Assessment of chemical treatability of olive mill wastewaters by coagulation and electrocoagulation

Zeytinyağı üretiminde ortaya çıkan karasuyun arıtımı yüksek biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ5 = 15-135 g/L), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ = 37-318 g/L), askıda katı madde (AKM = 6-69 g/L) ve toplam fenol (TF = 2-5 g/L) içeriği nedeniyle önem taşımaktadır. Zeytinyağı endüstrisi atıksuları aynı zamanda 10 g/L'yi aşan fenolik ve tannik asit içerikleri nedeniyle biyolojik olarak zor ayrışan bir yapıya sahip olup antimikrobiyal aktiviteye, başka bir deyişle toksisiteye sebep olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, zeytinyağı karasuyundan koagülasyon ve elektrokoagülasyon yöntemleriyle organik madde giderimi hedeflenmiştir. Sönmüş kireç (Ca(OH)2), demir(III) klorür (FeCl3.6H2O), alum (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) ve demir bazlı ticari koagülan ve pıhtılaştırma yardımcısı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen koagülasyon deneylerinde elde edilen en yüksek KOİ ve TOK giderim verimleri, kireç ile çöktürme için pH 11’de % 49 ve % 38, demir(III) klorür ile çöktürme için pH 7.0’de 1000 mg/L FeCl3 dozajında % 44 ve % 53, alum ile çöktürme için pH 6.5’da 1500 mg/L dozajda % 40 ve % 36 ve demir bazlı ticari bir koagülan ve pıhtılaştırma yardımcısı ile çöktürme için ise % 46 ve % 43 olarak belirlenmiştir. Uygulanan kimyasal arıtma prosesleri arasında en yüksek organik madde giderimi, çelik elektrodlar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen elektrokoagülasyonda KOİ ve TOK bazında sırasıyla % 60 ve % 65 oranlarında elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen deneysel sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde, koagülasyon ve elektrokoagülasyon arıtma proseslerinin organik karbon ve fenolik madde gideriminde yaklaşık olarak aynı düzeyde giderim sağladığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu çalışma çerçevesinde incelenen kimyasal arıtma proseslerinin karasu ön arıtımı için uygun ve uygulanabilir yöntemler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Antioksidan aktivitesi, elektrokoagülasyon, koagülasyon, organik karbon giderimi, toplam fenol, zeytinyağı karasuyu.Olive oil industry is of vital economic importance for many Mediterranean countries, accounting for approximately 95% of the olive oil production worldwide. Generation and disposal of around 30 million m3 of olive mill wastewater per year constitute a serious environmental problem for the Mediterranean Region, due to the unique features associated with this type of agro-wastewater, namely seasonal (typically between November and February) and localized production and the high organic carbon content quite resistant to biodegradation. The characteristics of olive mill wastewater generated in the small-to-medium scale companies largely depend on the type of extraction process employed -the traditional press method or the continuous, three-phase centrifugation process. Accordingly, the high and refractory organic content of olive mill wastewater varies in the range of 37 - 318 g/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 15 - 135 g/L biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 6-69 g/L suspended solids and 2.5 g/L total phenolic content (TPh). Different physical, chemical and biological processes have so far been proposed for olive mill wastewater treatment. Recently, olive mill wastewater was subjected to sequential coagulation/ flocculation/sedimentation /filtration processes as well as lime treatment, resulting in 62-73% phenolics removal depending upon the process applied for olive oil extraction. More than 40% COD and about 95% oil and grease removals were obtained in these studies. Olive mill wastewater could also be partially treated via coagulation using different polyelectrolyte materials; nearly complete reduction in suspended solids was accomplished accompanied with partial reductions in COD and BOD5 up to 55% and 23%, respectively. The use of conventional coagulants such as alum and ferric chloride was also reported, resulting in 90-91% total phenols and 94-95% COD removals after preliminary acid cracking. Biological treatment methods such as the activated sludge process and anaerobic digestion were also investigated, all reporting different operating problems due to the high toxicity and bio-inhibitory effect of the olive mill wastewater on heterotrophic biomass. Therefore, the elimination of polyphenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater via appropriate chemical pretreatment methods was considered as an important criterion for toxicity reduction. As briefly summarized above, results of previous experimental work on the treatability of olive mill wastewater, although extensive, are too diverse and conclusive, mainly because they only focus on collective parameters describing the organic carbon content of wastewater, such as COD, BOD5, etc. Within the scope of the present experimental study, organic carbon removal from olive mill wastewater via different chemical treatment processes (coagulation and electrocoagulation) was investigated. For this purpose, hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2), ferric chloride (FeCl3.6H2O), alum (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) and commercial grade iron base coagulant and coagulant aid were employed as coagulants. Highest COD and TOC removals were obtained with lime precipitation at pH 11 as 49% and 38%, with 1000 mg/L ferric chloride at pH 7.0 as 44% and 53%, with 1500 mg/L alum at pH 6.5 as 40% and 36%, and with commercial grade iron base coagulant and coagulant aid as 46% and 43%, respectively. Highest organic carbon removal was achieved with electrocoagulation using stainless steel electrodes resulting in 60% and 65% COD and TOC abatement respectively, accompanied with 55% antioxidant activity and 52% total phenolics removals. It could be concluded that applying electrocoagulation (with stainless steel electrodes) that has recently received great interest because of its enigmatic treatment performance, resulted in considerably higher treatment performance as compared to the other chemical treatment processes due to its combinative abatement modes featuring redox reactions as well as coagulation, adsorption, precipitation and flotation. Considering the obtained experimental results, it can be concluded that coagulation and electrocoagulation are suitable treatment options for organic carbon and phenolic matter removal from olive mill wastewater. In the light of the experimental findings, it can be inferred that all investigated chemical processes are suitable for chemical pretreatment of olive mill wastewater. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, coagulation, electrocoagulation, olive mill wastewater, organic carbon removal, total phenol.

