Nuevas terapias basadas en dianas moleculares en cáncer colorrectal metastásico

El desarrollo de nuevas drogas en cáncer colorrectal ha pasado por una etapa previa indispensable, basada en el conocimiento de la biología tumoral de la enfermedad que median el crecimiento tumoral, ciclo celular, apoptosis, angiogénesis e invasión. Existen múltiples fármacos en fase de desarrollo que han sido diseñados de forma específica para bloquear distintos mecanismos biológicos fundamentales para la progresión tumoral. El objetivo de este trabajo, es llevar a cabo una revisión de la situación actual de los nuevos fármacos basados en dianas moleculares que se estan desarrollando en el cáncer colorrectal metastásico.El desenvolupament de noves drogues en càncer colorrectal ha passat per una etapa prèvia indispensable, basada en el coneixement de la biologia tumoral de la malaltia que facilita el creixement tumoral, cicle cel·lular, apoptosi, angiogènesi i inivasió. Existeixen múltiples fàrmacs en fase de desenvolupament que han estat dissenyats de forma específica per bloquejar diversos mecanismes biològics fonamentals per la progressió tumoral. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és dur a terme una revisió de la situació actual dels nous fàrmacs basats en dianes mol·leculars que s'estan desenvolupant en el càncer colorrectal metastatic

Phase II study of necitumumab plus modified FOLFOX6 as first-line treatment in patients with locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer

This single-arm phase II study investigated the EGFR monoclonal antibody necitumumab plus modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX6) in first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Patients received 800-mg intravenous necitumumab (day 1; 2-week cycles), followed by oxaliplatin 85 mg m −2, folinic acid 400 mg m −2, and 5-fluorouracil (400 mg m −2 bolus then 2400 mg m −2 over 46 h). Radiographic evaluation was performed every 8 weeks until progression. Primary endpoint was objective response rate. Forty-four patients were enrolled and treated. Objective response rate was 63.6% (95% confidence interval 47.8-77.6); complete response was observed in four patients; median duration of response was 10.0 months (7.0-16.0). Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 22.5 (11.0-30.0) and 10.0 months (7.0-12.0), respectively. Clinical outcome was better in patients with KRAS exon 2 wild type (median OS 30.0 months (23.0-NA); median PFS 12.0 (8.0-20.0)), compared with KRAS exon 2 mutant tumours (median OS 7.0 months (5.0-37.0); median PFS 7.0 (4.0-18.0)). The most common grade ⩾3 adverse events were neutropenia (29.5%), asthenia (27.3%), and rash (20.5%). First-line necitumumab+mFOLFOX6 was active with manageable toxicity in locally advanced or mCRC; additional evaluation of the impact of tumour RAS mutation status is warranted

Analysis of mutant allele fractions in driver genes in colorectal cancer - biological and clinical insights

Sequencing of tumors is now routine and guides personalized cancer therapy. Mutant allele fractions (s, or the 'mutation dose') of a driver gene may reveal the genomic structure of tumors and influence response to targeted therapies. We performed a comprehensive analysis of s of driver alterations in unpaired primary and metastatic colorectal cancer () at our institution from 2010 to 2015 and studied their potential clinical relevance. Of 763 samples, 622 had detailed annotation on overall survival in the metastatic setting (met) and 89 received targeted agents matched to ( inhibitors), ( inhibitors), or 3 mutations (3K pathway inhibitors). s of each variant were normalized for tumor purity in the sample (adjs). We found lower adjs for 600E and 3 than for , , and non-V600 variants. 53 and 600E adjs were higher in metastases as compared to primary tumors, and high adjs were found in metastases of patients with wild-type primary tumors previously exposed to antibodies. Patients with - or 600E -mutated tumors, irrespective of adjs, had worse met. There was no significant association between adjs and time to progression on targeted therapies matched to , , or 3 mutations, potentially related to the limited antitumor activity of the employed drugs (overall response rate of 4.5%). In conclusion, the lower 600E and 3 adjs in subsets of primary tumors indicate subclonality of these driver genes. Differences in adjs between metastases and primary tumors suggest that approved therapies may result in selection of 600E - and -resistant clones and an increase in genomic heterogeneity with acquired 53 alterations. Despite significant differences in prognosis according to mutations in driver oncogenes, adjs levels did not impact on survival and did not help predict benefit with matched targeted agents in the metastatic setting

