Antimicrobial resistance in the Spanish swine production: Impact of the production system and the antimicrobial use = Resistencias antimicrobianas en la producción porcina española: impacto del sistema de producción y del uso de antibióticos

207[ES] La resistencia a los antimicrobianos es una amenaza global para la salud pública y el medioambiente derivada del uso prolongado y frecuentemente inadecuado de antibióticos en medicina humana y veterinaria. En producción animal se han descrito diversos factores que pueden repercutir en el uso de antibióticos y, en consecuencia, en las resistencias, entre los que destacan el sistema de producción y las medidas de bioseguridad implementadas en la granja. En este sentido, las producciones de cerdo ibérico ecológica y extensiva se basan en sistemas de cría sostenibles y respetuosos con el entorno, constituyendo una excelente oportunidad para evaluar cómo las diferencias sostenidas de las distintas formas de uso de antibióticos repercuten en las resistencias antimicrobianas, no solo en los animales, sino también en el ambiente de la granja. El objetivo general de la presente tesis doctoral es ofrecer una descripción exhaustiva de las resistencias antimicrobianas en la producción porcina española, tanto en granjas intensivas como en las de producción ecológica-extensiva. Los estudios realizados se desarrollan en cuatro capítulos que abordan la evaluación del potencial de los microorganismos centinela en la monitorización de resistencias a los antimicrobianos y la caracterización genómica y metagenómica del resistoma y del mobiloma de las explotaciones porcinas. Las bacterias centinela recuperadas de granjas de producción ecológica-extensiva presentaron de forma sistemática menores resistencias antimicrobianas que aquellas procedentes de explotaciones porcinas intensivas, siendo el uso de antibióticos el factor más influyente. Además, aunque no se observó una relación directa entre el uso de antibióticos y la bioseguridad en las granjas, ciertas medidas, como la aplicación de protocolos de limpieza y desinfección adecuados, tuvieron un impacto aparente en la reducción de resistencias en Escherichia coli y Enterococcus spp. de granjas intensivas. La combinación de la caracterización fenotípica y genotípica de las resistencias antimicrobianas demostró el potencial de Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. y Staphylococcus spp. en la monitorización de resistencias en porcino, ya que estas bacterias resultaron ser importantes reservorios de determinantes de resistencia potencialmente movilizables. La vigilancia de las resistencias en Campylobacter coli también se demostró útil, pese a portar un menor número de determinantes de resistencia en su genoma. Por el contrario, los resultados de Salmonella enterica indicaron que no es un buen indicador de resistencia en estas granjas debido a su presencia esporádica en porcino y que su resistencia a los antimicrobianos está condicionada por el serotipo. El estudio genómico de las bacterias centinela demostró que la estructura tanto del resistoma como del mobiloma dependía del taxón, con mayores similitudes entre aquellas bacterias más relacionadas filogenéticamente. Este hecho fue corroborado en el estudio metagenómico, donde se observó que la composición del resistoma estaba primariamente asociada al tipo de muestra debido a cambios en las poblaciones bacterianas predominantes en cada nicho biológico. Por último, tanto el abordaje genómico como el metagenómico revelaron una clara interacción del resistoma y el mobiloma, la cual era más compleja en las granjas intensivas. En conjunto, esta tesis doctoral demuestra que el desarrollo de resistencias a los antimicrobianos está fuertemente ligado a los elementos genéticos móviles y al uso de antimicrobianos. [EN] Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to public health and the environment derived from the prolonged and often inappropriate use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. In food-producing animals, several factors have been described that may have an impact on the use of antimicrobials and, consequently, on antimicrobial resistance, among which we can highlight the production system and the biosecurity measures implemented on the farm. In this sense, organic and extensive Iberian pig productions are based on sustainable and eco-friendly farming systems, providing an excellent opportunity to evaluate how sustained differences in the various forms of antimicrobial use impact antimicrobial resistance, not only in the animals, but also in the farm environment. The general objective of this doctoral thesis is to provide an in-depth characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Spanish swine production, both on intensive and organic-extensive farms. The studies carried out are developed in four chapters that address the evaluation of the potential of sentinel microorganisms in the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and the genomic and metagenomic characterization of the resistome and mobilome of pig farms. Sentinel bacteria recovered from organic-extensive farms consistently showed lower antimicrobial resistance than those from intensive pig herds, with antimicrobial use as the most influential factor. In addition, although no direct relationship was observed between antimicrobial use and on-farm biosecurity, certain measures, such as the application of standardized cleaning and disinfection protocols, had an apparent impact on the reduction of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. recovered from intensive pig herds. The combination of phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance demonstrated the potential of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. as sentinel microorganisms for antimicrobial resistance surveillance in swine, as these bacteria emerged as important reservoirs of potentially mobilizable antimicrobial resistance determinants. Likewise, antimicrobial resistance monitoring in Campylobacter coli proved to be useful even though this species harbored a reduced number of antimicrobial resistance determinants in its genome. In contrast, Salmonella enterica was not a good bioindicator due to its sporadic presence in swine production and the serotype-biased antimicrobial resistance. The genomic study of sentinel bacteria evidenced that the structure of both the resistome and mobilome was taxon-dependent, with greater similarities among those bacteria more phylogenetically related. This fact was corroborated in the metagenomic study, in which it was observed that the composition of the resistome was primarily determined by the type of sample due to changes in the predominant bacterial populations in each microecosystem. Finally, both genomic and metagenomic approaches revealed a clear interaction of the resistome and the mobilome, which was more complex on intensive farms. Overall, this doctoral thesis demonstrates that the development of antimicrobial resistance is strongly associated with mobile genetic elements and antimicrobial use