Clinicopathological and survival characteristics of mismatch repair status and PD-1 expression in serous ovarian cancer

Objective: To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency and its clinical outcomes by performing immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MMR genes in the serous ovarian cancer (SOC) tumour sections.Study Design: A retrospective case-control study. Place and Duration of the Study: Gynecology Department of Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, and Department of Medical Oncology of Medipol University, between March 2001 and January 2020. Methodology: IHC was carried out for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 on full-section slides from 127 SOCs to evaluate the MMR status. MMR-negative and MMR-low groups together were defined as MMR deficient and called microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H). The MSI status and expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) were compared in SOCs with different MMR statuses. Results: A significantly higher frequency of MMR-deficient SOCs was diagnosed at early stages compared with the patients in the MSS group (38.6% and 20.6%, respectively, p=0.022). The frequency of cases with PD-1 expression was significantly higher in the MSI-H group (76.2%) than in the MSS counterparts (58.8%, p=0.028). Patients in the MSI-H group had significantly longer DFS (25.6 months) and OS (not reached) than those in the MSS group (16 months and 48.9 months, p=0.039 and p=0.026, respectively).Conclusion: MSI-H SOCs were diagnosed at an earlier stage as compared to MMR proficient cases. The presence of PD-1 expres-sion was significantly higher in cases presenting MMR deficiency compared with MMR-proficient cases. MSI status was significantly associated with DFS and OS

The prevalence of drug-drug interactions and reported therapy related side-effects in oncology out-patients

Objective: The use of multiple medications in cancer patients is unavoidable; thus, adverse drug-drug interactions are frequent. This study aims to assess the prevalence of potential drug interactions in oncology patients visiting the outpatient chemotherapy unit. Method: Demographic and health-related information of patients visiting an outpatient chemotherapy unit was recorded using a pre-prepared form. A comprehensive list of all concurrently used medications was compiled and checked for interactions with the Micromedex online drug interaction tool.Results: A total of 179 adult patients were included. We recorded an average of 9.3 drugs per patient with 79 patients using more than 10 drugs. A total of 1671 drugs including 303 chemotherapeutic agents were assessed for drug-drug interactions. A total of 374 interactions, of which 203 were significant, were recorded in 118 (65.9%) patients with an average of 3.2 interactions per patient. Only 46 major interactions were recorded for anticancer agents. Cyclophosphamide (n=13) and cisplatin (n=12) were involved in most interactions. The number of interactions correlated with the number of drugs used (p=.001) and the presence of comorbidities (p=.002). The presence of comorbidities increased the risk of interaction by 1.21 (p=.04). Recorded side effects were not correlated to drug interactions. Conclusion: Medication review in cancer patients is essential in establishing all medications used by patients. Routine assessment in terms of potential drug interactions and evaluation of these interactions by a qualified pharmacist may help in optimizing patient outcomes

Our experience on brachial plexus blockade in upper extremity surgery

Objective: Peripheral nerve blocks are usually used either alone or along with general anesthesia for postoperative analgesia. We also aimed to present the results and experiences.Materials and methods: This retrospective study was conducted to scan the files of patients who underwent orthopedic upper extremity surgery with peripheral nerve block between September 2009 and October 2010. After ethics committee approval was obtained, 114 patients who were ASA physical status I-III, aged 18-70, performed upper extremity surgery in the Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic were included to study. Patients’ demographic data, clinical diagnoses, premedication status, peripheral block type, local anesthetic dose, stimuplex needle types, hemodynamic parameters at the during surgery, the first postoperative analgesic requirements, complications and patient satisfaction were recorded.Results: Demographic data were similar to each other. Brachial plexus block was commonly performed for the forearm surgery. Infraclavicular block was performed the most frequently to patients. As the classical methods in the supine position were preferred in 98.2% of patients, Stimuplex A needle (B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Germany) have been used for blockage in 80.7% of patients. Also, in 54.4% of patients, 30 ml of local anesthetic solution composed of bupivacaine + prilocaine was used for blockade. Blocks applied to patients had provided adequate anesthesia.Conclusion: Since the brachial plexus blockade guided peripheral nerve stimulator for upper extremity surgery provide adequate depth of anesthesia and analgesia, it may be a good alternative to general anesthesia because of unwanted side effect

