23 research outputs found

    ButylĂ©tains dans les eaux du fjord du Saguenay (Canada) : menace pour l’écosystĂšme d’un milieu semi-fermé ?

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    Dans le cadre de travaux sur le comportement des composĂ©s des butylĂ©tains dans les milieux cĂŽtiers froids, des Ă©chantillons d’eau, de matiĂšre particulaire en suspension et de seston (phyto- et zooplancton) ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s Ă  huit (8) stations le long du fjord du Saguenay (Canada) et dans la baie des Ha! Ha! en mai 2001. Les concentrations en butylĂ©tains totaux (MBT + DBT + TBT) Ă©taient significativement plus Ă©levĂ©es en surface (26 Ă  206 ng Sn L-1) que dans les Ă©chantillons de fond (7 Ă  30 ng Sn L-1). Les niveaux trouvĂ©s Ă  l’embouchure du fjord Ă©taient deux fois plus Ă©levĂ©s que ceux observĂ©s dans son axe principal et cinq fois plus Ă©levĂ©s que ceux dans la baie des Ha! Ha! dont les concentrations variaient de 40 Ă  55 ng Sn L-1 avec les plus Ă©levĂ©es Ă  proximitĂ© de Port‑Alfred. Le tributylĂ©tain (TBT) est toujours le composĂ© minoritaire, que ce soit dans les eaux de surface (de 1 Ă  5 %) ou dans la couche d’eau profonde (5 Ă  24 %). Le dibutylĂ©tain (DBT) domine dans les deux masses d’eau avec des proportions d’environ 85 % pour la surface et de 34 Ă  90 % au fond. Le monobutylĂ©tain (MBT) est prĂ©sent dans toute la colonne d’eau avec des pourcentages fluctuant de 4 Ă  15 % dans les eaux de surface et de 2 Ă  46 % dans les eaux profondes. Les butylĂ©tains sont Ă©galement prĂ©sents dans tous les Ă©chantillons de seston. En surface, les concentrations des mĂ©tabolites (DBT + MBT) sont plus Ă©levĂ©es (25 Ă  59 ng Sn g-1) que celles du TBT (10 et 20 ng Sn g-1). Dans la couche de fond, le TBT est majoritaire dans le seston avec des concentrations similaires entre les stations d’environ 30 ng Sn g-1. Les facteurs de bioconcentration obtenus Ă  partir des donnĂ©es du seston confirment que les niveaux de TBT dans l’eau sont suffisants pour induire une bioaccumulation par Ă©tape au sein de la chaĂźne alimentaire. Enfin, les concentrations en TBT dans la colonne d’eau semblent bien au-dessus du niveau susceptible de perturber l’écosystĂšme en causant des effets chroniques sur la reproduction de plusieurs organismes ou en affaiblissant leurs systĂšmes immunitaires.In order to understand the fate of butyltin compounds in cold coastal ecosystems, samples of water, suspended particulate matter and seston (phyto- and zoo-plankton) were taken in the Saguenay Fjord, a deep and narrow glacial valley filled with seawater from the St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada) and used as a navigation channel to reach an upstream industrial area. On one hand, this study was designed to evaluate the butyltin contamination level of waters of the Fjord. On the other hand, the samples were used to better understand the behaviour of tributyltin (TBT) and its breakdown products (dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT)) in the water column and its associated ecosystem. In addition, this study enabled us to establish if concentrations found in the Fjord may represent a toxic threat for the biota.The water sampling was carried out at eight stations and various depths along the Saguenay Fjord and in the Baie des Ha! Ha! in May 2001. During this same expedition, samples of seston were also collected at 5 and 70 m depth for the same stations. Butyltins were extracted according to a well defined protocol and quantified by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on an Ion Trap GC/MS operated in single ion monitoring (SIM) mode. In the water column, concentrations of total butyltins (MBT + DBT + TBT) were significantly higher in surface samples (26 to 206 ng Sn L-1) than in deep samples (7 to 30 ng Sn L-1). The levels found at the mouth of the Fjord were two times higher than those observed along its main axis and five times higher than those in the Baie des Ha! Ha! where concentrations varied from 40 to 55 ng Sn L-1 with the highest values observed near Port Alfred. Tributyltin (TBT) was always a minor component in water surface (from 1 to 5%) as well as in the deep water layer (5 to 24%). Dibutyltin (DBT) dominated in the two water masses with proportions of approximately 85% for surface and from 34 to 90% at the bottom. Monobutyltin (MBT) was present in all waters, contributions fluctuating from 4 to 15% in surface water and from 2 to 46% in deep water. Butyltin compounds were also present in all seston samples. In the surface layer, concentrations of metabolites (DBT + MBT) were higher (25 to 59 ng Sn g-1) than TBT itself (10 to 20 ng Sn g-1). However, TBT dominated in the deep samples (70 m depth) with similar concentrations among stations of approximately 30 ng Sn g‑1.This study presented the first evidence of the widespread butyltin contamination of Saguenay Fjord with levels typically reported for contaminated coastal areas. The shipping traffic was considered as the main source of continuous butyltin inputs, essentially TBT, but industrial activities located along the St. Lawrence Estuary were also suspected of generating the release of significant quantities of DBT, and thus contributing to the total reservoir of butyltins. The particular oceanographic conditions of the Saguenay Fjord (tidal cycles, strong stratification of water column) were responsible for the variation of concentrations among stations but also among depths. In addition, results observed in this study (high bioconcentration factors) confirmed the affinity of TBT for particulate matter compared to its metabolite, DBT. The chemical properties of TBT (low solubility, high water-sediment and water-octanol partition coefficients) are such that the processes of sorption and bioaccumulation in organisms are favoured. Bioconcentration factors calculated from seston data confirmed that the levels of TBT in water were sufficient to induce a stepwise bioaccumulation throughout the food chain. Consequently, suspended particular matter and organisms were the two compartments responsible for the TBT elimination from the water column to sediment. On the other hand, because of its higher solubility and a lower water-sediment partition coefficient, DBT was the major compound in the dissolved phase and its behaviour was influenced by hydrographic conditions. Lastly, TBT concentrations in the water column seemed well above the level likely to disturb the ecosystem by causing chronic effects on the reproduction of several organisms or by disturbing their immune systems

