data were assessed through using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal Wallis test and the independent samples t test. A significant difference was found on the attitudes of mothers, according to the variables of age, educational and working status, monthly income status, the people of which the family is comprised. It was determined that dependency and strictness and authoritarianism attitudes of young, poorly educated and unemployed mothers increase. It was also determined that democratic attitude increases and other attitudes decrease, in case the mother obtains information regarding child rearing and feels herself sufficient. It was found that there is not much difference in the attitudes of mothers, according to the gender of the child. Health professionals and educators shall be familiar with the factors affecting the child rearing attitudes of mothers and help them to develop positive attitudes

The Importance of Quality of Life in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus, insülin sekresyonunun ve/veya insulin etkisinin mutlak ve göreceli azlığı sonucu karbonhidrat, yağ ve proteinmetabolizma bozukluklarına yol açan hiperglisemi ile karakterize kronik bir metabolizma hastalığıdır. Tip 1 Diyabet tanısı insan yaşamınıkalıcı olarak değiştirmektedir. Hastanın günlük insülin enjeksiyonu, kan şekeri takibi, gelişebilecek akut ve kronik komplikasyonlar çocuk veergenlerin sağlıkla ilgili yaşam kalitesini etkilemektedir. Tip 1 DM yaşam kalitesi hastalığın gidişinin önemli bir göstergesi olup, çocuğuniyilik halini göstermektedir. Metabolik kontrol ve komplikasyonların önlenmesi kadar, çocuğun iyilik hali ve yaşam kalitesi de tedavideeşdeğer öneme sahiptir. Hemşireliğin temel rolü olan bakımın hedefi, yaşam kalitesini desteklemektir. Hemşirelerin bakım verdiklerikişilerin yaşam kalitelerini nasıl algıladıklarını bilmesi ve bu doğrultuda bakım sunabilmesi için bu kavramı çok iyi anlamaları gerekmektedir Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to an absolute or relative deficiency ofinsulin secretion and/ or insulin effect, that may lead to various disorders of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Beingdiagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes change the lives of people permanently. Daily insulin injections, blood glucose (self)monitoring, possible acute and chronic complications affect the health-related quality of life of children and adolescents.Quality of life is a significant indicator of the course in Type 1 Diabetes, and indicates the well-being of the child. In treatmentof Diabetes, quality of life and well-being of the diabetic child are at equal significance as metabolic control and prevention ofpossible complications. The principle role of nursing, which is delivering health care, is to support the quality of life of thepatients. Nurses need to understand this concept very well to be able to identify patients' perceptions of their quality of life anddeliver health care accordingly

Development of Smoking Prevention Program and Evaluation of the Program Effectiveness

Bu çalışma ilköğretim öğrencilerine yönelik sigara kullanımı önleme programının geliştirilmesi ve etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma iki aşama da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birinci aşamada veri tabanları ve araştırmalar incelenmiş, uzmanlardan görüşler alınarak eğitim içeriği Sosyal Bilişsel Öğrenme Teorisine göre hazırlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada örneklem belirlenmiş ve program uygulanmıştır. Örnekleme bir ilköğretim okulundaki dört ve beşinci sınıf öğrencisi ile ebeveynleri alınmıştır. Veriler girişim öncesi, girişim sonrası altıncı ayda, girişimden bir yıl ve iki yıl sonra toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tekrarlı ölçümlerde tek yönlü varyans analizi, Bonferroni düzeltmeli eşleştirilmiş t testi ve ki kare testi kullanılmıştır. Sosyal bilişsel öğrenme grubundaki öğrencilerin sigara yarar algılarının anlamlı şekilde azaldığı ve zarar algılarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Sigara deneme oranları ise değişmemiştir. Sosyal bilişsel öğrenme temelli girişim programının çocukların sigara deneme oranını azaltmada, yarar ve zarar algısını değiştirmede etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. This study was performed to determine to develop smoking prevention program towardprimary school students and investigate the effect of the program. The study was conducted in two phases. The first stage examined the databases and research, taken the experts opinion, and prepared the program according to social cognitive learning theory. In the second stage, the sample size were determined and applied to the program. The sampling consisted of fourth and fifth grade student and their parents. Data were collected before education, after education, a year after education, and two year after education. Evaluation of the data were used by repeated measuerment of anova, Bonferroni adjusted paired t test, and Mc Nemar test. It was determined to a significant decrease of the smoking cons and increase smoking pros perception. There was no significant difference smoking status. Smoking prevention program is effective of reduce children smoking rate, changing the perception of smoking pros and cons. </p

