Becoming Legitimate: How PMSCs are Seeking Legitimacy in the International System

The use of private military and security companies (PMSC) by state governments has raised many questions regarding the role of the private security industry (PSI) in conflict. This use of PMSCs by states has resulted in much debate in the public and academic spheres (Avant 2005, Dunigan 2011, Kinsey 2006, Leander 2005, Singer 2008). The PSI and PMSCs are altering the international system of norms and redefining what it means to be secure and make war. States are no longer the only entity in the international system with security needs. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) also purchase security services provided by PMSCs. With the ever-growing presence of PMSCs in conflicts, peacekeeping, and humanitarianism, the legitimization of PMSCs is vital for their missions to succeed. Furthermore, companies that operate at the international level as well as their clients have vested interests in changing their image from ‘mercenaries’ and ‘dogs of war’ to ‘private warriors’ and ‘legitimate soldiers’. This dissertation addresses why and how PMSCs seek legitimacy in the international system. I argue that PMSCs desire and need legitimacy to justify their existence and support the claim that their actions are desirable, proper, lawful, and just because they follow a socially constructed system of norms. My dissertation builds on private security literature by drawing on constructivist approaches to norms and legitimacy and employing discourse analysis. Through my analysis, I identify rebranding and self-regulation as measures taken by PMSCs and the PSI to build and solidify the perception of legitimate security providers. PMSCs and the PSI developed their own discourse through the creation and implementation of the Montreux Document, International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (ICoC), and the ICoC Association to counter the negative perceptions created by media coverage and controversial incidents involving PMSC personnel. The rebranding and self-regulation efforts of PMSCs and the PSI supports the argument that they need and desire legitimacy. Without legitimacy and a shift in perception, the actions of PMSCs and their contractors will always be questioned and full integration into the state and international security apparatus will remain out of reach

THE INVESTIGATION OF THE VISUAL AND AUDITORY REACTION TIMES OF 14-16 YEARS OLD AGED TENNIS AND VOLEYBALL PLAYERS

Amaç: Bu çalışmada 14 - 16 yaş voleybol ve tenis oyuncularının görsel ve işitsel reaksiyon zamanlarının incelenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmaya sağ eli dominant 12 voleybol ve 12 tenis oyuncusu toplam 24 sağlıklı erkek sporcu gönüllü olarak katıldı. Gönüllülerin yaş, boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, beden kütle indeksleri, görsel ve işitsel reaksiyon zamanları ölçüldü. Ölçümler laboratuvar ortamında araştırmacılar tarafından gerçekleştirildi. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiki analizi bilgisayar ortamında SPSS 15.0 programında Mann Whitney U-testi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: İstatistiksel değerlendirme sonucunda; boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, BKİ, görsel ve işitsel reaksiyonlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlılık bulunmadı (p<0,05). Sonuç: Çalışma sonucunda voleybol ve tenis oyuncularının görsel ve işitsel reaksiyon zamanlarında benzerlik olduğu ve bu benzerliğin her iki branşın içeriğinde bulunan hızlı uyaranlara çabuk cevap oluşturma gerekliliğinden kaynaklandığı düşünüldü. Objective: At this study, it was aimed to investigate the visual and auditory reaction times of 14-16 years old aged tenis and voleyball players. Material and method: For this study, 12 tennis and 12 voleyball player totally 24 healthy right handed athletes were voluntarily participated. Age, height, weight, body mass index, visual and auditory reaction time parameters were measured. Measurements were done by researcher in laboratory area. Data were recorded on computer environment by using a program called SPSS 15.0. For statistical analysis of Mann Whitney U-test was performed. Results: No meaningful differences were found with height, weight, body mass index, the visual and auditory reaction time parameters (p<0.05). Conclusion: At the end of the study, it was thought that there are some similarties between the visual and auditory reaction times of tennis and voleyball players and it was also thought that this similarity result from the need of quick response to fast stimuli

Fizyoloji Laboratuvar

Giriş:Temel Tıp Bilimleri Dönem I ve Dönem II Fizyoloji Dersi uygulamalarınıkapsayan ve genel laboratuvar disiplinin ve teorik uygulamaları içeren sorumluluğumunKaslar, Dolaşım ve Duyu Fizyolojisi kapsayan bölümler ile diğer bölümleri deiçeren önemli bilgileri barındıran bir kitap olarak hazırlanmıştır. &nbsp;İÇİNDEKİLER&nbsp;DÖNEMI______________________________________________________________________ I. HÜCRE BİLİMLERİ II DERS KURULU.................................................................................1 &nbsp;DENEY1: AKSİYON POTANSİYELİ1 1. Temel bilgiler..................................................................................................................................1 a. Refrakter Dönem:....................................................................................................................................2 2. Amaç:..............................................................................................................................................2 3. Deneyin materyali: .........................................................................................................................2 4. Deneyin yapılışı:.............................................................................................................................3 a. Sinir-Bacak ve Sinir-KasPreparatının Hazırlanması.............................................................................3 b. Sinir Preparatının Sinir BanyosunaYerleştirilmesi..............................................................................5c. ElektrotlarınYerleştirilmesi:...................................................................................................................6 d. Aksiyon Potansiyeli KayıtlarınınAlınması: ...........................................................................................6 5. Sonuç:.............................................................................................................................................7DÖNEMII_______________________________________________________________ I. DOKU BİYOLOJİSİ DERS KURULU &nbsp;....................................................................................9DENEY 1........................................................................................................................................9 A:ÇİZGİLİ KAS9 1. Temel bilgiler.................................................................................................................................9 2. Amaç: .............................................................................................................................................9 3. Deneyin materyali:.......................................................................................................................10 4. Deneyin yapılışı:...........................................................................................................................10 a. Sinir-Bacak ve Sinir-KasPreparatının Hazırlanması ...........................................................................10 b. MP30 sisteminin hazırlanması:.............................................................................................................12 c. Eşik uyaran değerininbulunması:.........................................................................................................13 d. Sumasyon (birikme):..............................................................................................................................13 e. Sarsı eğrisinin yazdırılması:...................................................................................................................13 f. Kas yorgunluğu:......................................................................................................................................14 5. Sonuç:...........................................................................................................................................14 B:ELEKTROMİYOGRAM (EMG)17 <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:non