Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment in childhood atelectasis

Introduction: Atelectasis is the loss of lung volume secondary to collapse. Narrow and collapsible airways and underlying chronic diseases facilitate the development of atelectasis in children. Since atelectasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children, early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. Methods: Thirty-six patients who were followed up in the pediatric service and pediatric intensive care unit of our clinic be - tween December 1, 2018, and June 1, 2019, and were diagnosed radiologically with atelectasis were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The median age was 1.85 years (1.0–7.37). The most common cause for hospitalization was pneumonia (n=30, 83%). Except for two patients, all patients had an underlying disease that increased the risk of atelectasis. Neurological diseases were the most common diseases among the underlying diseases (n=12, 36%). For the treatment, 4 (11.1%) patients received chest physiotherapy, 19 (52.7%) patients received nebulized medications, and chest physiotherapy, and 13 (36.1%) patients received positive end-expiratory pressure support in addition to these treatments. The frequency of atelectasis in more than one localization was higher in children with the neurological disease than in other patients (n=7, [54%] vs. n=3, [13%]; p=0.018). In patients with atelectasis in more than one localization, the duration of hospitalization was longer (median 12.5 days [9.5–16.75] vs. 19 days [13–22.75]; p=0.034). Discussion and Conclusion: Atelectasis is common in hospitalized children with an underlying disease. In the presence of pathological respiratory symptoms and signs, atelectasis should be kept in mind, and treatment should be started early

Evaluation of Drought Management in Turkey

Drought, rainfall for many years less than average to happen, it is a natural climatic event which can occur anywhere at any time. Drought has affected every aspect of our lives including environment, urban life, economy, technology, agriculture, food, clean water and sanitation. Drought is a natural phenomenon which has significant impacts such as economic, social and environmental. Because of the difficulty of determining the beginning and end of drought differs from other natural disasters. The effects of drought is often seen on agriculture as the first, and gradually spread to other water-dependent sectors. The importance of the drought is larger on the agricultural sector. Irrigation interval is prolonged and the amount of irrigation water is decreased with the occurrence of drought as a result of rainfall decreased. Accordingly, the yield is reduced, deteriorating product quality and production quantity is below expectation. The total rainfall in the root zone of crop during the growing period is more important than the total annual rainfall. Absence of requested water by crop during growing period is called agricultural drought. The studies which were performed before and after drought are defined as risk management and crisis management to reduce the effects of drought respectively. Therefore, plans should be developed for the purpose of drought fight and should be introduced risk management rather than crisis management. In our country, drought-related studies are managed by a crisis management approach. In this study; the causes, types and effects of drought were given and, drought management was discussed taking into account the institutional and legal status in Turkey.</p

POTENTIAL MISTAKES MADE IN DESIGN OF NATURAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Current climate change and resultant global warming have exerted a great pressure over water resources. Water resources are not sufficient in some countries to meet ever-increasing domestic, agricultural and industrial demands. Such restrictions oriented countries either to use water-saving technologies or to reuse treated wastewaters. Besides conventional, high-cost advanced treatments systems, natural treatment systems are used in small communities. Constructed wetlands, so called as natural treatment systems, emulates the natural wetlands and uses the biochemical processes taking place in natural one to remove pollutants from wastewaters. They are commonly preferred in rural sections, especially for wastewater treatment in villages. Although these systems are quite new in Turkey, there are several of them constructed in various parts of the country. Since several mistakes have been made in design of these systems, majority of them either not operating at all or way behind the expected performance outcomes. Once these systems were constructed, it is quite hard to make repairs or rehabilitation to improve the performance of these systems. Therefore, design criteria should strictly be taken into consideration before to construct natural treatment systems. The present study was conducted initially to point out the design criteria for constructed wetlands and then to put forth possible mistakes made in design, operation and maintenance of these systems. Recommendations were also provided for future constructions.&nbsp;</p