The importance of visualization in learning mathematical concepts

En los últimos tiempos, el estudio de la visualización en el pensamiento matemático es objeto de numerosas investigaciones, en parte, posiblemente, debido al surgimiento de la computadora como un recurso didáctico para la comprensión de conceptos matemáticos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre la importancia de poder relacionar e interpretar imágenes visuales (utilizando manipulables virtuales) con la información que está dada en forma simbólica. Presentamos una propuesta didáctica para la comprensión del concepto de exactitud del método de Simpson utilizándose la interfase gráfica de MATLAB, GUI (graphical user interface), la cual fue puesta en práctica con alumnos de la asignatura Cálculo Numérico de la carrera Ingeniería Electrónica. El uso reflexivo y creativo de las nuevas tecnologías permiten dar un significado concreto a las nociones matemáticas. Por esta razón es necesario el diseño de nuevos materiales utilizando esta nueva metodología, donde muestren su uso efectivo en el aula. Del análisis realizado en la evaluación escrita y en el examen parcial de la asignatura, observamos que esta nueva metodología permite afianzar la comprensión y fijar el concepto con mayor facilidad a los que se someten a la enseñanza predominantemente algorítmica.In recent times, the study of the display in mathematical thought is the subject of numerous investigations, in part, possibly due to the emergence of the computer as an educational resource for the understanding of mathematical concepts. This work aims to reflect on the importance of being able to relate and interpret visual images (using manipulable virtual) with the information that is given in symbolic form. We present a didactic proposal for the understanding of the concept of the accuracy of the Simpson's method using the graphical interface of MATLAB, GUI (graphical user interface), which was implemented with students from the subject numerical calculation of the career Electronic Engineering. Use reflective and creative of the new technologies, allow give concrete meaning to the mathematical notions. For this reason it is necessary to design of new materials using this new methodology, where show their effective use in the classroom. The analysis made in the written assessment and in the partial examination of the subject, we note that this new methodology allows you to strengthen the understanding and establish the concept more easily to those who undergo the teaching predominantly algorithmic

Arquitectura y dopamina: Una visión de la arquitectura actual

Architectural narration, since the 2008 crisis, has undergone a process of transformation in which certain sectors have reformulated their creative creed by incorporating new languages ??that attempted to surpass those generated in the decades of economic prosperity. However, over the years, everything that was sought to be supplanted by a generous, more collective and close idea has been reducing its strength. Innovation and surprise have come to gloss project strategies, in line with a commercialized world that only knows about news, supplemented by any type of narration by an entire collection of images where what matters is the invention and the dopamine generated by its acceptance.La narración arquitectónica, desde la crisis del 2008, ha sufrido un proceso de transformación en la que determinados sectores han reformulado su credo creativo incorporando nuevos lenguajes que intentaron superar a los generados en las décadas de bonanza económica. Sin embargo, con el paso de los años, todo aquello que se quiso suplantar por una generosa idea más colectiva y próxima ha ido reduciendo su pujanza. La innovación y lo sorpresivo han pasado a glosar las estrategias proyectuales, en consonancia con un mundo mercantilizado que solo sabe de novedades, suplementado cualquier tipo de narración por toda una colección de imágenes donde lo que importa es la invención y la dopamina que genera su aceptació

Arquitectura y dopamina: Una visión de la arquitectura actual

Architectural narration, since the 2008 crisis, has undergone a process of transformation in which certain sectors have reformulated their creative creed by incorporating new languages ??that attempted to surpass those generated in the decades of economic prosperity. However, over the years, everything that was sought to be supplanted by a generous, more collective and close idea has been reducing its strength. Innovation and surprise have come to gloss project strategies, in line with a commercialized world that only knows about news, supplemented by any type of narration by an entire collection of images where what matters is the invention and the dopamine generated by its acceptance.La narración arquitectónica, desde la crisis del 2008, ha sufrido un proceso de transformación en la que determinados sectores han reformulado su credo creativo incorporando nuevos lenguajes que intentaron superar a los generados en las décadas de bonanza económica. Sin embargo, con el paso de los años, todo aquello que se quiso suplantar por una generosa idea más colectiva y próxima ha ido reduciendo su pujanza. La innovación y lo sorpresivo han pasado a glosar las estrategias proyectuales, en consonancia con un mundo mercantilizado que solo sabe de novedades, suplementado cualquier tipo de narración por toda una colección de imágenes donde lo que importa es la invención y la dopamina que genera su aceptació

Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma applied to post-extraction retained lower third molar alveoli. A systematic review

Dental retentions have a high prevalence among the general population and their removal can involve multiple complications. The use of platelet rich plasma has been proposed in an attempt to avoid these complications, as it contains high growth factors and stimulates diverse biological functions that facilitate the healing of soft and hard tissues. Objectives: To evaluate the available scientific evidence related to the application of platelet-rich plasma in the post-extraction alveoli of a retained lower third molars. Material and Methods: A systematic review of published literature registered in the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane and NIH databases. The following categories were included: human randomized clinical studies. Key search words were: platelet rich plasma; platelet rich plasma and oral surgery; platelet rich in growth factors and third molar. Results: Of 101 potentially valid articles, seven were selected, of which four were rejected as they failed to meet quality criteria. Three studies fulfilled all selection and quality criteria: Ogundipe et al.; Rutkowski et al.; Haraji et al. The studies all measured osteoblast activity by means of sintigraphy, and also registered pain, bleeding, inflammation, temperature, numbness as perceived by the patients, radiological bone density and the incidence of alveolar osteitis. Conclusions: Scientific evidence for the use of PRP in retained third molar surgery is poor. For this reason rando - mized clinical trials are needed before recommendations for the clinical application of PRP can be made

Detection and Genetic Diversity of Porcine Coronavirus Involved in Diarrhea Outbreaks in Spain

[EN]Porcine enteric coronaviruses include some of the most relevant viral pathogens to the swine industry such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as well as several recently identified virus such as swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) or swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV). The aim of this study is the identification and characterization of enteric coronaviruses on Spanish pig farms between 2017 and 2019. The study was carried out on 106 swine farms with diarrhea outbreaks where a viral etiology was suspected by using two duplex RT-PCRs developed for the detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses. PEDV was the only coronavirus detected in our research (38.7% positive outbreaks, 41 out of 106) and neither TGEV, SeCoV, PDCoV nor SeACoV were detected in any of the samples. The complete S-gene of all the PEDV isolates recovered were obtained and compared to PEDV and SeCoV sequences available in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree showed that only PEDV of the INDEL 2 or G1b genogroup has circulated in Spain between 2017 and 2019. Three different variants were detected, the recombinant PEDV-SeCoV being the most widespread. These results show that PEDV is a relevant cause of enteric disorders in pigs in Spain while new emerging coronavirus have not been detected so far. However, the monitoring of these virus is advisable to curtail their emergence and spread.SIThis work was supported by the program from the National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA project E-RTA2015-0003-C02-02) of Spanish Government. HP, ÓM-A, and HA were supported by Spanish Government (FPU17/00466, FPU16/03485, and BEAGAL-18-106, respectively) and MG-G by Junta de Castilla y León (LE131-18)

In vitro activity of essential oils against microbial isolates from otitis externa cases in dogs

[EN] Despite the number of studies focused on the potential use of essential oils (EOs) as an alternative to conventional treatments of canine external otitis, there is controversy about their antimicrobial activity which could be explained by differences in technical or biological aspects. This study focuses on the antimicrobial activity of three single EO compounds (thymol, cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol) and two EOs (clove and oregano) against clinical isolates recovered from canine otitis externa cases (14 bacterial isolates belonging to five different genera and six Malassezia pachydermatis isolates). All compounds showed activity and cinnamaldehyde exhibited the highest bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The susceptibility was lower among bacterial isolates than fungal isolates, being this difference more evident for Gram-positive bacteria. No relationship between antibiotic multi-resistant profile and susceptibility to compounds was observed. To sum up, our results provide appropriate information about appropriate concentrations of promising candidates for the topic treatment of canine otitis.SIManuel Gómez-García was supported by grant from Junta de Castilla y León co-financed by the European Social Fund (LE131-18). Héctor Puente (FPU17/00466) and Óscar Mencía-Ares (FPU16/03485) were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education. Héctor Argüello was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education under the programme Beatriz Galindo (BEAGAL-18-106)

Genomic Insights into the Mobilome and Resistome of Sentinel Microorganisms Originating from Farms of Two Different Swine Production Systems