To Comparison Of Attitudes Of Turkish And Danish Nursing Students Toward The Care Of Persons With HIV/AIDS

Amaç: Bu çalışma Türkiye ve Danimarka'daki hemşirelik öğrencilerinin HIV/AIDS'li bireylere karşı tutumlarını karşılaştırmak, tutumları ile bakım isteklilikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla korelasyonel tanımlayıcı olarak yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemini 2004-2005 yılı bahar döneminde dördüncü sınıfta öğrenim gören, Türkiye'den 52 öğrenci ve Danimarka'dan 47 öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 99 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Veriler, 1991 yılında Bliwise ve arkadaşları tarafından geliştirilen, test-tekrar test katsayısı r= .92 ve iç tutarlılık katsayısı  =.86 olarak bulunan, Türkiye'de geçerliliği Çimen, Bahar, Öztürk ve Bektaş tarafından yapılan test-tekrar test katsayısı r= .82 ve iç tutarlılık katsayısı  =.86 bulunan AIDS Tutum Ölçeği (ATÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde bağımsız gruplarda t testi, Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon analizi ve Cronbach alfa analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Danimarka'daki hemşirelik öğrencilerinin AIDS Tutum Ölçeği puan ortalamalarının (33.1 ± 9.3) Türkiye'deki hemşirelik öğrencilerininkinden (37.6 ± 11.2) düşük olduğu, puan ortalamaları arasındaki bu farkın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır (p=.036). Danimarka'daki hemşirelik öğrencilerinin AIDS'li hastalara bakım verme istekliliği puan ortalamasının (8.6 ± 1.8) Türkiye'deki hemşirelik öğrencilerinin bakım verme istekliliği puan ortalamasından (5.6 ± 1.9) yüksek olduğu saptanmış, puan ortalamaları arasındaki bu fark istatistiksel olarak ileri düzeyde anlamlı bulunmuştur (p=.000). Türkiye'deki hemşirelik öğrencilerin ATÖ puan ortalamaları ile bakım verme istekliliği puan ortalamaları arasında orta düzeyde ve negatif yönde, istatistiksel olarak ileri düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu ( r=-.56, p=.000), Danimarka'daki hemşirelik öğrencilerin ATÖ puan ortalamaları ile bakım verme istekliliği puan ortalamaları arasında güçlü düzeyde ve negatif yönde, istatistiksel olarak ileri düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır ( r=-.74, p=.000). Sonuç: Artan kültürel hareketlilik nedeniyle gelecekte çok daha çeşitli kültürel geçmişe sahip olan bireylere/hastalara hizmet verecek hemşire öğrencilerin kültürel yetkinlikte bakım verebilecek becerilerle donatılmaları, HIV/AIDS'li bireylere yönelik olumlu tutum geliştirilmesi ve bakım istekliliğinin arttırılması için özellikle Türk öğrencilerin ders programında AIDS hastalığı ve cinselliğe ilişkin derslere yer verilmesi gereklidir. Objective: This study was designed as a correlative/descriptive research in order to analyze the relation between Turkish and Danish nursing students' overall attitudes and willingness to provide care for persons with HIV/AIDS, and present a comparison of their attitudes toward persons with HIV/AIDS. Methods: The study sample consisted of 99 fourth years students in total in 2004-2005, 52 senior nursing students attending to the Nursing School in Turkey and 47 students from the Nursing School in Danmark. Data were collected using the AIDS Attitude Scale (AAS), developed by Bliwise et al. in 1991 with a test-retest coefficient is r= .92 and the internal consistency coefficient α = .86, and validity and reliability of Turkish adaptation was confirmed by Cimen, Bahar, Ozturk and Bektas with a test-retest coefficient r=.82 and the internal consistency coefficient α =.86. The data were analyzed using the Independent groups t-test, the Pearson correlation analysis and Cronbach alpha analysis. Findings: AIDS Attitude Scale average scores (33.1 ± 9.3) of the nursing students in Denmark were found to be lower than those of Turkish students (37.6 ± 11.2) and the difference between the average scores were statistically significant (t=2.126, p=.036). The average score of willingness to provide care for persons with AIDS were higher in Danish students (8.6 ± 1.8) than Turkish students (5.6 ± 1.9), which was considered to be highly significant (t=7.925 p=.000). The average scores of Turkish students for AIDS Attitude Scale and willingness to provide care showed a medium level and negative correlation (r=-.56, p=.000); on the other hand, those of Danish students showed a strong and negative correlation (r=-.74, p=.000), both of which were found to statistically highly significant. Conclusion: Nursing students are likely to be in contact with persons/patients from various cultural backgrounds due to increasing cultural mobility. Therefore, lessons about AIDS and sexuality will certainly be included in their curriculum in order to equip nursing students with certain skills to provide care with cultural efficiency, improve their attitudes toward persons with AIDS and increase the willingness to provide medical care in Türkiye