Concordance of blood- and tumor-based detection of RAS mutations to guide anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a potential source for tumor genome analysis. We explored the concordance between the mutational status of RAS in tumor tissue and ctDNA in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients to establish eligibility for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy. A prospective-retrospective cohort study was carried out. Tumor tissue from 146 mCRC patients was tested for RAS status with standard of care (SoC) PCR techniques, and Digital PCR (BEAMing) was used both in plasma and tumor tissue. ctDNA BEAMing RAS testing showed 89.7% agreement with SoC (Kappa index 0.80; 95% CI 0.71 − 0.90) and BEAMing in tissue showed 90.9% agreement with SoC (Kappa index 0.83; 95% CI 0.74 − 0.92). Fifteen cases (10.3%) showed discordant tissue-plasma results. ctDNA analysis identified nine cases of low frequency RAS mutations that were not detected in tissue, possibly due to technical sensitivity or heterogeneity. In six cases, RAS mutations were not detected in plasma, potentially explained by low tumor burden or ctDNA shedding. Prediction of treatment benefit in patients receiving anti-EGFR plus irinotecan in second- or third-line was equivalent if tested with SoC PCR and ctDNA. Forty-eight percent of the patients showed mutant allele fractions in plasma below 1%. Plasma RAS determination showed high overall agreement and captured a mCRC population responsive to anti-EGFR therapy with the same predictive level as SoC tissue testing. The feasibility and practicality of ctDNA analysis may translate into an alternative tool for anti-EGFR treatment selection

Nuevas terapias en cáncer colorrectal metastásico refractario: papel de los fármacos que interfieren en la vía de met e integrinas

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Nuevas terapias basadas en dianas moleculares en cáncer colorrectal metastásico

El desarrollo de nuevas drogas en cáncer colorrectal ha pasado por una etapa previa indispensable, basada en el conocimiento de la biología tumoral de la enfermedad que median el crecimiento tumoral, ciclo celular, apoptosis, angiogénesis e invasión. Existen múltiples fármacos en fase de desarrollo que han sido diseñados de forma específica para bloquear distintos mecanismos biológicos fundamentales para la progresión tumoral. El objetivo de este trabajo, es llevar a cabo una revisión de la situación actual de los nuevos fármacos basados en dianas moleculares que se estan desarrollando en el cáncer colorrectal metastásico.El desenvolupament de noves drogues en càncer colorrectal ha passat per una etapa prèvia indispensable, basada en el coneixement de la biologia tumoral de la malaltia que facilita el creixement tumoral, cicle cel·lular, apoptosi, angiogènesi i inivasió. Existeixen múltiples fàrmacs en fase de desenvolupament que han estat dissenyats de forma específica per bloquejar diversos mecanismes biològics fonamentals per la progressió tumoral. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és dur a terme una revisió de la situació actual dels nous fàrmacs basats en dianes mol·leculars que s'estan desenvolupant en el càncer colorrectal metastatic

Phase II study of necitumumab plus modified FOLFOX6 as first-line treatment in patients with locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer

Background:This single-arm phase II study investigated the EGFR monoclonal antibody necitumumab plus modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX6) in first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).Methods:Patients received 800-mg intravenous necitumumab (day 1; 2-week cycles), followed by oxaliplatin 85 mg m -2, folinic acid 400 mg m -2, and 5-fluorouracil (400 mg m -2 bolus then 2400 mg m -2 over 46 h). Radiographic evaluation was performed every 8 weeks until progression. Primary endpoint was objective response rate.Results:Forty-four patients were enrolled and treated. Objective response rate was 63.6% (95% confidence interval 47.8-77.6); complete response was observed in four patients; median duration of response was 10.0 months (7.0-16.0). Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 22.5 (11.0-30.0) and 10.0 months (7.0-12.0), respectively. Clinical outcome was better in patients with KRAS exon 2 wild type (median OS 30.0 months (23.0-NA); median PFS 12.0 (8.0-20.0)), compared with KRAS exon 2 mutant tumours (median OS 7.0 months (5.0-37.0); median PFS 7.0 (4.0-18.0)). The most common grade ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia (29.5%), asthenia (27.3%), and rash (20.5%).Conclusion:First-line necitumumab+mFOLFOX6 was active with manageable toxicity in locally advanced or mCRC; additional evaluation of the impact of tumour RAS mutation status is warranted.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Concordance of blood- and tumor-based detection of RAS mutations to guide anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a potential source for tumor genome analysis. We explored the concordance between the mutational status of RAS in tumor tissue and ctDNA in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients to establish eligibility for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy. A prospective-retrospective cohort study was carried out. Tumor tissue from 146 mCRC patients was tested for RAS status with standard of care (SoC) PCR techniques, and Digital PCR (BEAMing) was used both in plasma and tumor tissue. ctDNA BEAMing RAS testing showed 89.7% agreement with SoC (Kappa index 0.80; 95% CI 0.71 - 0.90) and BEAMing in tissue showed 90.9% agreement with SoC (Kappa index 0.83; 95% CI 0.74 - 0.92). Fifteen cases (10.3%) showed discordant tissue-plasma results. ctDNA analysis identified nine cases of low frequency RAS mutations that were not detected in tissue, possibly due to technical sensitivity or heterogeneity. In six cases, RAS mutations were not detected in plasma, potentially explained by low tumor burden or ctDNA shedding. Prediction of treatment benefit in patients receiving anti-EGFR plus irinotecan in second- or third-line was equivalent if tested with SoC PCR and ctDNA. Forty-eight percent of the patients showed mutant allele fractions in plasma below 1%. Plasma RAS determination showed high overall agreement and captured a mCRC population responsive to anti-EGFR therapy with the same predictive level as SoC tissue testing. The feasibility and practicality of ctDNA analysis may translate into an alternative tool for anti-EGFR treatment selection