    L’écotoxicologie aquatique - comparaison entre les micropolluants organiques et les mĂ©taux : constats actuels et dĂ©fis pour l’avenir

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    Nous explorons dans cette synthĂšse les forces et les faiblesses de l’écotoxicologie, en nous limitant aux milieux aquatiques. Notre approche consiste Ă  comparer et contraster le comportement des contaminants organiques et inorganiques (mĂ©talliques) et Ă  identifier quelques dĂ©fis pour l’avenir. La prise en charge des contaminants organiques de synthĂšse se produit le plus souvent par simple diffusion passive au travers d’une membrane cellulaire. Vu la nature lipidique des membranes biologiques, le coefficient de partage octanol-eau (Kow) du contaminant s’avĂšre souvent un bon prĂ©dicteur de sa tendance Ă  se bioaccumuler. Par contre, les mĂ©taux prĂ©sents dans le milieu aquatique se trouvent surtout sous des formes hydrophiles et hydratĂ©es qui ne peuvent traverser les membranes biologiques par simple diffusion. Leur prise en charge fait alors appel Ă  un transport facilitĂ© qui implique des transporteurs protĂ©iques ou canaux transmembranaires. Le coefficient de partage octanol-eau de ces espĂšces mĂ©talliques se rĂ©vĂšle inutile comme prĂ©dicteur de leur bioaccumulation. Les approches et les modĂšles prĂ©dictifs diffĂšrent donc grandement entre contaminants mĂ©talliques et organiques.Pour les mĂ©taux, deux types de modĂšles sont couramment employĂ©s : des modĂšles d’équilibre (ex. : le « ModĂšle du Ligand Biotique » ou BLM) et des modĂšles cinĂ©tiques d’accumulation et d’élimination. Dans les deux cas, les paramĂštres biologiques des modĂšles sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme des « constantes » qui ne sont affectĂ©es, ni par la qualitĂ© de l’eau ambiante (ex. : pH, duretĂ©), ni par une prĂ©-exposition au mĂ©tal. Or, il y a maintenant dans la littĂ©rature scientifique de plus en plus d’indices que les propriĂ©tĂ©s clĂ©s de la surface Ă©pithĂ©liale des organismes aquatiques, qui contrĂŽlent l’accumulation et la toxicitĂ© des mĂ©taux, ne sont pas constantes, ce qui compromet l’application des modĂšles dans des cas rĂ©els d’exposition chronique sur le terrain. Contrairement aux mĂ©taux, l’essentiel du comportement environnemental des composĂ©s organiques de synthĂšse est liĂ© Ă  leur capacitĂ© de rĂ©sister Ă  divers mĂ©canismes de dĂ©gradation et Ă  leur biodisponibilitĂ© pour les organismes aquatiques. Le modĂšle de la « fugacité » permet de prĂ©dire la distribution de composĂ©s organiques entre divers compartiments pour un systĂšme considĂ©rĂ© Ă  l’équilibre mais de nombreuses contraintes chimiques et biologiques interfĂšrent avec l’utilisation de ce type de modĂšle. Les cas des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et des organomĂ©taux sont utilisĂ©s pour illustrer ces contraintes.Parmi les tout nouveaux dĂ©fis de l’écotoxicologie, nous abordons briĂšvement le dĂ©veloppement de la gĂ©nomique fonctionnelle et de l’approche Ă©cosystĂ©mique ainsi que la toute nouvelle problĂ©matique environnementale posĂ©e par les nanoparticules industrielles. L’avenir de l’écotoxicologie aquatique passe nĂ©cessairement par : (1) l’obtention de donnĂ©es de terrain et de laboratoire d’excellente qualitĂ©; (2) une comprĂ©hension approfondie des mĂ©canismes de toxicitĂ© aux niveaux molĂ©culaire et cellulaire; (3) le dĂ©veloppement de modĂšles