The Diagnostic Role of Serum Inflammatory and Soluble Proteins on Dementia Subtypes: Correlation with Cognitive and Functional Decline

In the past years, the possible involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of dementia has been the subject of several investigations. However there are restricted data about the profile of the inflammatory and soluble proteins in well evaluated Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls. There are also no reliable data regarding the relationship between the overlapping protein levels and cognitive or functional decline. We measured levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, β-Amlyloid 1–40 and α1-antichymotrypsin levels in plasma in groups of total 82 subjects with AD, MCI, VD and controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Our study samples showed high levels of proinflammatory cytokine levels (especially IL-18) in all patient groups but only high levels of α1-antichymotrypsine in VD patients compared to controls. There is no significant correlation between the laboratory and clinical variables except for a link between IL-1β and NPI scores of AD. In conclusion, this study yielded evidence of some shared mechanisms underlying AD and VD and thus motivates further studies of inflammatory markers in various types of dementia and MCI

A Reliability and Validity Study of the Turkish Version of the Parenting Scale

Aim:This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the validity and reliability of the Parenting scale in a Turkish sample.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted as a methodological-descriptive-cross sectional study. The study sample consisted of 355 parents who had applied to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Polyclinic of Uludağ University. However; as 85 parents did not precisely fill the scales, they were excluded from the sample and the analyses were conducted on the basis of 270 parents. The study data were collected using the Demographic Data Collection Form and the Parenting scale. Validity analyses of the scale were examined via explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency of the scale was evaluated via Cronbach alpha, Spearman-Brown and Guttman split-half coefficients. The relationship between item-total score and item-subscale total score was examined via Pearson correlation analysis.Results:The Cronbach alpha values of the Parenting scale were determined as; 0.935 in the lower dimension of Laxness, 0.916 in the lower dimension of Over-reactivity, 0.770 in the lower dimension of Hostility (use of verbal or physical force) and 0.829 in the total scale. The factor loads varied between; 0.52 and 0.98 in the lower dimension of Laxness, 0.75 and 0.92 in the lower dimension of Over-reactivity and 0.46 and 0.95 in the lower dimension of Hostility. It was determined that the total scale scores and correlations of items in the scale varied between 0.20-0.66. It was also determined that item-subscale total score correlations varied between; 0.61-0.96 in the lower dimension of Laxness, 0.70-0.86 in the lower dimension of Over-reactivity and 0.68-0.91 in the lower dimension of Hostility.Conclusion:The Parenting scale is a valid and reliable tool that can be used in Turkish culture