Climate Change and Irrigation Management in Turkey

Water is, a fundamental element of life, an indispensable input of the agriculture. On the one hand irrigation improves agricultural production, on the other hand it can be harmful on the environment if the necessary measures are not taken and disrupt the natural balance. Depending on a population and water demand increases, available resources becomes limited, the amount of water used in agriculture is restricted. Climate change, in addition to natural climate changes observed in a comparable period of time, directly or indirectly alter the global atmosphere composition comprising human activity, has been identified as a result of climate changes. Greenhouse gases that cause global warming; mainly the burning of fossil fuels, the development of industry, transport, land use change is the result of solid waste management and agricultural activities. The burning of fossil fuels, reduction of forests, land-use change, agricultural activities and the development of accumulation in the atmosphere with greenhouse gases emitted by industry, is rapidly increasing. This situation leads to an increase in the earth's surface temperature. Reduction of Turkey's water resources, forest fires, droughts, may be affected by the negative aspects of climate change, soil erosion and desertification. The highest share of water use is agriculture in countries with low income levels worldwide. When irrigation efficiency high-pressure irrigation techniques applied in agriculture, irrigation water requirement is reduced and the water used in irrigation can be saving 50%. Therefore, pressurized irrigation methods are important tools in providing saving water. 74% of the total annual water used in Turkey is consumed in agriculture. Therefore, water-saving irrigation is necessary. With this aim, the expansion of the drip irrigation system is required for effective use in agriculture. In this study, climate change, the effects of climate change on Turkey and irrigation were discussed, water-saving measures are given in agriculture.</p

Natural treatment systems as an alternative treatment system for domestic waste water treatment in rural sections of Turkey

Natural treatment systems are used as an alternative to conventional treatment systems.They are commonly used for the treatment and management of municipal and industrialwastewaters and these processes use minimal energy, labor and minimal or no chemicals. Inmost cases, this approach results in a system that costs less to build and operate and requiresless energy than mechanical treatment alternatives. Among those natural treatment systems,the constructed wetlands are the systems emulating the natural wetland systems. They arecommonly used for treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater in specially designedbasins with aquatic plants and easily be used for small-to-medium sized communities. Seriousinterest in natural methods for waste treatments has reemerged throughout the world.Constructed wetlands with their cheaper and easy construction, low energy and labor costs,easy operation, maintenance and monitoring were specified as the primary issue in ruraldevelopment strategy document of State Planning Organization of Turkey. Almost all thesystems in Turkey are designed as sub-surface horizontal flow type constructed wetlands andmost of them are not able to perform as expected because of errors and mistakes made duringthe design, construction, operation and maintenance of these systems. In this study, generalissues to be considered in design, construction, operation and maintenance of sub-surfacehorizontal flow constructed wetlands commonly used in rural parts of Turkey for domesticwastewater treatment purposes were assessed and current implementations in Kayseri Provincewere investigated. Potential mistakes made in their design, construction, operation andmaintenance of them were pointed out and possible solutions were proposed.</p

Domestic wastewater treatment in rural parts of turkey natural treatment systems constructed wetlands

Water and food demands are ever increasing with rapidly increasing world population. There is an increased stress placed on limited water resources. Besides, agricultural, domestic and industrial sectors are in continuous competition for limited water resources. Continuously polluted waters, decreasing water resources due to global warming and climate chance, increasing labor and energy costs all brought the water and treatment technologies into the first place of the world’s agenda. To overcome the water-related problems, water losses in agricultural, domestic and industrial uses should be prevented, effective and efficient water use should be provided and possible use of wastewater and treated water should be investigated. Wastewaters are most of the time discharged into seas, rivers and other water bodies without any treatments due to high treatment costs both in Turkey and throughout the world. These systems are specially designed systems imitating natural wetlands and include soil, plant and microorganisms to remove pollutants from wastewaters. An excavated constructed wetland basin is lined with compacted clay or synthetic membrane and filled with graded sand-gravel substrate. Today, constructed wetlands are widely used to treat domestic wastewaters, agricultural wastewaters, industrial wastewater and runoff waters. In present study, general issues to be considered in design, construction, operation and maintenance of constructed wetlands commonly used in rural parts of Turkey for domestic wastewater treatment purposes were assessed and potential mistakes made in their design, construction, operation and maintenance were pointed out and possible solutions were proposed to overcome the problems experienced in different phases of these systems.</p

Synthetic Cannabinoid Can Do Voiding Dysfunction: Reporting of three cases

Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) have been distributed as an alternative to Cannabis marijuana, it is not legal in many countries. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands termed as the cannabinoid system have been used as molecular targets for the treatment of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathic or inflammatory pain, cardiovascular disorders and metabolic syndrome. A lot of study have been done and are continuing about anti proliferative effect of SC on many cancers various. We aimed to share our experience the effect of synthetic cannabinoid to voiding by evaluating three cases