The comparison of local tumor control after microwave ablation, surgical resection and combined treatment for colorectal liver metastases

Aim. We aimed to compare the local therapeutic efficiency of microwave ablation (MWA), surgical resection, and combined treatment, assess the outcomes, and identify predictive factors for local treatment response in colorectal liver metastases (CLMs). Methods. From March 2013 to September 2019, a total of 54 patients with 302 CLMs were enrolled in this retrospective study. Eleven patients (20.4%) were treated with MWA, 9 patients (16.7%) with surgery, and 34 patients (63%) with the combined method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate overall survival (OS) and hepatic progression-free survival (HPFS) using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. The logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictive factors for the local treatment response. Results. Total treatment response was achieved in 46.3% (n=25) of the patients. Local tumor progression was seen in 7.4% (n=4) of the patients, and the rate of intrahepatic distal recurrence was 46.3% (n=25). There were no significant differences in HPFS and OS between the three groups (p=0.56 and 0.90, respectively). Younger age

Turkologu u čast! Zbornik radova povodom 70. rođendana Ekrema Čauševića

Few professions are so closely associated with a specific individual. Few individuals are so attached to their vocations that it is impossible to observe them separately. In Croatia the word turkologist has become almost synonymous with Professor Ekrem Čaušević, a scholar known world-wide, who established the first university program in Turkish studies in the country—hence the title for the collection of essays dedicated to the Professor on the occasion of his 70th birthday. This volume contains twenty-five papers, mostly from the realm of Turkish studies, authored by the Professor’s colleagues, friends and associates. There are many links in it to the honoree—dedications, acknowledgments, and references to his works—eloquent reminders of the influence of his research accomplishments and longstanding successful collaboration with scholars in Turkish studies, Croatian studies, historians and linguists. Contributions authored by junior colleagues in Turkish studies are proof of the Professor’s determination to encourage the most competent students to engage in research. The diverse topics in this volume reflect the extensive research interests of Ekrem Čaušević. The first part, “Philology”, is focused on the area Čaušević contributed to the most. The second part, “History”, contains contributions that do not belong to the research interests of Ekrem Čaušević in the narrower sense. However, historiography still presents a relevant and valuable framework for his linguistic works which include a diachronic perspective as well.Malo je struka i zanimanja čiji spomen izaziva asocijacije na točno određenu osobu. Malo je i pojedinaca koji toliko srastu sa svojim životnim pozivom da ih je nemoguće odvojeno promatrati. U Hrvatskoj se riječ turkolog gotovo kao sinonim vezuje uz ime profesora Ekrema Čauševića, znanstvenika svjetskoga glasa i utemeljitelja prvog sveučilišnog studija turkologije u Hrvatskoj. Otud i naslov ovoga zbornika koji mu darujemo za 70. rođendan. Zbornik sadrži dvadeset pet većinom turkoloških radova profesorovih kolega, prijatelja i suradnika. Mnogo je u njemu poveznica sa slavljenikom – posveta, zahvala i pozivanja na njegove radove – rječitih podsjetnika na utjecaj njegovih znanstvenih postignuća i dugogodišnju uspješnu suradnju s turkolozima, kroatistima, povjesničarima, lingvistima i drugim istraživačima. Prilozi autora mlađega naraštaja hrvatskih turkologa potvrda su uspjeha profesorovih nastojanja da najvrsnije studente potakne na bavljenje znanošću. Tematska raznolikost ovdje okupljenih radova odražava obuhvatnost istraživačkih interesa Ekrema Čauševića. Prva cjelina, “Filologija“, posvećena je području u kojemu je dao najveći doprinos. Druga cjelina, „Povijest“, obuhvaća priloge koji ne pripadaju najužem istraživačkom polju Ekrema Čauševića, no historiografija je važan okvir njegovih jezikoslovnih radova s dijakronijskom dimenzijom