[EN] Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to public health due to long-term antimicrobial use (AMU), which promotes the bacterial acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants (ARDs). Within food-producing animals, organic and extensive Iberian swine production is based on sustainable and eco-friendly management systems, providing an excellent opportunity to evaluate how sustained differences in AMU impact the development and spread of AMR. Here, through a whole-genome sequencing approach, we provide an in-depth characterization of the resistome and mobilome and their interaction in 466 sentinel bacteria, namely, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Campylobacter coli, and Staphylococcus spp., recovered from 37 intensive and organic-extensive pig farms. Both ARDs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were primarily taxon-associated, with higher similarities among bacteria which were closely phylogenetically related. E. coli exhibited the most diverse resistome and mobilome, with 85.4% mobilizable ARDs, 50.3% of which were plasmid-associated. Staphylococcus spp. exhibited a broad repertoire of ARDs and MGEs, with 52.3% of its resistome being mobilizable. Although Enterococcus spp. carried the highest number of ARDs per isolate and its plasmidome was similar in size to that of E. coli, 43.7% of its resistome was mobilizable. A narrow spectrum of ARDs constituted the C. coli resistome, with point mutations as its main AMR driver. A constrained AMU, as observed in organic-extensive herds, determined a reduction in the quantitative composition of the resistome and the complexity of the resistome-mobilome interaction. These results demonstrate taxon-associated AMR-MGE interactions and evidence that responsible AMU can contribute to reducing AMR pressure in the food chainSIWe acknowledge the excellent technical assistance provided by Diana Molina, Lucía Pérez, and Clara Vega, the help with data management provided by Laura Uelze, and the help by Katharina Thomas and Beatrice Baumann in sequencing library preparation. We also thank the veterinary practitioners and farmers for their willingness to collaborate and, in particular, Álvaro Fernández-Blanco for his support in contacting the farms. O.M.-A. received a grant from the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Universidades), no. EST 19/00806, for a short stay at the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. O.M.-A. also holds a grant from the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional), no. FPU 16/03485. H.A. is financially supported by the “Beatriz Galindo” Program from the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional), no. BEAGAL-18-106. Study design was performed by A.C., H.A. and A.A.-O. Samples were prepared by O.M.-A. M.B. performed the whole-genome sequencing. C.D. performed the computational analyses, with contribution from J.F.C.-D. Statistical analyses were performed by O.M.-A. with contributions from C.D. and J.F.C.-D. B.M., H.A. and A.A.-O. provided technical and scientific support on the analysis. O.M.-A., H.A., A.C., A.A.-O., B.M., M.B. and C.D. participated in writing the manuscript or contributed to its revision. All authors revised the manuscript and approved the final versio

Ankle Injuries Associated with Basketball Practice: Current Situation and Literature Review

Introduction: Basketball is one of the most practiced sports in the world. Traditionally, it has been considered that it is a sport of low physical contact, and that sports injuries occur less frequently than in other sports such as football or rugby. However, we have seen the appearance of several recent studies that count basketball as one of the sports with higher injury rates, and among them, especially ankle injuries. Material and methods: In our study, we performed a literature review on ankle injuries associated with basketball practice. We selected the relevant articles of Pubmed using the keywords “basketball”, “ankle” (ankle) and “injury”, published between 2006 and 2015. We limited the selection to those studies that dealt with injuries associated with basketball, whether descriptive or analytical, without taking into account the populations that the authors studied or whether in addition to basketball, other sports were included. The exclusion criteria were as follows: experimental studies, case reports and then whose text is impossible to obtain. Results and discussion: Initially 114 studies were obtained, of which 13 were selected applying the previously mentioned criteria. They observed the incidence of ankle injuries during basketball practice in different population groups, different levels of practice (professional and amateur) and during different periods of time. Among professional athletes, we could observe that ankle sprains account for more than 20% of the injuries suffered by athletes that they are accountable for almost 10% of the matches that a professional player loses because of an injury, and that only about half of them take place during a game, which increases the importance of injuries that occur during practice. When it comes to amateur level basketball, we can observe in several studies that, while the male population is more prone to need medical assistance for ankle injuries during the practice of this sport (from 18.3% of injuries associated with basketball, up to 52%, according to the series), the female population has a greater predisposition for knee injuries (63% of injuries associated with basketball for only 21% of ankle injuries in some jobs). Conclusions: After analysing the recent literature, we could draw among others the following conclusions: basketball is a sport which is closely linked to the appearance of ankle injuries; the most prevalent ankle injury is sprain; the incidence of injuries increases the higher the level of practice, being maximum in professionals; these injuries have an evident impact on the athlete’s usual sports and extrasports practice; and gender may have an influence on the joint affected by basketball related injuries. Basketball is a rising sport at the moment, with a great social and economic impact in the world of today. Its practice is becoming more frequent, and with it the incidence of injuries associated with it, especially those occurring in the ankle joint. It is therefore expected that in the coming years, we are likely to observe the appearance of more works in the literature that confirm this fact, as well as advances in the treatment and recovery of the athletes who suffer them