Morphometric Features of The Proximal Tibia in Turkish Society and Its Clinical Significance

Aim:The purpose of this study was to determine the morphometric and anthropometric features of the proximal part of the tibia and to compare these features with other communities.Materials and Methods:From the collection of Anatomy Department Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, 44 tibia were included in this study. The gender determination of tibias were made on the basis of previous anthropometric and morphometric studies . Then the upper, medial and lateral photographs of tibia were taken and installed to the computer. The anterior-posterior length of the medial condyle (MAP), anterior-posterior length of the lateral condyle (LAP) and transvers length of the margo lateralis of lateral and medial condyle of tibia (TML) were measured with the image J program. In addition, the posterior slope of the medial and lateral condyle of tibia with transverse plane was measured according to the anterior, median and posterior longitudinal axis.Results:In our study, it was observed that the value of the MAP, LAP and TML is greater in men. In our study, MAP values were different from Chinese and caucasians with men and women, but TML values were close to the Chinese. LAP values were similar to Chinese and caucasians with women, but different for men. Medial posterior slope (MPE) and lateral posterior slope (LPE), there was no statistically significant difference between the sexes according to the anterior, median and posterior longitudinal axis of tibia in Turkish society. MPE measurement of tibia according to the anterior, median and posterior longitudinal axis was significantly different from Chinese and caucasians in males and females in Turkish society. LPE measurement of tibia according to the anterior, median and posterior longitudinal axis was not significantly different from Chinese and caucasians in males and females in Turkish society.Conclusion:It was observed that, features of the proximal part of the tibia was generally different from the Chinese and Caucasians in Turkish society. Establishing standards is essential for the MPE and LPE measurements for longitudinal axis of the tibia and it is considered that taking into consideration the proximal morphometric features of tibia for the prosthesis to be used in orthopedic procedures such as total knee arthroplasty

Kemik ve kıkırdak dokusu onarımına yönelik olarak yağ dokusundan farklılandırılmış hücre ve seramik/polimer kompozit içeren yapay dokuların geliştirilmesi

TÜBİTAK MAG01.05.200

The effect of low-molecular-weight heparin on rat tendon healing

Objectives: We investigated the effect of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) on the healing of tendons. Methods: Forty-five adult Wistar rats weighing 300 g were randomized into three groups equal in number. All the rats underwent full-thickness surgical incision of the Achilles tendon followed by primary repair. After the operation, two groups received daily subcutaneous LMWH injections (nadroparin calcium) for four weeks at high or low doses (group 1, 6 mg/kg, 170 IU AXa; group II, 3 mg/kg, 85 IU AXa). Group III remained untreated as the control group. Histologically, the specimens were examined under light and electron microscopy with regard to the amount of fibrillar collagen synthesis, mitochondrial degeneration, and the composition of the extracellular matrix collagen. Biomechanically, maximum load to failure and correspondent elongation of the tendons were measured. Results: Compared to the control group, histologically, both LMWH-treated Groups exhibited increased number of fibroblasts, increased fibrillar collagen formation in the extracellular matrix, and higher counts of granular endoplasmic reticula in cytoplasmic contents of fibroblasts as well as decreased mitochondrial vacuolization and degeneration. Biomechanical assessments showed that tendons in group I had significantly higher maximum load to failure and elongation values than group II and III (31 N vs. 24.6 N and 23.1 N; 25 mm vs. 19.6 mm and 17.3 mm, respectively; p0.05). Conclusion: Daily administration of single dose LMWH improves tendon healing through increasing the number of fibroblasts and fibrillar collagen synthesis and decreasing mitochondrial degeneration.Publisher's Versio