thĂ©oriques et empiriques qui intĂšgrent mieux la rĂ©alitĂ© physiologique et Ă©cologique; (4) le dĂ©veloppement d’indicateurs Ă©cosystĂ©miques capables de fournir une image globale de la qualitĂ© d’un environnement aquatique, quelle que soit sa complexitĂ© inhĂ©rente.In this review we consider the current state of the field of ecotoxicology, with an emphasis on aquatic environments, and explore its strengths and weaknesses. We compare and contrast the environmental behaviour of organic and inorganic contaminants, and identify a number of challenges for the future development of the field. The uptake of synthetic organic contaminants normally occurs by simple passive diffusion across a cell membrane. Given the lipidic and thus hydrophobic nature of biological membranes, the octanol-water partitioning coefficient of an organic contaminant (Kow) is often a good predictor of its tendency to bioaccumulate. In contrast, metals present in the aquatic environment are generally present in hydrated and hydrophilic forms, which cannot cross biological membranes by simple diffusion. Thus their uptake normally occurs by facilitated transport involving membrane carriers or channels. The octanol-water partitioning coefficients of these metallic species thus have no bearing on the relative facility with which they can cross biological membranes. It follows that the modeling approaches will differ greatly between organic and inorganic (metallic) contaminants.For metals, two types of models are currently popular: equilibrium models (e.g., the “Biotic Ligand Model” or BLM) and kinetic models of metal uptake and elimination. In both cases, the biological parameters of the models are considered as “constants”, which are unaffected by the ambient water quality (e.g., pH; hardness) or by prior exposure to the metal. However, recent research suggests that the key epithelial properties of aquatic organisms that govern metal accumulation and toxicity are not constant, thus compromising the application of the models to real-world cases of chronic exposure to metals. In the case of organic contaminants, ecotoxicological concerns tend to focus on their capacity to resist various degradation mechanisms and on their bioavailability. Fugacity models can be used to predict the distribution of organic molecules among various environmental compartments for systems at equilibrium, but many chemical and biological constraints limit the application of such models. Case studies with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and organometallic species are presented to illustrate these constraints.Finally, among new frontiers and opportunities for ecotoxicology, we briefly consider the development of toxicogenomics, the need to consider the effects of contaminants on trophic interactions in a truly ecosystemic approach, and the challenge posed by nanoparticles of industrial origin. The future of ecotoxicology will necessarily involve: (1) the collection of high quality data in the laboratory and in the field; (2) an improved understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity at the molecular and cellular levels; (3) the development of theoretical and empirical models that better integrate physiological and ecological reality; and (4) the development of ecosystem indicators that can be used to evaluate the quality of aquatic environments, despite their inherent complexity