Turkologu u čast! Zbornik radova povodom 70. rođendana Ekrema Čauševića

Few professions are so closely associated with a specific individual. Few individuals are so attached to their vocations that it is impossible to observe them separately. In Croatia the word turkologist has become almost synonymous with Professor Ekrem Čaušević, a scholar known world-wide, who established the first university program in Turkish studies in the country—hence the title for the collection of essays dedicated to the Professor on the occasion of his 70th birthday. This volume contains twenty-five papers, mostly from the realm of Turkish studies, authored by the Professor’s colleagues, friends and associates. There are many links in it to the honoree—dedications, acknowledgments, and references to his works—eloquent reminders of the influence of his research accomplishments and longstanding successful collaboration with scholars in Turkish studies, Croatian studies, historians and linguists. Contributions authored by junior colleagues in Turkish studies are proof of the Professor’s determination to encourage the most competent students to engage in research. The diverse topics in this volume reflect the extensive research interests of Ekrem Čaušević. The first part, “Philology”, is focused on the area Čaušević contributed to the most. The second part, “History”, contains contributions that do not belong to the research interests of Ekrem Čaušević in the narrower sense. However, historiography still presents a relevant and valuable framework for his linguistic works which include a diachronic perspective as well.Malo je struka i zanimanja čiji spomen izaziva asocijacije na točno određenu osobu. Malo je i pojedinaca koji toliko srastu sa svojim životnim pozivom da ih je nemoguće odvojeno promatrati. U Hrvatskoj se riječ turkolog gotovo kao sinonim vezuje uz ime profesora Ekrema Čauševića, znanstvenika svjetskoga glasa i utemeljitelja prvog sveučilišnog studija turkologije u Hrvatskoj. Otud i naslov ovoga zbornika koji mu darujemo za 70. rođendan. Zbornik sadrži dvadeset pet većinom turkoloških radova profesorovih kolega, prijatelja i suradnika. Mnogo je u njemu poveznica sa slavljenikom – posveta, zahvala i pozivanja na njegove radove – rječitih podsjetnika na utjecaj njegovih znanstvenih postignuća i dugogodišnju uspješnu suradnju s turkolozima, kroatistima, povjesničarima, lingvistima i drugim istraživačima. Prilozi autora mlađega naraštaja hrvatskih turkologa potvrda su uspjeha profesorovih nastojanja da najvrsnije studente potakne na bavljenje znanošću. Tematska raznolikost ovdje okupljenih radova odražava obuhvatnost istraživačkih interesa Ekrema Čauševića. Prva cjelina, “Filologija“, posvećena je području u kojemu je dao najveći doprinos. Druga cjelina, „Povijest“, obuhvaća priloge koji ne pripadaju najužem istraživačkom polju Ekrema Čauševića, no historiografija je važan okvir njegovih jezikoslovnih radova s dijakronijskom dimenzijom

Hendiadys in Old Uighur Abhidharma Texts

Özet Anlamı güçlendirmek amacıyla aynı sözcüklerin tekrar edilmesi, anlamları birbirine yakın ya da karşıt olan sözcüklerin veya aralarında ses benzerliği bulunan anlamlı ya da anlamsız sözcüklerin yan yana kullanılması ile kurulan ikilemeler hem tarihî hem de çağdaş Türk dillerinde sık başvurulan bir ifade biçimi olmuştur. Eski Uygurca içinde de önemli bir yeri bulunan bu ifade biçiminin Eski Uygurca Abhidharma metinlerinde de sıklıkla kullanıldığı gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Eski Uygurca Abhidharma-kośabhāṣya (阿毘達磨俱舎論 Apidamo jushelun) ile Abhidharmakośabhāṣya-ṭīkā-tattvārthā (阿毘達磨俱舎論實義疏 Apidamo jushelun shi-yishu) eserlerindeki ikilemeler, Türkiye Türkçesindeki karşılıkları ile birlikte bir liste hâlinde sunulmuştur

Eski Uygurca Abhidharma Metinlerindeki İkilemeler

Özet Anlamı güçlendirmek amacıyla aynı sözcüklerin tekrar edilmesi, anlamları birbirine yakın ya da karşıt olan sözcüklerin veya aralarında ses benzerliği bulunan anlamlı ya da anlamsız sözcüklerin yan yana kullanılması ile kurulan ikilemeler hem tarihî hem de çağdaş Türk dillerinde sık başvurulan bir ifade biçimi olmuştur. Eski Uygurca içinde de önemli bir yeri bulunan bu ifade biçiminin Eski Uygurca Abhidharma metinlerinde de sıklıkla kullanıldığı gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Eski Uygurca Abhidharma-kośabhāṣya (阿毘達磨俱舎論 Apidamo jushelun) ile Abhidharmakośabhāṣya-ṭīkā-tattvārthā (阿毘達磨俱舎論實義疏 Apidamo jushelun shi-yishu) eserlerindeki ikilemeler, Türkiye Türkçesindeki karşılıkları ile birlikte bir liste hâlinde sunulmuştur