    Benthic diatom communities from two salt marshes of the St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada)

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    Microphytobenthic diatom communities were investigated in the high and low sections of two salt marshes of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (eastern Canada): one featuring a sandy low marsh zone (Pointe-aux-Épinettes; PE) and one with a muddy low marsh area (Pointe-au-PĂšre; PP). Based on diatom composition and diversity, bacterial abundance, chlorophyll-a, phaeopigments and geochemical analyses (Corg, Ntot, granulometry, extracellular polymeric substances), the PP high marsh area appeared to be singular compared to the other sampling sites. Estimated surface biomass ranged from 11 to 71 g C‱m-2 in the PE marsh and from 24 to 486 g C‱m-2 in the PP marsh. A higher diversity of diatom species was observed in the PP high marsh area with a dominance of epipelic forms, in opposition to the dominant epipsammic forms at the other sites. Statistical analyses showed that diatom density was mainly affected by nutrient availability while the relative abundance of epipelic and epipsammic species was related to sediment grain size. This study provides original data on the composition of benthic diatoms in surface sediments in St. Lawrence saltmarshes during summer time that represent the first step to the determination of the DBI (Diatom biological index) of these northern environments.La composition des communautĂ©s de diatomĂ©es benthiques a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e dans les zones supĂ©rieures et infĂ©rieures de deux marais cĂŽtiers de l’estuaire maritime du Saint-Laurent (QuĂ©bec, Canada), l’un possĂ©dant un estran sableux (marais de Pointe-aux-Épinette; PE) et l’autre possĂ©dant un estran vaseux (marais de Pointe-au-PĂšre; PP). En nous penchant sur l’abondance et la diversitĂ© des diatomĂ©es benthiques ainsi que sur les caractĂ©ristiques biogĂ©ochimiques du sĂ©diment (abondance bactĂ©rienne totale, granulomĂ©trie, composition Ă©lĂ©mentaire, concentration de pigments, de polysaccharides), nous avons observĂ© que la zone supĂ©rieure du marais PP constituait un milieu singulier. Une plus grande diversitĂ© de diatomĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e dans cette zone avec une dominance des formes Ă©pipĂ©liques alors qu’aux autres sites, nous avons observĂ© une prĂ©dominance des formes Ă©pipsammiques. Nos analyses statistiques ont montrĂ© que l’abondance totale de diatomĂ©es est corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  la disponibilitĂ© des nutriments, alors que l’abondance relative de cellules de types Ă©pipĂ©lique et Ă©pisammique est corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  la taille des particules de sĂ©diment. Selon nos estimations, la biomasse associĂ©e aux diatomĂ©es variait de 11 Ă  71 g C‱m-2 dans le marais PE et de 24 Ă  486 g C‱m-2 dans le marais PP. Cette Ă©tude dĂ©crit pour la premiĂšre fois la composition dĂ©taillĂ©e des communautĂ©s de diatomĂ©es Ă©tablies dans les sĂ©diments des marais cĂŽtiers nordiques en saison estivale et constitue un premier pas vers la dĂ©termination de l’indice biologique diatomique de ces environnements nordiques

    Présence des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans les compartiments biotiques et abiotiques de la riviÚre et du fjord du Saguenay

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    Ce document prĂ©sente une rĂ©Ă©valuation approfondie de la prĂ©sence des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans la riviĂšre et le fjord du Saguenay, un systĂšme aquatique fortement affectĂ© par les activitĂ©s anthropiques et notamment par les effluents provenant des alumineries entre les annĂ©es 1950 et 1980. La matiĂšre particulaire en suspension (MPS), les sĂ©diments de surface ainsi que certains organismes benthiques, Ă©chantillonnĂ©s en 2002 et 2003, ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s pour leur contenu en HAP. Les rĂ©sultats montrent qu’il n’y a pas de diffĂ©rence significative dans la distribution des HAP extraits de la MPS Ă©chantillonnĂ©e dans les parties supĂ©rieure et infĂ©rieure de la riviĂšre Saguenay. Cependant, une variation saisonniĂšre des HAP particulaires totaux apparaĂźt avec des concentrations variant de 12 ”g‱g‑1 en hiver Ă  3,2 ”g‱g‑1 en Ă©tĂ©. Nous avons estimĂ© que la contribution en HAP particulaires de la riviĂšre Saguenay vers le fjord Ă©tait d’environ 606 kg par annĂ©e. Un examen dĂ©taillĂ© des profils chromatographiques des HAP nous montre une prĂ©dominance des hydrocarbures lĂ©gers (2 et 3 cycles) dans la MPS de la riviĂšre par opposition aux HAP plus lourds (4 et 5 cycles) surtout prĂ©sents dans les sĂ©diments de surface du fjord. Le niveau de contamination observĂ© dans les sĂ©diments de surface du fjord du Saguenay en 2002 a Ă©tĂ© comparĂ© Ă  celui rapportĂ© pour des sĂ©diments Ă©chantillonnĂ©s en 1982. Toutes les carottes de sĂ©diments montrent des concentrations maximales des HAP dans une couche situĂ©e entre 15 et 28 cm de profondeur indiquant un enfouissement lent mais constant des sĂ©diments fortement contaminĂ©s apportĂ©s au fjord dans les annĂ©es 1960 et 1970. Les HAP totaux mesurĂ©s dans nos Ă©chantillons de 2002 sont de 8 à 30 fois infĂ©rieurs aux concentrations mesurĂ©es en 1982. Les HAP mesurĂ©s dans les tissus biologiques de quelques espĂšces benthiques et Ă©pi‑benthiques du fjord montrent une prĂ©dominance des HAP lĂ©gers (2 à 3 cycles) avec les plus hautes valeurs prĂ©sentes chez le vers Nereis sp. et la crevette Pandalus borealis de la baie des Ha! Ha! Avec la rĂ©duction importante des sources industrielles des hydrocarbures aromatiques, les hydrocarbures pĂ©trogĂ©niques reprĂ©sentent aujourd’hui une importante contribution Ă  la contamination globale du systĂšme Saguenay.This paper presents an exhaustive reevaluation of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Saguenay Fjord and River, an aquatic environment strongly affected by anthropogenic activities and particularly by industrial effluents from aluminum plants in the years 1950 to 1980. Suspended particulate matter (SPM), surface sediment, and a number of organisms have been sampled in 2002 and 2003 and analyzed for their content in PAHs. Results indicate that distribution of PAHs extracted from SPM sampled in the upper section of the river is not statistically different from the distribution observed for particles from the lower section of the river. However, a seasonal change was observed in total particulate PAHs with concentrations ranging from 12 ”g‱g‑1 in winter to 3.2 ”g‱g‑1 in summer. The contribution of particulate PAHs from the river to the fjord was estimated to 606 kg per year. A detailed examination of PAH chromatograms revealed the predominance of light hydrocarbons (2 and 3 rings) in river SPM in contrast to heavier hydrocarbons (4 and 5 rings) particularly abundant in surface sediment from the fjord. The contamination level observed in surface sediments of the Saguenay Fjord in 2002 has been compared to previously published data obtained for samples obtained at the same locations in 1982. All PAH profiles showed maximum concentrations in a layer between 15 and 28 cm depth, indicating a slow but constant burying process of highly contaminated sediment brought to the fjord in the years 1960 to 1970. Total PAHs determined in our samples (2-3 cm layer) are 8 to 30 times lower than those reported for samples collected in 1982. PAHs determined in biological tissues of benthic and epi-benthic species indicated the predominance of light PAHs (2 to 3 rings) with higher values found in shrimps and worms in the Baie des Ha! Ha! With the reduction of industrial sources of pyrogenic hydrocarbons, petrogenic hydrocarbons account now for a major contribution to the global contamination of the Saguenay system

    Toxicité des hydrocarbures et impacts des déversements sur les organismes marins et leur environnement

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    Les risques liĂ©s aux dĂ©versements opĂ©rationnels et accidentels d’hydrocarbures seront intensifiĂ©s par l’augmentation des besoins mondiaux en pĂ©trole. Les accidents, bien que rares, se multiplient et causent d’innombrables effets sur l’environnement et sur les organismes qui s’y trouvent. Ce chapitre fait un survol de l’impact potentiel des hydrocarbures sur les organismes et sur les habitats ainsi que des consĂ©quences sur le fonctionnement et les services Ă©cologiques que procurent les Ă©cosystĂšmes marins. La nature et le comportement des pĂ©troles dĂ©versĂ©s ainsi que les risques associĂ©s aux mĂ©thodes d’intervention, par exemple l’utilisation de dispersants ou le nettoyage physique, y sont abordĂ©s. Les voies d’exposition des divers organismes (microorganismes, phytoplancton, zooplancton, invertĂ©brĂ©s, oiseaux et mammifĂšres marins) et les effets sur leur population sont illustrĂ©s en prenant exemple parmi les Ă©vĂ©nements malheureux de l’échouage de l’Exxon Valdez en 1989 ou de l’explosion de la plateforme Deepwater Horizon en 2010. L’influence des conditions de dĂ©versement sur la rĂ©silience des Ă©cosystĂšmes touchĂ©s sera abordĂ©e

    Endocrine status of a migratory bird potentially exposed to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A case study of northern gannets breeding on Bonaventure Island, Eastern Canada

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    , 23.5% of Northern gannets breeding on Bonaventure Island overwintered in the Gulf of Mexico. ‱ Breeding colony on Bonaventure has decreased substantially during the last few years. ‱ Exposure to petroleum could not be confirmed based on PAH analyses in blood cells of gannets. ‱ Corticosterone status and prolactin status were not different between birds returning from the two overwintering sites. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o The Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused the death of a large number of seabirds in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. However, the long term consequences of oil exposure on migratory birds overwintering in this area have received limited attention. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of oil contamination (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) on the circulating status of prolactin and corticosterone, two hormones that influence reproductive success in birds, in Northern gannets (Morus bassanus) breeding on Bonaventure Island, Eastern Canada. Using light-based geolocators, it was found that 23.5% of Northern gannets from Bonaventure Island overwintered in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010-2011; the remainder of this population overwintered along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. PAH concentrations (eight compounds) in gannet blood cells were all found to be under the method limits of quantification, which could be the result of the ability of seabirds to metabolize these compounds and the time elapsed between oil exposure and blood sampling. Corticosterone and prolactin levels as well as body mass did not differ between the two major birds' wintering sites. Moreover, levels of both these hormones did not vary from early to late incubation period. Present results suggest that if Bonaventure Island-breeding Northern gannets had been exposed to oil in the Gulf of Mexico in the aftermath of this historical spill, this exposure could not be associated with changes in hormonal status and body mass in breeding individuals

    Under ice spills of conventional crude oil and diluted bitumen: Physiological resilience of the blue mussel and transgenerational effects

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    Spillages at sea of diluted bitumen (dilbit) from oil sands have received little attention until now. To our best knowledge, there are no reports on the impact of a severe exposure to dilbit on the Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). In this study, adult Blue mussels were exposed to one conventional crude oil (Heidrun) and two dilbits (Cold Lake Blend and Access Western Blend) for a period of 7 days in an ice-covered environment and then maintained for three months until the spawning season. The exposed mussels were monitored for aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation, physiological energetic budget, cellular stress, byssus production and gametogenesis. In spring, spawning was induced to characterize breeding success. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was detected after three days of exposure, with higher concentrations of PAHs associated to the conventional oil (5.49 ± 0.12 ÎŒg·g−1 d.w.) compared to both dilbits (0.91 ± 0.02 ÎŒg·g−1; 0.51 ± 0.03 ÎŒg·g−1 d.w.). Despite a fast depuration rate and a good resilience of the exposed mussels, significant negative effects were observed at the cellular, physiological and fitness levels, especially in offspring. Our results suggest a higher toxicity of the diluted bitumen compared to the conventional crude despite the lower bioaccumulation of total PAHs. Dilbit treatments caused evident negative transgenerational effects on unexposed F1 generation. -- Keywords : Diluted bitumen ; PAHs ; Blue mussel ; Winter oil spill ; Ice oil spill

    Impacts potentiels cumulĂ©s des facteurs de stress liĂ©s aux activitĂ©s humaines sur l’écosystĂšme marin du Saint-Laurent

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    Les activitĂ©s humaines modifient l’environnement naturel, perturbant par le fait mĂȘme les organismes qui y habitent. Dans l’écosystĂšme marin du golfe du Saint-Laurent, les diverses perturbations affectent les Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  diffĂ©rents degrĂ©s. Pour certains d’entre eux, les effets sont mal connus ou simplement inconnus. De plus, plusieurs perturbations peuvent affecter simultanĂ©ment une composante de l’écosystĂšme ou un systĂšme en entier. Les effets cumulĂ©s sont encore moins connus. Dans ce chapitre, nous synthĂ©tisons les connaissances actuelles sur les facteurs de stress liĂ©s aux activitĂ©s humaines, puis essayons de dĂ©terminer leurs interactions et leurs effets cumulĂ©s sur l’écosystĂšme du Saint-Laurent

    Biofouling Growth in Cold Estuarine Waters and Evaluation of Some Chitosan and Copper Anti-Fouling Paints

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    Ecological concerns about antifouling paints containing non-green tin and copper compounds have highlighted the need for environmentally friendly alternatives. We report here a field test conducted in estuarine waters over two months designed to evaluate the efficiency of a number of active natural and man-made chemical ingredients added into a silicon-polyurethane marine paint. Early steps of biofouling in cold seawater of the St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada) were observed. Analyses, including dry biomass, flow cytometry and spectrofluorimetry, demonstrated a short-term antibacterial action of chitosan-based paints although no significant anti-algal action was observed. Cuprous oxide paints were efficient against bacteria and algae invasion in the first two weeks, especially those with added organic biocides such as isothiazolone and copper pyrithione. However, the overall dry biomass and chlorophyll a content were similar for all chitosan-and copper-based paints after 63 days. Microscopic observations revealed variation in the highly diverse benthic diatom population including species Navicula, Melosira, Cocconeis, Nitshzcia, Fragilaria and Amphora. Results suggest no real long-term efficiency for tested antifouling paints and highlight a particular need for green antifouling ingredients that are active under northern estuarine conditions

    Oxidative stress and immunologic responses following a dietary exposure to PAHs in Mya arenaria

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this research was to investigate oxidative stress and immune responses following a dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in a marine bioindicator organism, the soft shell clam, <it>Mya arenaria</it>. Immune parameters in hemolymph (haemocyte number, efficiency of phagocytosis and haemocyte activity) and assessment of oxidative stress using catalase (CAT) activity and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) performed on the digestive gland were estimated as biomarkers in clams fed in mesocosm with PAH contaminated phytoplankton. MDA levels and CAT activities were also measured <it>in situ </it>in organisms sampled in a control site (Metis Beach, Québec, Canada) as well as organisms sampled in a site receiving domestic effluents (Pointe-au-PÚre, Québec, Canada), to assess effects of abiotic variables related to seasonal variations and mixed contamination on the selected parameters.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Results on immune parameters suggest that the PAHs may interfere with the maturation and/or differentiation processes of haemocytes. MDA results showed that lipid peroxidation did not occur following the exposure. The levels of CAT activity corresponded to weak antioxidant activity (no significant differences). Recovery was noted for all the immune endpoints at the end of the experiment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Results suggest that immune parameters are early biomarkers that can efficiently detect a physiological change during a short term exposure to low concentrations of PAHs. The <it>in situ </it>survey (in the natural environment) suggested that clams from the Pointe-au-PÚre site did not show any oxidative stress as well as the clams contaminated in mesocosm, probably due to the low concentrations of PAHs used for this study. MDA levels increased however in organisms from Metis Beach, a response probably related to domestic effluents or parasitism.</p
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